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Caracalla | A Wisdom Archive on Caracalla | | Caracalla A selection of articles related to Caracalla | |
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caracalla, Caracalla, Caracalla - Mythical king of Britain, Severan dynasty family tree
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Caracalla | | | |  Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importanceIt is said history is written by the winners, and no better example of this statement is shown in the treatment of the Byzantine Empire in history. It is an empire resented by Western Europe, as shown by the sacking of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade. A popular American university textbook4 on medieval history that circulated in the 1960s and 1970s, has this to say in the only paragraph in the book devoted to "Byzantium":
The history of Byzantium is a study in disappointment. The empire centering on Constantinopl ...
See also:Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography Read more here: » Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance |
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| | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders After Manzikert, a partial recovery was made possible due to the efforts of the Comnenian dynasty. The first emperor of this royal line, Alexius Comnenus (whose life and policies would be described by his daughter Anna Comnena in the Alexiad) began to reestablish the army on the basis of feudal grants (próniai) and made significant advances against the Seljuk Turks. His plea for western aid against the Seljuk advance brought about the First Crusade, which helped him reclaim Nicaea. However, the emperor soon distanced himself f ...
See also:Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography Read more here: » Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders |
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| | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - Golden era The Eastern Roman Empire reached its height under the Macedonian emperors of the late 9th, 10th and early 11th centuries. During these years the Empire held out against pressure from the Roman church to remove Patriarch Photios, and gained control over the Adriatic Sea, parts of Italy, and much of the land held by the Bulgarians.
Under the emperor Basil II (reigned 976-1025AD), the Bulgarians, who had conquered much of the Balkans from the Byzantines since their arrival two hundred years previously, became the target of annual campaig ...
See also:Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography Read more here: » Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - Golden era |
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| | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire Of all the turbulent events that occurred during its long life, The Fourth Crusade had the most devastating effect on the empire. Although the stated intent of the crusade was to conquer Egypt, the leaders of the Crusade ran in to trouble when they found that considerably fewer men had responded to the call than had been expected. As a result, they could not afford to pay the Venetians for all the ships they had hired. After some time spent arguing over what to do next, the Venetians came up with a new proposal, and under their influence the ...
See also:Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography Read more here: » Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire |
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| | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline Although the three competent Comnenan emperors, especially Manuel, had the power to expel the outnumbered Seljuks, there were a number of reasons they never did so. Whereas the Byzantines had ultimately prevailed over the Arabs in the eighth century, driving them out of Asia Minor and holding a frontier against them, in the twelfth century the Turks were more successful in establishing themselves in these same lands. This was partially due to their nomadic lifestyle, which made them much better suited to life in Anatolia than the Arabs had b ...
See also:Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography Read more here: » Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline |
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| | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - Early history The Eastern Roman Empire was largely spared the difficulties of the west in the 3rd and 4th centuries (see Crisis of the Third Century) in part because urban culture was better established there and the initial invasions were attracted to the wealth of Rome. Throughout the 5th century, various invasions conquered the western half of the Roman Empire and at best only demanded tribute from the eastern half. Theodosius II fortified the walls of Constantinople, leaving the city impenetrable to attacks: it was to be preserved from foreign conques ...
See also:Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography Read more here: » Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - Early history |
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| | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival The Eastern Roman Empire's loss of territory was offset to a degree by consolidation and an increased uniformity of rule. Emperor Heraclius fully Hellenized the Eastern Roman Empire by making Greek the official language, thus ending the last remnants of Latin and ancient Roman tradition within the empire. The use of Latin in government records, (Latin titles such as Augustus and the concept of the Eastern Roman Empire being one with Rome) fell into abeyance, which allowed the empire to pursue its own identity. Many historians mark the ...
See also:Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography Read more here: » Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival |
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| | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Elagabalus - Family Elagabalus was the son of Sextus Varius Marcellus and Julia Soaemias Bassiana. His father was initially a member of the equites class but was later elevated to the rank of senator. His grandmother Julia Maesa was the widow of the Consul Julius Avitus, the sister of Julia Domna, and the wife of Emperor Septimius Severus. Julia Soaemias was a cousin of Caracalla. Other relatives included his aunt Julia Avita Mamaea and uncle Gessius Marcianus and their son Severus Alexander. Elagabalus' family held hereditary rights to the priesthood of the sun god El-Gabal, of whom Elagabalus was the high pr ...
See also:Elagabalus, Elagabalus - Family, Elagabalus - Rise to power, Elagabalus - Imperial power, Elagabalus - Religious controversy, Elagabalus - Sex/gender controversy, Elagabalus - Fall from power, Elagabalus - After death, Elagabalus - Biased historical sources, Elagabalus - Cultural influence, Elagabalus - Note Read more here: » Elagabalus: Encyclopedia II - Elagabalus - Family |
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| | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Alamanni - Christianization Christianization of the Alamanni took place during Merovingian times (6th to 8th centuries). Sources are sparse, but in the mid-6th century, the Byzantine chronicler Agathias of Myrina records, in the context of the wars of the Goths and Franks against Byzantium, that the Alamanni fighting among the troops of Frankish king Theudebald were like the Franks in all respects except religion, since they
"worship trees, rivers, hills and gorges as gods, and decapitate horses and cows, and innumerable othe ...
See also:Alamanni, Alamanni - Tribal connections, Alamanni - Conflicts with the Roman Empire, Alamanni - List of battles between Romans and Alamanni, Alamanni - Alamanni and Franks, Alamanni - List of Alamannic rulers, Alamanni - Christianization, Alamanni - Modern Alemanni Read more here: » Alamanni: Encyclopedia II - Alamanni - Christianization |
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| | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Alexandria - Geography
Alexandria - Layout of the ancient city.
The Greek Alexandria was divided into three regions:
The Jews' quarter, forming the northeast portion of the city;
Rhacotis, on the west, occupied chiefly by Egyptians;
Brucheum, the Royal or Greek quarter, forming the most magnificent portion of the city.
In Roman times Brucheum was enlarged by the addition of an official quarter, making up four regions in all. The city was laid out as a grid of parallel streets, each of wh ...
See also:Alexandria, Alexandria - History, Alexandria - Founding, Alexandria - Roman jurisdiction, Alexandria - After Amr, Alexandria - The 1800s, Alexandria - Bombardment of 1882, Alexandria - Under British control, Alexandria - Geography, Alexandria - Layout of the ancient city, Alexandria - The modern city, Alexandria - Ancient remains, Alexandria - Antiquities Read more here: » Alexandria: Encyclopedia II - Alexandria - Geography |
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| | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Alexandria - Ancient remains Very little of the ancient city has survived into the present day. Much of the royal and civic quarter has sunk beneath the harbour due to earthquake subsidence, and much of the rest has been built upon in modern times. "Pompey's Pillar" is the most well-known ancient monument still standing. It is located on Alexandria's ancient acropolis — a modest hill located adjacent to the city's Arab cemetery — and was originally part of a temple colonnade. Including its pedestal it is 30m (99 feet) high; the shaft is of polished red granite, roug ...
See also:Alexandria, Alexandria - History, Alexandria - Founding, Alexandria - Roman jurisdiction, Alexandria - After Amr, Alexandria - The 1800s, Alexandria - Bombardment of 1882, Alexandria - Under British control, Alexandria - Geography, Alexandria - Layout of the ancient city, Alexandria - The modern city, Alexandria - Ancient remains, Alexandria - Antiquities Read more here: » Alexandria: Encyclopedia II - Alexandria - Ancient remains |
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| | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Berber - Origin There is no complete certitude about the origin of the Berbers; however, various disciplines shed light on the matter.
Berber - Genetic evidence.
While population genetics is a young science still full of controversy, in general the genetic evidence appears to indicate that most northwest Africans (whether they consider themselves Berber or Arab) are predominantly of Berber origin, and that populations ancestral to the Berbers have been in the area since the Upper Paleolithic era. The genetically predomina ...
See also:Berber, Berber - Origin, Berber - Genetic evidence, Berber - Archaeological, Berber - Linguistic, Berber - Phenotype and genotype by region, Berber - Coastal Northwest Africans, Berber - Northwest Africans of the interior, Berber - Saharan Northwest Africans, Berber - Religions and beliefs, Berber - History, Berber - Berbers and the Islamic conquest, Berber - Berbers in Al-Andalus, Berber - Modern-day Berbers, Berber - The Arabization of Northwest Africa, Berber - Famous Berbers, Berber - In ancient times, Berber - In medieval times, Berber - In modern times, Berber - Famous people who were either Berber or Punic, Berber - Famous people who may have had some Berber ancestors Read more here: » Berber: Encyclopedia II - Berber - Origin |
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| | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Alamanni - List of Alamannic rulers Kings
Chrocus 306
Mederich (father of Agenarich, brother to Chnodomar)
Chnodomar 350, 357
Vestralp 357, 359
Ur 357, 359
Agenarich (Serapio) 357
Suomar 357, 358
Hortar 357, 359
Gundomad 354 (co-regent of Vadomar)
Ursicin 357, 359
Makrian 368–371
Rando 368
Hariobaud 4th c.
Vadomar vor 354–360
Vithicab 360–368
Priarius& ...
See also:Alamanni, Alamanni - Tribal connections, Alamanni - Conflicts with the Roman Empire, Alamanni - List of battles between Romans and Alamanni, Alamanni - Alamanni and Franks, Alamanni - List of Alamannic rulers, Alamanni - Christianization, Alamanni - Modern Alemanni Read more here: » Alamanni: Encyclopedia II - Alamanni - List of Alamannic rulers |
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| | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Alamanni - Alamanni and Franks The kingdom (or duchy) of Alamannia between Strasbourg and Augsburg lasted until 496, when the Alamanni were conquered by Clovis I at the Battle of Tolbiac. The war of Clovis with the Alamanni forms the setting for the conversion of Clovis, briefly treated by Gregory of Tours (Book II.31) Subsequently the Alamanni formed part of the Frankish dominions and were governed by a Frankish duke.
In 746, Carloman ended an uprising by summarily executing all Alemannic nobility at the blood court at Cannstatt, and for the following century, Ala ...
See also:Alamanni, Alamanni - Tribal connections, Alamanni - Conflicts with the Roman Empire, Alamanni - List of battles between Romans and Alamanni, Alamanni - Alamanni and Franks, Alamanni - List of Alamannic rulers, Alamanni - Christianization, Alamanni - Modern Alemanni Read more here: » Alamanni: Encyclopedia II - Alamanni - Alamanni and Franks |
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| | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Mithraism - History of Mithraism
Mithraism - Mithraism In Persia Iran.
Mithraism is generally considered to be of Persian origins, specifically an outgrowth of Zoroastrian culture, though not of Zoroaster's teachings. For Zoroaster was a monotheist, for whom Ahuramazda was the One god. Darius the Great was equally stringent in the official monotheism of his reign: no god but Ahuramazda is ever mentioned in any of the numerous insc ...
See also:Mithraism, Mithraism - Principles of Mithraism, Mithraism - The mithraeum, Mithraism - Mithraic ranks, Mithraism - The iconography of Mithraism, Mithraism - History of Mithraism, Mithraism - Mithraism In Persia Iran, Mithraism - Mithraism in early Rome, Mithraism - Mithraism in the Roman Empire, Mithraism - The demise of Mithraism, Mithraism - Connections, Mithraism - Parallels to Christianity, Mithraism - Mithraic studies, Mithraism - Places to see Read more here: » Mithraism: Encyclopedia II - Mithraism - History of Mithraism |
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| | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Mithraism - Parallels to Christianity According to Martin A. Larson, in The Story of Christian Origins (1977), Mithraism and Christianity derived from the same sources, originally from the savior cult of Osiris. However, Larson believes that the Essenes were Jewish Pythagoreans, whose members not only gave birth to Christianity as Essenes, but were directly influenced by Zoroastrian doctrine as Pythagoreans. Mithraism, an established but exclusive sect devoted to social justice, was assimilated by state-s ...
See also:Mithraism, Mithraism - Principles of Mithraism, Mithraism - The mithraeum, Mithraism - Mithraic ranks, Mithraism - The iconography of Mithraism, Mithraism - History of Mithraism, Mithraism - Mithraism In Persia Iran, Mithraism - Mithraism in early Rome, Mithraism - Mithraism in the Roman Empire, Mithraism - The demise of Mithraism, Mithraism - Connections, Mithraism - Parallels to Christianity, Mithraism - Mithraic studies, Mithraism - Places to see Read more here: » Mithraism: Encyclopedia II - Mithraism - Parallels to Christianity |
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| | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Mithraism - Mithraic studies The First International Congress of Mithraic Studies was held in 1971 at Manchester, England.
Franz Cumont (1868 - 1947) was the main proponent of the theory that Mithraism came originally from Persia. Cumont's student, Maarten J. Vermaseren, author of Mithras, the Secret God (1963), was very active in translating Mithraic inscriptions.
Walter Burkert, Ancient Mystery Cults, Harvard University Press, 1987. A book, based on his Jackson Lectures at Harvard University in 1982 ...
See also:Mithraism, Mithraism - Principles of Mithraism, Mithraism - The mithraeum, Mithraism - Mithraic ranks, Mithraism - The iconography of Mithraism, Mithraism - History of Mithraism, Mithraism - Mithraism In Persia Iran, Mithraism - Mithraism in early Rome, Mithraism - Mithraism in the Roman Empire, Mithraism - The demise of Mithraism, Mithraism - Connections, Mithraism - Parallels to Christianity, Mithraism - Mithraic studies, Mithraism - Places to see Read more here: » Mithraism: Encyclopedia II - Mithraism - Mithraic studies |
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| | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Berber - Religions and beliefs Berbers are predominantly Sunni Muslim, most belonging to the Maliki madhhab, while the Mozabites, Djerbans, and Nafusis of the northern Sahara are Ibadi Muslim. Sufi tariqas are common in the western areas, but rarer in the east; marabout cults were traditionally important in most areas.
Before their conversion to Islam, some Berber groups had converted to Christianity (often Donatist) or Judaism, while others had continued to practice traditional polytheism. Under the influence of Islamic culture, some syncretic religions briefly emerged, as amo ...
See also:Berber, Berber - Origin, Berber - Genetic evidence, Berber - Archaeological, Berber - Linguistic, Berber - Phenotype and genotype by region, Berber - Coastal Northwest Africans, Berber - Northwest Africans of the interior, Berber - Saharan Northwest Africans, Berber - Religions and beliefs, Berber - History, Berber - Berbers and the Islamic conquest, Berber - Berbers in Al-Andalus, Berber - Modern-day Berbers, Berber - The Arabization of Northwest Africa, Berber - Famous Berbers, Berber - In ancient times, Berber - In medieval times, Berber - In modern times, Berber - Famous people who were either Berber or Punic, Berber - Famous people who may have had some Berber ancestors Read more here: » Berber: Encyclopedia II - Berber - Religions and beliefs |
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| | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Abracadabra - Thelema The religion of Thelema spells the word "Abrahadabra", and considers it the magical formula of the current Aeon. The religion's founder, Aleister Crowley, explains in his essay Gematria that he discovered the word (and his spelling) by cabalistic methods. He appears to say that this happened before his January 1901 meeting with Oscar Eckenstein, one of his teachers. (At this meeting, Eckenstein ordered him to abandon magick for the moment and practice meditation or concentration.) The Word Abrahadabra appears repeatedly in the 1904 in ...
See also:Abracadabra, Abracadabra - Etymology, Abracadabra - I create as I speak, Abracadabra - The curse and the pestilence, Abracadabra - Father Son Holy Spirit, Abracadabra - Disappear like this word, Abracadabra - Abraxas, Abracadabra - Thelema, Abracadabra - Avada Kedavra in Harry Potter Read more here: » Abracadabra: Encyclopedia II - Abracadabra - Thelema |
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| | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Berber - Phenotype and genotype by region The appearance and the genetic make-up of Berbers is best examined together with that of their fellow Arabic-speaking inhabitants of North Africa; both share a predominant Berber ancestry.
Berber - Coastal Northwest Africans.
About 75% of Northwest Africans live on the coast. Berber groups such as the Rifains and Kabyles have the least sub-Saharan admixture (~2%) and the highest European admixture (~15%); Arabic-speaking groups have about 7% sub-Saharan admixture overall. Berber groups in this zone include:
Kabyles
Chawis ...
See also:Berber, Berber - Origin, Berber - Genetic evidence, Berber - Archaeological, Berber - Linguistic, Berber - Phenotype and genotype by region, Berber - Coastal Northwest Africans, Berber - Northwest Africans of the interior, Berber - Saharan Northwest Africans, Berber - Religions and beliefs, Berber - History, Berber - Berbers and the Islamic conquest, Berber - Berbers in Al-Andalus, Berber - Modern-day Berbers, Berber - The Arabization of Northwest Africa, Berber - Famous Berbers, Berber - In ancient times, Berber - In medieval times, Berber - In modern times, Berber - Famous people who were either Berber or Punic, Berber - Famous people who may have had some Berber ancestors Read more here: » Berber: Encyclopedia II - Berber - Phenotype and genotype by region |
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| | | | | | Caracalla: Encyclopedia II - Berber - The Arabization of Northwest Africa Before the 9th century, most of Northwest Africa was a Berber-speaking area. The process of Arabization only became a major factor with the arrival of the Banu Hilal, a tribe sent by the Fatimids of Egypt to punish the Berber Zirid dynasty for having abandoned Shiism. The Banu Hilal reduced the Zirids to a few coastal towns, and took over much of the plains; their influx was a major factor in the Arabization of the region, and in the spread of nom ...
See also:Berber, Berber - Origin, Berber - Genetic evidence, Berber - Archaeological, Berber - Linguistic, Berber - Phenotype and genotype by region, Berber - Coastal Northwest Africans, Berber - Northwest Africans of the interior, Berber - Saharan Northwest Africans, Berber - Religions and beliefs, Berber - History, Berber - Berbers and the Islamic conquest, Berber - Berbers in Al-Andalus, Berber - Modern-day Berbers, Berber - The Arabization of Northwest Africa, Berber - Famous Berbers, Berber - In ancient times, Berber - In medieval times, Berber - In modern times, Berber - Famous people who were either Berber or Punic, Berber - Famous people who may have had some Berber ancestors Read more here: » Berber: Encyclopedia II - Berber - The Arabization of Northwest Africa |
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