Caracalla

The Flavians, although a relatively short lived dynasty, helped restore stability to an empire on its knees. Although there are criticisms of all three, especially based on their more centralized style of rule, it was the reforms and good rule of the three that helped create a stable empire that would last well into the 3rd Century. However, their background as a military dynasty led to further irrelevancy of the senate, and the move from princeps, or first citizen, to imperatorSee also:

Roman Empire, Roman Empire - Historians' viewpoints on the evolution of Imperial Rome, Roman Empire - Age of Augustus 31 BC–AD 14, Roman Empire - Political developments, Roman Empire - Cultural developments, Roman Empire - Sources, Roman Empire - Julio-Claudian dynasty: Augustus' heirs, Roman Empire - Two military Danger Zones Rebellions Uprisings and political consequences, Roman Empire - Flavian Dynasty, Roman Empire - Five Good Emperors - The Antonine Dynasty 96 – 180, Roman Empire - Commodus 180–192, Roman Empire - Severan dynasty 193–235, Roman Empire - Crisis of the 3rd Century 235–284, Roman Empire - Tetrarchy 285–324 and Constantine the Great 324-337, Roman Empire - The Empire after Constantine 337–395, Roman Empire - The sons of Constantine 337–361, Roman Empire - Under Julian & Jovian 361–364, Roman Empire - Valentinian Dynasty 364–392, Roman Empire - Battle of Adrianople 378, Roman Empire - Disturbed peace in the West 383, Roman Empire - The Empire becoming Christian, Roman Empire - Theodosian Dynasty 392–395, Roman Empire - The End of the Western Empire 395–476, Roman Empire - The Byzantine Empire 395–1461, Roman Empire - Legacy of the Roman Empire, Roman Empire - Roman Provinces, Roman Empire - Emperors, Roman Empire - Ancient Historians of the Empire, Roman Empire - Latin Literature of the Empire

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The term Hispania is Latin and the term Iberia Greek. Surviving Roman texts always use "Hispania" (first mentioned 200 BC by the poet Quintus Ennius) while Greek texts always employ "Iberia." To substitute Spanish for Iberian or for Hispanicus is anachronistic and misleading, since Iberia and Hispania refer not just to modern Spain but to the whole peninsula; Hispania can also rarely include the western part of Roman Mauretania in what is now Moroc ...

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Hispania, Hispania - Origin of the Name, Hispania - Prehistory and Early History, Hispania - Roman Hispania, Hispania - The Hispaniae 'Spains', Hispania - Later History, Hispania - Visigoths and Arabs, Hispania - Sources and References, Hispania - Modern sources in Spanish and Portuguese, Hispania - Other Modern sources, Hispania - Classical sources

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The traditional view of historians, informed by the work of Michael Rostovtzeff, was of a widespread economic decline at this time. However, consistent archaeological evidence has told another story, and the accepted view is undergoing re-evaluation. The destruction of many sites is now believed to be much later than had formerly been thought. Many buildings changed use, but were not destroyed. There were growing barbarian attacks, but focused on vulnerable rural settlements rather than the towns. Some villas such as Great Casterton in Rutla ...

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Roman Britain, Roman Britain - Early Roman contacts, Roman Britain - The Roman invasion, Roman Britain - Roman rule is established, Roman Britain - Occupation and retreat from southern Scotland, Roman Britain - Trade and industry, Roman Britain - The third century, Roman Britain - Government of Britannia, Roman Britain - The fourth century, Roman Britain - Town and country, Roman Britain - The end of Roman rule, Roman Britain - Religion, Roman Britain - Sub-Roman Britain, Roman Britain - The legacy

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The Eastern Roman Empire's loss of territory was offset to a degree by consolidation and an increased uniformity of rule. Emperor Heraclius fully Hellenized the Eastern Roman Empire by making Greek the official language, thus ending the last remnants of Latin and ancient Roman tradition within the empire. The use of Latin in government records, (Latin titles such as Augustus and the concept of the Eastern Roman Empire being one with Rome) fell into abeyance, which allowed the empire to pursue its own identity. Many historians mark the ...

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Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - Decline and fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Economy, Byzantine Empire - Science, Byzantine Empire - Religion, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

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The Eastern Roman Empire was largely spared the difficulties of the west in the 3rd and 4th centuries (see Crisis of the Third Century) in part because urban culture was better established there and the initial invasions were attracted to the wealth of Rome. Throughout the 5th century, various invasions conquered the western half of the Roman Empire and at best only demanded tribute from the eastern half. Theodosius II fortified the walls of Constantinople, leaving the city impenetrable to attacks: it was to be preserved from foreign conques ...

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Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - Decline and fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Economy, Byzantine Empire - Science, Byzantine Empire - Religion, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

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The Eastern Roman Empire reached its height under the Macedonian emperors of the late 9th, 10th and early 11th centuries. During these years the Empire held out against pressure from the Roman church to remove Patriarch Photios, and gained control over the Adriatic Sea, southern Italy, and all of the land held by the Bulgarians. The cities of the empire expanded, and prosperity was able to spread across the provinces thanks to the empire's new-found security. The population of the empire rose, and production increased, stimulating new demand ...

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Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - Decline and fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Economy, Byzantine Empire - Science, Byzantine Empire - Religion, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

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After Manzikert, a partial recovery was made possible due to the efforts of the Comnenian dynasty. The first emperor of this royal line, Alexius Comnenus (whose life and policies would be described by his daughter Anna Comnena in the Alexiad) began to reestablish the army on the basis of feudal grants (próniai) and made significant advances against the Seljuk Turks. His plea for western aid against the Seljuk advance brought about the First Crusade, which helped him reclaim Nicaea. However, the emperor soon distanced himself from we ...

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Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - Decline and fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Economy, Byzantine Empire - Science, Byzantine Empire - Religion, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

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Although the three competent Comnenan emperors, especially Manuel, had the power to expel the outnumbered Seljuks, there were a number of reasons they never did so. Whereas the Byzantines had ultimately prevailed over the Arabs in the eighth century, driving them out of Asia Minor and holding a frontier against them, in the twelfth century the Turks were more successful in establishing themselves in these same lands. This was partially due to their nomadic lifestyle, which made them much better suited to life in Anatolia than the Arabs had b ...

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Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - Decline and fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Economy, Byzantine Empire - Science, Byzantine Empire - Religion, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

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Caracalla's decree in 212, the Constitutio Antoniniana, extended citizenship outside of Italy to all free adult males in the entire Roman Empire, effectively raising provincial populations to equal status with the city of Rome itself. The importance of this decree is historical rather than political. It set the basis for integration where the economic and judicial mechanisms of the state could be applied around the entire Mediterranean as was once done from Latium into all of Italy. Of course, integration did not take place uniformly. ...

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Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - Decline and fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Economy, Byzantine Empire - Science, Byzantine Empire - Religion, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

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"Byzantium may be defined as a multi-ethnic empire that emerged as a Christian empire, soon comprised the Hellenized empire of the East and ended its thousand year history, in 1453, as a Greek Orthodox state: An empire that became a nation, almost by the modern meaning of the word".1 In the centuries following the Arab and Lombard conquests in the 7th century, its multi-ethnic (albeit not multi-national) nature remained even though its constituent parts in the Balkans and Asia Minor contained an overwhelmingly large Greek p ...

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Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - Decline and fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Economy, Byzantine Empire - Science, Byzantine Empire - Religion, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

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The early Roman army was, like those of other contemporary city-states, a citizen force in which the bulk of the troops fought as hoplites. The soldiers were required to supply their own arms and they returned to civilian life once their service was ended. The first of the great army reformers, Camillus, reorganized the army to adopt manipular tactics and divided the infantry into three lines: hastati, principes and triarii. The middle class smallholders had traditionally been the backbone of the Roman army ...

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Ancient Rome, Ancient Rome - History, Ancient Rome - Monarchy, Ancient Rome - Republic, Ancient Rome - Empire, Ancient Rome - Society, Ancient Rome - Government, Ancient Rome - Law, Ancient Rome - Economy, Ancient Rome - Class structure, Ancient Rome - Family, Ancient Rome - Education, Ancient Rome - Culture, Ancient Rome - Language, Ancient Rome - Art literature and music, Ancient Rome - Games and activities, Ancient Rome - Religion, Ancient Rome - Technology, Ancient Rome - Engineering and architecture, Ancient Rome - Military, Ancient Rome - Notes

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Ancient Rome - Language. Main article: Latin The native language of the Romans was Latin, an Italic language that relies little on word order, conveying meaning through a system of affixes attached to word stems. Its alphabet, the Latin alphabet, is ultimately based on the Greek alphabet. Although surviving Latin literature consists almost entirely of Classical Latin, an artificial and highly stylized and polished literary language from the 1st century BC, the actual spoken language of ...

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Ancient Rome, Ancient Rome - History, Ancient Rome - Monarchy, Ancient Rome - Republic, Ancient Rome - Empire, Ancient Rome - Society, Ancient Rome - Government, Ancient Rome - Law, Ancient Rome - Economy, Ancient Rome - Class structure, Ancient Rome - Family, Ancient Rome - Education, Ancient Rome - Culture, Ancient Rome - Language, Ancient Rome - Art literature and music, Ancient Rome - Games and activities, Ancient Rome - Religion, Ancient Rome - Technology, Ancient Rome - Engineering and architecture, Ancient Rome - Military, Ancient Rome - Notes

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Denizli province lies in the Aegean Region, between 28˚ 30’ and 29˚ 30’ East and 37˚ 12’and 38˚ 12’ North. It covers an area of 11,868 square kilometers. Approximetely 28-30% of the land consists of plains, 25% is high plateu and tableland, and 47% is mountainous. Mount Honaz is the highest mountain in the province, and indeed in Western Anatolia with an elevation of 2571 meters. Babadag (Father Mountain) in the Mentes mountain range has a height of 2308 meters. The biggest lake in Denizli is Acigol (Bitter Lake). Only a part of ...

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Denizli Province, Denizli Province - Geography, Denizli Province - Climate, Denizli Province - History, Denizli Province - Historical Places, Denizli Province - Denizli Rooster Cock

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It is common to see the traces of prehistoric cultures troughout the province. Evidence of pre-Hittite cultures and the Hittites themselves are abound. Phrygians, Lydians and Persians have also left ruins, unearthed throughout the province by archaeologists. Traces of cities founded by the ancient Greek culture also abound, starting during the Kingdom of Alexander the Great. The first real settlement was the city of Laodicea which was established by King Antiochus II for his wife Laodice. Laodicea is located 6 km North of the city of Denizli ...

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Denizli Province, Denizli Province - Geography, Denizli Province - Climate, Denizli Province - History, Denizli Province - Historical Places, Denizli Province - Denizli Rooster Cock

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Main article: Names of the Greeks The name Byzantine Empire is derived from the original Greek name for Constantinople, Byzantium. The name is a modern term and would have been alien to its contemporaries. The Empire's native Greek name was Ῥωμανία Romanía or Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων Basileía Romaíon, a direct translation of the Latin name of the Roman Empire, See also:

Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - Decline and fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Economy, Byzantine Empire - Science, Byzantine Empire - Religion, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

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Of all the turbulent events that occurred during its long life, The Fourth Crusade had the most devastating effect on the empire. Although the stated intent of the crusade was to conquer Egypt, the leaders of the Crusade ran in to trouble when they found that considerably fewer men had responded to the call than had been expected. As a result, they could not afford to pay the Venetians for all the ships they had hired. After some time spent arguing over what to do next, the Venetians came up with a new proposal, and under their influence the ...

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Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - Decline and fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Economy, Byzantine Empire - Science, Byzantine Empire - Religion, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

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Byzantium was arguably the only stable state in Europe during the Middle Ages. Its expert military and diplomatic power ensured inadvertently that Western Europe remained safe from many of the more devastating invasions from eastern peoples, at a time when the Western Christian kingdoms might have had difficulty containing it. Constantly under attack during its entire existence, the Byzantines shielded Western Europe from Persians, Arabs, Seljuk Turks, and for a time, the Ottomans. The 20th century has seen an increase ...

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Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - Decline and fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Economy, Byzantine Empire - Science, Byzantine Empire - Religion, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

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Following the reabsorption of Britain into the Roman Empire, the island was further repartitioned by Diocletian, this time into four separate provinces, Maxima Caesariensis in the southeast, with its capital at London, Flavia Caesariensis in the east, with its capital at Lincoln, Britannia Secunda in the north, with its capital at York, and Britannia Prima in the west (including present day Wales), with its capital at Cirencester. A fifth province called Valentia also briefly existed, probably in the far north. Each had a governor of equestr ...

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Governors of Roman Britain, Governors of Roman Britain - Claudian Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Flavian Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Trajanic Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Hadrianic Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Antonine Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Severan Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Division into Britannia Superior and Inferior, Governors of Roman Britain - Britannia Superior, Governors of Roman Britain - Britannia Inferior, Governors of Roman Britain - Diocese of the Britains, Governors of Roman Britain - Vicarii, Governors of Roman Britain - Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Other rulers in Roman Britain, Governors of Roman Britain - Usurpers and British-based rulers of the Western Empire, Governors of Roman Britain - Native rulers, Governors of Roman Britain - Military leaders

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This list assumes the final division occurred c. 213 or a year or two before. Governors of Roman Britain - Britannia Superior. Tiberius Julius Pollienus Auspex in period c. 223 - 226 Caius Junius Faustinus Postumianus Rufinus Marcus Martiannius Pulcher Titus Desticius Juba in period 253 - 255 Governors of Roman Britain - Britannia Inferior. Gaius Julius Marcus by 213 Marcus Antonius Gordianus by 216

In 1910, Gumilyov fell under the spell of the Symbolist poet and philosopher Vyacheslav Ivanov and absorbed his views on poetry at the evenings held by Ivanov in his celebrated "Turreted House". His wife Anna Akhmatova accompanied him to Ivanov's parties as well. Gumilyov and Akhmatova married on April 25. On September 18, 1912, their child Lev was born. He would become one of the most popular historians in Russia. Dissatisfied with the vague mysticism of Russian Symbolism, then prevalent in the Russian poetry, Gumilyov and Sergei Gor ...

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Nikolay Gumilyov, Nikolay Gumilyov - Early life and poems, Nikolay Gumilyov - Guild of Poets, Nikolay Gumilyov - War experience, Nikolay Gumilyov - Later poems and death

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When the WWI started, Gumilyov rushed to Russia and enthusiastically joined a corps of elite cavalry. For his bravery he was invested with two St. George crosses (December 24, 1914 and January 5, 1915). His war poems were assembled in the collection The Quiver (1916). During the Russian Revolution, Gumilyov served in the Russian expedition corps in Paris. Despite advice to the contrary, he rapidly returned to Petrograd. There he published several new collections, Tabernacle and Bonfire, and finally divorced Akhmat ...

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Nikolay Gumilyov, Nikolay Gumilyov - Early life and poems, Nikolay Gumilyov - Guild of Poets, Nikolay Gumilyov - War experience, Nikolay Gumilyov - Later poems and death

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In 1920 Gumilyov co-founded the All-Russia Union of Writers. Gumilyov made no secret of his anti-communist views. He also crossed himself in public and didn't care to dissimulate his contempt for half-literate Bolsheviks. On August 3, 1921 he was arrested by Cheka on allegation that he was a monarchist. Most historians believe that it was one of the first entirely fabricated cases by Cheka. On August 24 Petrograd Cheka decreed execution of all 61 participants of Tagantsev Conspiracy, including Nikolai Gumilev. The exact date ...

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Nikolay Gumilyov, Nikolay Gumilyov - Early life and poems, Nikolay Gumilyov - Guild of Poets, Nikolay Gumilyov - War experience, Nikolay Gumilyov - Later poems and death

Read more here: » Nikolay Gumilyov: Encyclopedia II - Nikolay Gumilyov - Later poems and death