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A Wisdom Archive on carbon-12

carbon-12 A selection of articles related to carbon-12

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carbon-12, Carbon-12, Carbon-12 - History, Carbon, Carbon-14, Isotopes of carbon, Mole (unit)

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ARTICLES RELATED TO carbon-12

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon-12

Carbon-12 is the more abundant (98.89%) of the two stable isotopes of the element carbon. It contains 6 protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electrons. Carbon-12 is of particular importance as it is used as the standard from which all other isotopes' atomic weight is measured and thus the measurement of Avogadro's number. Carbon-12 - History. Prior to 1959 both the IUPAP and IUPAC tended to use used oxygen to define the mole, the chemists defining the mole as the number of atoms of oxygen which had mass ...

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Carbon-12 - History

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbonization Carbonization is the term for the conversion of an organic substance into carbon or a carbon-containing residue. It is often used in organic chemistry with reference to the generation of coal gas and coal tar from raw coal. Fossil fuels in general are the products of the carbonization of vegetable matter. When biomaterial is exposed to sudden searing heat (as in the case of an atomic bomb explosion or pyroclastic flow from a volcano, for instance), it can be carbonized extremely quickly, turning it into solid carbon. In the destruction of Herculaneum many organic objects such as fur ...

carbon-12: Encyclopedia II - Carbon-12 - History

Prior to 1959 both the IUPAP and IUPAC tended to use used oxygen to define the mole, the chemists defining the mole as the number of atoms of oxygen which had mass 16 g, the physicists using a similar definition but with the oxygen-16 isotope only. The two organizations agreed in 1959/1960 to define the mole as: This was adopted by the CIPM (International Committee for Weights and Measures) in 1967, and in 1971 it was adopted by the 14th CGPM (General Conference on Weights and Measures). In 1980 the CIPM clarified the above definition, defining that the carbon-12 atoms are unbound and ...

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Carbon - Other uses

Carbon - Carbon chains

Read more here: » Carbon: Encyclopedia - Carbon

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbonation

Carbonation occurs when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water or an aqueous solution. This process is generally represented by the following reaction, where water and gaseous carbon dioxide react to form a dilute solution of carbonic acid. H2O + CO2 ↔ H2CO3 This process yields the "fizz" to carbonated water and sparkling mineral water, the head to beer, and the cor ...

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbonate

Carbonate is an anion with a charge of -2 and an empirical formula of CO32-. For an aqueous solution, carbonate exists in three forms. In strongly basic conditions, the carbonate ion, CO32-, predominates. In weakly basic conditions, bicarbonate ion, HCO3- is prevalent. In acid conditions, aqueous carbon dioxide, CO2(aq), is the main form. This also contains a minute amount of carbonic acid, H2CO3. Thus sodium carbonate is basic, sodium bicarbonate is weakly ba ...

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon steel

Austenite (γ-iron; hard) Bainite Martensite Cementite (iron carbide; Fe3C) Ferrite (α-iron; soft) Pearlite (88% ferrite, 12% cementite) Carbon steel (up to 2.1% carbon) Stainless steel (alloy with chromium) Tool steel (very hard; heat-treated) Cast iron (>2.1% carbon) Wrought iron (almost no carbon) Carbon steel is a metal, a combination of two elements, iron & carbon, where other elements are present in quantiti ...

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carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Allotropes of carbon

The allotropes of carbon are the different molecular configurations (allotropes) that pure carbon can take. These allotropes include: amorphous carbon carbon nanofoam (discovered in 1997) diamond fullerene (which includes buckyballs and carbon nanotubes) graphite lonsdaleite aggregated diamond nanorods The existence of carbyne phases is disputed – see the entry on chaoite for details.

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon flux

Carbon flux is an abbreviated phrase used loosly to refer to the net difference between sequestration and respiration of carbon dioxide. Given the accepted definition of what constitutes a flux, a more appropriate name for the annual difference between carbon sequestration and respiration would be "annual atmospheric carbon accumulation rate" or "annual global integrated surface flux of carbon" or "anual global net carbon flux" . Annual net carbon flux has been grossly calculated to be close to zero.[1] That is, emission and absorptio

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbonate minerals

Carbonate minerals are those minerals containing the carbonate ion: CO32-. Carbonate minerals - Example carbonates. Carbonate minerals - Anhydrous carbonates. Calcite group: Trigonal Calcite CaCO3 Gaspeite (Ni,Mg,Fe2+)CO3 Magnesite MgCO3 Otavite CdCO3 Rhodochrosite MnCO3 Siderite FeCO3 Smithsonite ZnCO3 ...

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Carbonate minerals - Example carbonates

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon cycle

The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere of the Earth. (Other bodies may have carbon cycles, but little is known about them.) All of these components are reservoirs of carbon. The cycle is usually thought of as four main reservoirs of carbon interconnected by pathways of exchange. The reservoirs are the atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere (usually includes freshwater systems), oceans, and sediments (includes fossil fuels). The annual mov ...

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carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon fixation

Carbon fixation is a process found in autotrophs, usually driven by photosynthesis, whereby carbon dioxide is converted into organic compounds. In plants, there are three types: C3 - plant that uses the Calvin Cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic matter, forming a 3-carbon compound as the 1st stable intermediate. C4 - plant that prefaces the Calvin Cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into 4-carbon compou

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbonic acid

Carbonic acid is a carbon-containing acid with the formula H2CO3. It is also a name sometimes given to solutions of carbon dioxide in water, which contain small amounts of H2CO3. The salts of carbonic acids are called bicarbonates (or hydrogencarbonates) and carbonates. Carbon dioxide dissolved in water is in equilibrium with carbonic acid: CO2 + H2 ...

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carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon-13

Carbon-13 is a stable isotope of carbon. It makes up about 1.109% of all naturally-occurring carbon on Earth. Carbon-13 - Detection by NMR spectroscopy. Because of its nuclear spin properties (spin +1/2, just like the hydrogen atom), this isotope responds to a resonant radiofrequency(Rf) signal. The absorption and emission of the Rf signal by the nuclei can be monitored and detected using NMR spectroscopy, a technique that gives information on the the identity and number of atoms adjacent to other a ...

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carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon nanofoam

Carbon nanofoam is the fifth known allotrope of carbon discovered in 1997 by Andrei V. Rode and co-workers at the Australian National University in Canberra. It consists of a low-density cluster-assembly of carbon atoms strung together in a loose three-dimensional web. Each cluster is about 6 nanometers wide and consists of about 4000 carbon atoms linked in graphite-like sheets that are given negative curvature by the inclusion of heptagons among the regular hexagonal pattern. This is the opposite of what happens in the case of buckminsterfullerenes, in which carbon sheets are g ...

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - CopperII carbonate

Copper(II) carbonate (often called copper carbonate or cupric carbonate) is a blue-green compound (chemical formula CuCO3) forming most of the patina one sees on weathered brass, bronze, and copper. The color can vary from bright blue to green, because there may be a mixture of both copper carbonate and basic copper carbonate in various stages of hydration. It was formerly much used as a pigment, and is still in use for artist's colours. When powdered, it is a fire hazard. It is also been used in some types of make-up, like lipst ...

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon sequestering

Carbon Sequestering is a process whereby trees and other plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and through photosynthesis, turn it into plant material. Recent, some have proposed the sequestering of carbon-dioxide by capturing the exhaust from a fossil fuel combustion and pumping it back into earth. The increase in pressure can be used to enhance the extraction of additional fossil fuel in nearbby wells. This is sometimes referred to as "resequestration". There is much concern however that the carbon will not remain captive, and would leak bac ...

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon fiber

Carbon fiber can refer to carbon filament thread, or to felt or woven cloth made from those carbon filaments. By extension, it is also used informally to mean any composite material made with carbon filament; for more on that application, see graphite-reinforced plastic. Carbon fiber - Synthesis. Each carbon filament is made out of long, thin sheets of carbon similar to graphite. A common method of making carbon filaments is the oxidation and thermal pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), a polymer used in t ...

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carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO, is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, flammable and highly toxic gas. It is a major product of the incomplete combustion of carbon and carbon-containing compounds. It is less dense than air under ordinary conditions. It is very slightly soluble in water and burns in air with a characteristic blue flame, producing carbon dioxide; it is a component of producer gas and water gas, which are widely used artificial fuels. It is a reducing agent, removing oxygen from many compounds and is used in the re ...

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carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Amorphous carbon

Amorphous carbon is the name used for carbon that does not have any crystalline structure. As with all glassy materials, some short-range order can be observed, but there is no long-range pattern of atomic positions. While entirely amorphous carbon can be made, most of the material described as "amorphous" actually contains crystallites of graphite [1] or diamond [2] with varying amounts of amorphous carbon holding them together, making them technically polycrystalline or nanocrystalline materials. Commercial carbon also usually contains significant quantities of ...

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