Encyclopedia - Caracalla: Encyclopedia - Caracalla
Caracalla (April 4, 186–April 8, 217) was emperor of the Roman Empire from AD 211–217. Born in Lugdunum in the province of Gaul in 18...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abracadabra: Encyclopedia - Abracadabra
Abracadabra is a word used as an incantation, considered by some to be the phrase that is pronounced most universally in other languages ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Harran: Encyclopedia - Harran
Harran, also known as Carrhae, is an archeological site in present day southeastern Turkey, 24 miles (39 kilometers) southeast of Sanli U...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alamanni: Encyclopedia - Alamanni
The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were an alliance of warbands formed from Germanic tribes, first mentioned by Dio Cassius when they f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Berber: Encyclopedia - Berber
Algeria: 7,500,000 Tunisia:    200,000 Libya:    250,000+ Mauretania:    80,000 Egypt:    10,000...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alexandria: Encyclopedia - Alexandria
Located on the Mediterranean Sea coast, Alexandria (in Arabic, الإسكندرية, transliterated al-ʼIskandariyyah) is the chief seap...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aegyptus Province: Encyclopedia - Aegyptus Province
Aegyptus was, in ancient geography, a province of the Roman Empire, encompassing most of modern-day Egypt except for the Sinai Peninsula....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Origen: Encyclopedia - Origen
Origen (ca. 182–ca. 251) was a Christian scholar and theologian and one of the most distinguished of the Fathers of the early Christian...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ankara: Encyclopedia - Ankara
Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. The city has a population of 5,153,000 (as of 2005...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Damnatio Memoriae: Encyclopedia - Damnatio Memoriae
Damnatio memoriae (Latin for "damnation of memory", in the sense of removed from the remembrance) was a form of dishonor that could be pa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elagabalus: Encyclopedia - Elagabalus
Elagabalus or Heliogabalus (c. 203–March 11, 222), born Varius Avitus Bassus and also known as Varius Avitus Bassianus Marcus Aurelius ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mithraism: Encyclopedia - Mithraism
Mithraism (in Persian: مهرپرستی) was an ancient mystery religion prominent from the 1st century BC to the 5th century AD. It was ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Rome: Encyclopedia - Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of the city-state of Rome, founded on the Italian peninsula in the 8th century BCE. During ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Çankırı: Encyclopedia - Çankırı
Çankırı is a town in Turkey, in Çankırı Province, about 140 km northeast of Ankara. It is situated in a rich well-watered valley, a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baalbek: Encyclopedia - Baalbek
Modern Baalbek (Arabic: بعلبك) is a town in the Bekaa valley of Lebanon, altitude 3,850 ft (1,170 m), situated east of the Litani Ri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ashkenazi Jews: Encyclopedia - Ashkenazi Jews
Israel: app. 3.7 mil. [3] Europe: app. 1.7 mil. [4] Argentina: nn South Africa: nn Oceania: nn   • Sephardi Jews  &...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - April 8: Encyclopedia - April 8
April 8 is the 98th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (99th in leap years). There are 267 days remaining in the year. April 8 - ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - April 4: Encyclopedia - April 4
April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). There are 271 days remaining. April 4 - Events. 15...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Public Bathing: Encyclopedia - Public Bathing
Public bathing has a long history. Although the ancient Greek men practiced nudity in the Gymnasium, it was not acceptable for the women ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire
Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων Roman (Byzantine) Empire Motto: Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων Βασιλεύων Βασιλευόν...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Canonization: Encyclopedia - Canonization
Canonization is the process of declaring someone a saint and involves proving that a candidate has lived in such a way that he or she is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tyana: Encyclopedia - Tyana
Tyana was an ancient city of Anatolia, in modern south-eastern Turkey. The ruins of Tyana are at Kemerhisar, three miles south of Nigde; ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vandalism: Encyclopedia - Vandalism
Vandalism is the conspicuous defacement or destruction of a structure or symbol which turns out to be, if one follows a Classical liberal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 217: Encyclopedia - 217
217 - Events. December 20 - The papacy of Pope Zephyrinus ends. Macrinus becomes Roman Emperor on the death of Caracalla. Pope Callixt...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 186: Encyclopedia - 186
186 - Events. 186 - Births. April 4 - Caracalla, Roman emperor (d. 217) 186 - Deaths. Saint Apollonius - Christian martyr Categ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philostratus: Encyclopedia - Philostratus
Philostratus, was the name of four Greek sophists of the Roman imperial period: (c. 150-200) "Philostratus I": Very minor author, known ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 213: Encyclopedia - 213
213, a hip hop music group consisting of Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg and Warren G. 213 - Births. 213 - Deaths. Dong Xi, general of Sun Qua...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bar Daisan: Encyclopedia - Bar Daisan
Bar Daisan (154-222), also latinized as Bardesanes, was a Syriac gnostic and an outstanding scientist, scholar, and poet. He was also ren...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 211: Encyclopedia - 211
This article is about the year 211. For the telephone number, see: 2-1-1. 211 - Events. The city of York becomes the capital of Britan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 210: Encyclopedia - 210
210 - Events. Caracalla is Roman Consul 210 - Births. Dexippus, Greek historian Mani, founder of Manichaeism (approximate date) ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 212: Encyclopedia - 212
212 - Events. Roman Emperor Caracalla decrees that freemen throughout the Roman Empire become Roman citizens (the Constitutio Antonini...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Roman Legions: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Roman Legions - Early Empire Legions
Legio I Legio I Germanica (German) - 48 BC to 70 (Batavian rebellion), Julius Caesar Legio I Adiutrix (Helper) - 68 to (at least) 444, N...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carausius: Encyclopedia Ii - Carausius - Biography
Carausius was a Menapian who had proven his ability during Maximian's campaign against the Bagaudae rebels in Gaul in 286. As a result, h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caledonians: Encyclopedia Ii - Caledonians - The History Of The Caledonians From The Roman Perspective
In AD 83 or 84, led by Calgacus, the Caledonians' defeat at the hands of Gnaeus Julius Agricola at Mons Graupius is recorded by Tacitus. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pantheon Rome: Encyclopedia Ii - Pantheon Rome - History
The original Pantheon was built in 27 BC-25 BC under the Roman Empire, during the third consulship of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, and his n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baalbek: Encyclopedia Ii - Baalbek - Heliopolis The City Of The Sun
Heliopolis (there was another Heliopolis in Egypt) was made a colonia by the Roman Empire in 15 BC and a legion was stationed there. Work...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cadusii: Encyclopedia Ii - Cadusii - History
Cadusii - Before the Persian empire. They appear to have been constantly at war with their neighbours. First subjected by the Assyrians...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - The Age Of Justinian I
The reign of Justinian I, which began in 527, saw a period of extensive imperial conquests of former Roman territories (indicated in gree...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Canonization: Encyclopedia Ii - Canonization - Roman Catholicism
The process of an individual being declared a saint in the Roman Catholic Church began in the 900s, when the church in Rome demanded that...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Empire - From Roman To Byzantine In The East
Roman Empire - Under Constantine 330–337 and his sons 337–361. Constantinople would serve as the capital of Constantine the Great f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Origin Of Romanians: Encyclopedia Ii - Origin Of Romanians - Migration From The South
According to this theory, a Romanic population came from the south in the Middle Ages and settled down in present-day Romania. Origin of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Assassinated People: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Assassinated People - Assassinations In Africa
List of assassinated people - Algeria. Hiempsal, (117 BC), co-ruler of Numidia, by Jugurtha François Darlan, (1942), French Admiral, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mithraism: Encyclopedia Ii - Mithraism - Principles Of Mithraism
Romans encountered worship of the deity Mithras as part of Zoroastrianism in the eastern provinces of the empire, particularly in Asia Mi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elagabalus: Encyclopedia Ii - Elagabalus - Imperial Power
Elagabalus and his entourage spent the winter of 218 in Bithynia at Nicomedia. It was at Nicomedia that Elagabalus' religious beliefs fir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Rome: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Rome - Society
Life in ancient Rome revolved around the city of Rome, located on seven hills. The city had a vast number of monumental structures like t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ashkenazi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Ashkenazi Jews - Origin Of Ashkenazim
Ashkenazi Jews - From Roman Empire to Dark Ages. After the forced Jewish exile from Judea in 70 CE and the complete Roman takeover of J...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wels: Encyclopedia Ii - Wels - History
The area of Wels has been settled since the Neolithic era and gained importance in Roman times because of its central location in the pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Conquest Of Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Conquest Of Britain - The Conquest Continued
Vespasian took a force westwards subduing tribes and capturing oppida as he went, going as least as far as Exeter and probably reaching B...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hispania: Encyclopedia Ii - Hispania - Roman Hispania
The major part of the Punic Wars, fought between the Punic Carthaginians and the Romans, was fought on Iberian lands. Rome gained control...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Social Class In Ancient Rome: Encyclopedia Ii - Social Class In Ancient Rome - Patricians
The patrician class was considered the backbone of Roman society. Contemporary politicians and writers (Coriolanus, for example) in the K...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philostratus: Encyclopedia Ii - Philostratus - Philostratus Ii
Of these the most famous is Philostratus "the Athenian". Very little is known of his career. Even his name is doubtful. The Lives of the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abracadabra: Encyclopedia Ii - Abracadabra - Etymology
Theories about the source of the word are:- Abracadabra - I create as I speak. A possible source is Aramaic: אברא כדברא avra k...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nikolay Gumilyov: Encyclopedia Ii - Nikolay Gumilyov - Early Life And Poems
Nikolai was born in Kronstadt, into a family of a naval physician Stepan Yakovlevich Gumilev (1836—1920) and Anna Ivanovna L'vova (1854...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Greek And Roman Egypt: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Greek And Roman Egypt - Ptolemaic Egypt
In 332 BC Alexander the Great, King of Macedon, conquered Egypt, with little resistance from the Persians. He was welcomed by the Egyptia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anagni: Encyclopedia Ii - Anagni - Christian Anagni
In spite of this, the town was achieving a more and more outstanding importance over the territory, being the seat, since the fifth centu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Macrinus: Encyclopedia Ii - Macrinus - Background And Career
Born in Caesarea (modern Cherchell) in the Roman province of Mauretania to a middle class equestrian family, Macrinus received an educati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Emperor Principate: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Emperor Principate - Julio-claudian Dynasty
The Julio-Claudian dynasty was composed of the Iulii Caesares and the Claudii Nerones, two distinguished patrician families in the waning...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alexandria: Encyclopedia Ii - Alexandria - History
   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ankara: Encyclopedia Ii - Ankara - Attractions
Ankara - General attractions. Anıtkabir: Located on an imposing hill in the Anittepe quarter of the city stands the mausoleum of Musta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ashkenazi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Ashkenazi Jews - Origin Of Ashkenazim
Ashkenazi Jews - From Roman Empire to Dark Ages. After the forced Jewish exile from Judea in 70 CE and the complete Roman takeover of J...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - The Age Of Justinian I
The reign of Justinian I, which began in 527, saw a period of extensive imperial conquests of former Roman territories (indicated in gree...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Quirinal Hill: Encyclopedia Ii - Quirinal Hill - History
Originally it was part of a group of hills that included Collis Latiaris, Mucialis (or Sanqualis), Salutaris. These are now lost due to b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lyon: Encyclopedia Ii - Lyon - History
Lyon was founded as a Roman colony in 43 BC by Munatius Plancus, a lieutenant of Caesar, on the site of a Gaulish hill-fort settlement ca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Berber: Encyclopedia Ii - Berber - History
The Berbers have lived in North Africa between western Egypt and the Atlantic Ocean for as far back as records of the area go. References...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Severan Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Severan Dynasty - Emperors And Caesars
The Severan dynasty spanned the reigns of (who were Emperor and/or Caesar): Severan dynasty - Septimius Severus 193–211. Severan dyn...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Britain - Occupation And Retreat From Southern Scotland
There is no historical source describing the decades that followed Agricola's recall. Even the name of his replacement is unknown. Archae...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Enns City: Encyclopedia Ii - Enns City - History
The first settlements in the area of the mouth of the Enns river to the Danube date back to 4000 years ago. Celts settled the land around...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hispania: Encyclopedia Ii - Hispania - Roman Hispania
The major part of the Punic Wars, fought between the Punic Carthaginians and the Romans, was fought on Iberian lands. Rome gained control...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Governors Of Roman Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Governors Of Roman Britain - Severan Governors
Some sources list a further governor, a second Ulpius Marcellus. He was interpreted as a son of the first Ulpius Marcellus, serving. c. 2...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Empire - The Empire After Constantine 337–395
Roman Empire - The sons of Constantine 337–361. The Empire was parted again among his three surviving sons. The Western Roman Empire ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Public Bathing: Encyclopedia Ii - Public Bathing - Public Baths Today
Public baths survive today in a number of countries. For example, most Westerners probably assume that the Muslim woman's prim public per...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vandalism: Encyclopedia Ii - Vandalism - Vandalism As Art
Though vandalism in itself is illegal, it is also an integral part of modern popular culture. French painter Gustave Courbet's attempt to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Denizli Province: Encyclopedia Ii - Denizli Province - Historical Places
Laodicea is a city 6 km North of Denizli near the village of Eskihisar, established by Seleucid King, Antiochus II in honor of his wife, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lugdunum: Encyclopedia Ii - Lugdunum - Attention From The Emperors
In its first century Lugdunum was many times the object of attention or even visits by the emperors or the imperial family. Agrippa, Drus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Damnatio Memoriae: Encyclopedia Ii - Damnatio Memoriae - Similar Practices In Other Societies
The cartouches of the heretical pharaoh Akhnaton were mutilated by his successors. Herostratus set fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pantheon Rome: Encyclopedia Ii - Pantheon Rome - History
The original Pantheon was built in 27 BC-25 BC under the Roman Empire, during the third consulship of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, and his n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Origen: Encyclopedia Ii - Origen - Views
Origen - Philosophical and religious. Origen, trained in the school of Clement and by his father, was essentially a Platonist with occa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Sparta: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Sparta - The 5th Century Bce
The beginning of the 5th century saw Sparta at the height of her power, though her prestige must have suffered in the fruitless attempts ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Emperor: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Emperor - Overview
There was no constitutional office of "Roman Emperor" (the first person actually to bear that title was Michael I Rhangabes in the early ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Homs: Encyclopedia Ii - Homs - Ancient Homs Emesa
Emesa had a temple to the Syrian sun god El Gebal (Aramaic), also called Elagabalus (Latin) and Heliogabalus (Greek). During Roman times ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Edessa Mesopotamia: Encyclopedia Ii - Edessa Mesopotamia - History
The name under which Edessa figures in cuneiform inscriptions is unknown; the later native name was Osroe, after its purported founder (w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alamanni: Encyclopedia Ii - Alamanni - Conflicts With The Roman Empire
The Alamanni were continually engaged in conflicts with the Roman Empire. They launched a major invasion of Gaul and northern Italy in 26...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baalbek: Encyclopedia Ii - Baalbek - Heliopolis, The City Of The Sun
Heliopolis (there was another Heliopolis in Egypt) was made a colonia by the Roman Empire in 15 BC and a legion was stationed there. Work...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Identity, Continuity, And Consciousness
"Byzantium may be defined as a multi-ethnic empire that emerged as a Christian empire, soon comprised the Hellenized empire of the East a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Emperor Principate: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Emperor Principate - Year Of The Four Emperors
The year 69 is often called the "Year of the Four Emperors" because it saw four usurpers successively claim the purple. The fourth Empero...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ashkenazi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Ashkenazi Jews - Modern History
In an essay on Sephardi Jewry, Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs [16] summarized the demographic history of Ashken...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Britain - The Legacy
During their occupation of Britain, the Romans built an extensive network of roads, many of which are still in use today. The Romans also...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Britain - Religion
Religion in Roman Britain consisted originally of pagan worship. A common element was the conflation of Roman gods and local Iron Age dei...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caledonians: Encyclopedia Ii - Caledonians - Archaeological Evidence
There is little direct evidence of a Caledonian archaeological culture but it is possible to describe the settlements in their territory ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ashkenazi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Ashkenazi Jews - Population Genetics
Ashkenazi Jews - Specific diseases. The Ashkenazi Jewish population has, like many other endogamous populations, a higher incidence of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Britain - Sub-roman Britain
Britain came under increasing pressure from barbarian attack on all sides towards the end of the 4th century, and troops were too few to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Emperor Principate: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Emperor Principate - Macrinus And Diadumenianus
Macrinus came from an equestrian family; Dio Cassius writes that he was a Moor from Caesarea. Note that he did not style himself "Caesar"...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Emperor Principate: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Emperor Principate - Severan Dynasty Restored
The Severi, in addition to being the second dynasty d'épée, are also the first Roman dynasty to have been restored to the purple. The r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Emperor Principate: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Emperor Principate - From Domitian To Severus
In March 193, the Imperial dignity was quite literally and quite openly auctioned off by the mutinous Praetorian Guard, with Titus Flaviu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Emperor Principate: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Emperor Principate - Severan Dynasty
The short-lived Severan dynasty came into the purple primarily not by vote of the Senate like the Julio-Claudii but rather by the point o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Emperor Principate: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Emperor Principate - Nervan-antonine Dynasty
The Nervan-Antonine dynasty was a largely artificial one, chiefly built out more of adoption than blood relations, as in the Julio-Claudi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Empire - Historians' Viewpoints On The Evolution Of Imperial Rome
Because the empire of Rome lasted for such a long period of time (31 BC– 1453 AD), there are certain alternative names used by historia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anagni: Encyclopedia Ii - Anagni - The City
Anagni appears today as a small medieval town, placed on the ridge of a hill (460 meters above sea level), with small twisting streets an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Emperor Principate: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Emperor Principate - Flavian Dynasty
The Flavian dynasty was composed of the Flavii Vespasiani, a middle-class family of plebeian stock. A relatively short-lived dynasty of 3...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ashkenazi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Ashkenazi Jews - Ashkenazi Migrations Throughout The High And Late Middle Ages
Historical records show evidence of Jewish communities north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as the 8th and 9th Century. (Cochran et. a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anagni: Encyclopedia Ii - Anagni - History
The first human settlements date back to more than 700,000 years, according to the dating of some paleolithic hand-made fragments recentl...   » Read the article