The Capgras delusion or Capgras' syndrome is a rare disorder in which a person holds a delusional belief that an acquaintance, usually a close family member or spouse, has been replaced by an identical looking imposter. Capgras delusion is classed as a delusional misidentification syndrome, a class of delusional beliefs that involves the misidentification of people, places or objects. Additionally Capgras delusion is termed a monothematic delusion because it has been sh ...

Including:

• Capgras delusion - Overview
• Capgras delusion - Causes
• Capgras delusion - In fiction

Read more here: » Capgras delusion: Encyclopedia - Capgras delusion

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Capgras delusion, Capgras delusion - Overview, Capgras delusion - Causes, Capgras delusion - In fiction

Read more here: » Capgras delusion: Encyclopedia II - Capgras delusion - Overview

There is strong neuropsychological evidence that the Capgras delusion is, at least in part, related to a loss of emotional response to familiar faces. This is in the context of generally good (although not always perfectly intact) face perception abilities. This seems to be the reverse of prosopagnosia, a condition where conscious face recognition abilities are lost, despite sufferers still showing a covert emotional response to familiar faces, detectable b ...

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Capgras delusion, Capgras delusion - Overview, Capgras delusion - Causes, Capgras delusion - In fiction

Read more here: » Capgras delusion: Encyclopedia II - Capgras delusion - Causes

Cognitive neuropsychiatry is a sub-discipline of psychology and psychiatry that aims to understand mental illness and psychopathology in terms of models of normal psychological function. It is also a way of uncovering normal psychological processes by studying the effects of their change or impairment. It is derived from the fields of psychiatry, cognitive neuroscience, and cognitive neuropsychology. It is a relatively new discipline and only started in earnest in the 1990s but has been influential, not least because of its ear ...

Read more here: » Cognitive neuropsychiatry: Encyclopedia - Cognitive neuropsychiatry

A delusion is commonly defined as a fixed false belief and is used in everyday language to describe a belief that is either false, fanciful or derived from deception. In psychiatry, the definition is necessarily more precise and implies that the belief is pathological (the result of an illness or illness process). Delusions typically occur in the context of neurological or mental illness, although they are not tied to any particular disease and have been found to occur in the context of many pathological states (both physical a ...

Including:

• Delusion - Psychiatric definition
• Delusion - Primary and Secondary Delusions
• Delusion - Diagnostic issues

Read more here: » Delusion: Encyclopedia - Delusion

Jaspers originally made a distinction between primary and secondary delusions. According to Jaspers, primary delusions (sometimes called true delusions) are distinguished by a transformation of meaning, so that the world, or aspects of it, are interpreted in a radically different way by the delusional person. To others, this interpretation is 'un-understandable' in terms of the normal mental causality, mood, environmental influences and other psychological or psychopathological factors. Jaspers describes four types of primary delusion ...

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Delusion, Delusion - Psychiatric definition, Delusion - Primary and Secondary Delusions, Delusion - Diagnostic issues

Read more here: » Delusion: Encyclopedia II - Delusion - Primary and Secondary Delusions

Although non-specific concepts of madness have been around for several thousand years, the psychiatrist and philosopher Karl Jaspers was the first to define the three main criteria for a belief to be considered delusional in his book General Psychopathology. These criteria are: certainty (held with absolute conviction) incorrigibility (not changeable by compelling counterargument or proof to the contrary) impossibility or falsity of conte ...

See also:

Delusion, Delusion - Psychiatric definition, Delusion - Primary and Secondary Delusions, Delusion - Diagnostic issues

Read more here: » Delusion: Encyclopedia II - Delusion - Psychiatric definition

However, the modern definition and Jaspers's original criteria have been criticised, as counter-examples can be shown for every defining feature. Studies on psychiatric patients have shown that delusions can be seen to vary in intensity and conviction over time which suggests that certainty and incorrigibility are not necessary components of a delusional belief ^{See also:}

Delusion, Delusion - Psychiatric definition, Delusion - Primary and Secondary Delusions, Delusion - Diagnostic issues

Read more here: » Delusion: Encyclopedia II - Delusion - Diagnostic issues

One particularly interesting feature of prosopagnosia is that it suggests both a conscious and unconscious aspect to face recognition. Experiments have shown that when presented with a mixture of familiar and unfamiliar faces, people with prosopagnosia may be unable to successfully identify the people in the pictures, or even make a simple familiarity judgement ("this person seems familiar / unfamiliar"). However, when a measure of emotional response is taken (typically a measure of skin conductance) there tends to be an emotional response to familiar people ...

See also:

Prosopagnosia, Prosopagnosia - Overview, Prosopagnosia - Subtypes of prosopagnosia, Prosopagnosia - Unconscious face recognition

Read more here: » Prosopagnosia: Encyclopedia II - Prosopagnosia - Unconscious face recognition

Selective inabilities to recognise faces were reported throughout the 19th century, and included case studies by Hughlings Jackson and Charcot. However, it was not named until the term prosopagnosia was first used in 1947 by Joachim Bodamer, a German neurologist. He described three cases, including a 24-year old man who suffered a bullet wound to the head and lost his ability to recognise his friends, family, and even his own face. However, he was able to recognise and identify them through other sensory modalities such as auditory, t ...

See also:

Prosopagnosia, Prosopagnosia - Overview, Prosopagnosia - Subtypes of prosopagnosia, Prosopagnosia - Unconscious face recognition

Read more here: » Prosopagnosia: Encyclopedia II - Prosopagnosia - Overview

Theories about the processes involved in adult face perception have largely come from two sources; research on normal adult face perception and the study of impairments in face perception that are caused by brain injury or neurological illness. One of the most widely accepted theories of face perception2 argues that understanding faces involves several stages; from basic perceptual manipulations on the sensory information to derive details about the person (such as age, gender or attractiveness), to being able to recall meaningful details such as their ...

See also:

Face perception, Face perception - Development of face perception, Face perception - Adult face perception, Face perception - Controversies, Face perception - Artificial face perception

Read more here: » Face perception: Encyclopedia II - Face perception - Adult face perception

Since deception is the whole purpose of employing a political decoy, there are many instances of alleged decoying which remain uncertain. Joe R. Reeder, an undersecretary for the U.S. Army from 1993 to 1997, has gone on record with claims that a number of figures around the world have or have had decoys, including Manuel Noriega, Raoul Cédras, Enver Hoxha, Fidel Castro and Osama bin Laden [9]. Of Noriega's alleged four decoys, Reeder said: "They were good. They practiced his gait, his manner of speech and hi ...

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Political decoy, Political decoy - Decoying: theory and practice, Political decoy - Political decoys in history, Political decoy - Rudolf Hess/Unknown 1941?-1987, Political decoy - Bernard Montgomery/Clifton James and 'Tex' Banwell 1944, Political decoy - Adolf Hitler/Gustav Weler ?-1945, Political decoy - Heinrich Himmler/Unknown ?-1945, Political decoy - Josef Stalin/Rashid 1940s-50s, Political decoy - Sukarno/Unknown 1950s, Political decoy - Lee Harvey Oswald/Unknown 1950s-1963, Political decoy - Henry Kissinger/Unknown 1971, Political decoy - Peter Hain MP/Unknown 1975, Political decoy - Pope Paul VI/Unknown ?-1978, Political decoy - Uday Hussein/Latif Yahia 1970s-1991, Political decoy - Saddam Hussein/Several unknowns 1990s-2003, Political decoy - Julian Castro/Joaquin Castro 2005, Political decoy - Voice-only decoys, Political decoy - Winston Chuchill/Norman Shelley 1940's, Political decoy - Harry S. Truman/Unknown 1947, Political decoy - Indira Gandhi/RS Nagarwala 1971, Political decoy - Rahim Jaffer MP/Matthew Johnston 2001, Political decoy - Political decoys in fiction

Read more here: » Political decoy: Encyclopedia II - Political decoy - Political decoys in history

Prosopagnosia was originally thought only to be solely associated with brain injury, acquired during adulthood, or more rarely during childhood development. However, recent evidence has suggested that there may be a form of 'congenital prosopagnosia', and that some people are born with a selective impairment in recognising and perceiving faces. The cases that have been reported suggest that this form of the disorder may be highly variable and there is some suggestion that it may be heritable. Developmental disorders such as autism and ...

See also:

Prosopagnosia, Prosopagnosia - Overview, Prosopagnosia - Subtypes of prosopagnosia, Prosopagnosia - Unconscious face recognition

Read more here: » Prosopagnosia: Encyclopedia II - Prosopagnosia - Subtypes of prosopagnosia

The practice of decoying is essentially little different from the profession of celebrity lookalike, in which people mimic famous entertainers whom they resemble. The only difference is that the 'lookalike' presents an acknowledged artifice. The decoy must conceal his or her imposture from the 'audience'. There is little research available on the probabilities and other factors involved in finding a physical 'double' for any given person; however, there are only so many permutations of the human physiognomy and the growth in the field of professional 'lookalikes' suggests that the odds against finding a 'd ...

See also:

Political decoy, Political decoy - Decoying: theory and practice, Political decoy - Political decoys in history, Political decoy - Rudolf Hess/Unknown 1941?-1987, Political decoy - Bernard Montgomery/Clifton James and 'Tex' Banwell 1944, Political decoy - Adolf Hitler/Gustav Weler ?-1945, Political decoy - Heinrich Himmler/Unknown ?-1945, Political decoy - Josef Stalin/Rashid 1940s-50s, Political decoy - Sukarno/Unknown 1950s, Political decoy - Lee Harvey Oswald/Unknown 1950s-1963, Political decoy - Henry Kissinger/Unknown 1971, Political decoy - Peter Hain MP/Unknown 1975, Political decoy - Pope Paul VI/Unknown ?-1978, Political decoy - Uday Hussein/Latif Yahia 1970s-1991, Political decoy - Saddam Hussein/Several unknowns 1990s-2003, Political decoy - Julian Castro/Joaquin Castro 2005, Political decoy - Voice-only decoys, Political decoy - Winston Chuchill/Norman Shelley 1940's, Political decoy - Harry S. Truman/Unknown 1947, Political decoy - Indira Gandhi/RS Nagarwala 1971, Political decoy - Rahim Jaffer MP/Matthew Johnston 2001, Political decoy - Political decoys in fiction

Read more here: » Political decoy: Encyclopedia II - Political decoy - Decoying: theory and practice

Current cognitive neuropsychology research points toward a two-factor approach to the cause of monothematic delusions1. The first factor being the anomalous experience—often a neurological defect—which leads to the delusion and the second factor being an impairment of the belief formation cognitive process. For example of one of these first factors, several studies point toward Capgras delusion being the result of a disorder of the affect component of face perception. As a result, while the person can recognize their sp ...

See also:

Monothematic delusion, Monothematic delusion - Types, Monothematic delusion - Causes

Read more here: » Monothematic delusion: Encyclopedia II - Monothematic delusion - Causes

These are generally exceptionally good impersonators, who are used to give the impression that their 'target' is conducting a radio interview, telephone call or other vocal assignment. Political decoy - Winston Chuchill/Norman Shelley 1940's. A recurring rumour holds that some of Winston Churchill's most famous speeches to Parliament during World War II were subsequently recorded for radio broadcast not by Churchill, but by Norman Shelley impersonating Churchill. Churchill is known to have commented that S ...

See also:

Political decoy, Political decoy - Decoying: theory and practice, Political decoy - Political decoys in history, Political decoy - Rudolf Hess/Unknown 1941?-1987, Political decoy - Bernard Montgomery/Clifton James and 'Tex' Banwell 1944, Political decoy - Adolf Hitler/Gustav Weler ?-1945, Political decoy - Heinrich Himmler/Unknown ?-1945, Political decoy - Josef Stalin/Rashid 1940s-50s, Political decoy - Sukarno/Unknown 1950s, Political decoy - Lee Harvey Oswald/Unknown 1950s-1963, Political decoy - Henry Kissinger/Unknown 1971, Political decoy - Peter Hain MP/Unknown 1975, Political decoy - Pope Paul VI/Unknown ?-1978, Political decoy - Uday Hussein/Latif Yahia 1970s-1991, Political decoy - Saddam Hussein/Several unknowns 1990s-2003, Political decoy - Julian Castro/Joaquin Castro 2005, Political decoy - Voice-only decoys, Political decoy - Winston Chuchill/Norman Shelley 1940's, Political decoy - Harry S. Truman/Unknown 1947, Political decoy - Indira Gandhi/RS Nagarwala 1971, Political decoy - Rahim Jaffer MP/Matthew Johnston 2001, Political decoy - Political decoys in fiction

Read more here: » Political decoy: Encyclopedia II - Political decoy - Voice-only decoys

The delusions that fall under this category are: Capgras delusion is the belief that (usually) a close relative or spouse has been replaced by an identical-looking impostor. Fregoli delusion is the belief that various people that the believer meets are actually the same person in disguise. Intermetamorphosis is the belief that people in the environment swap identities with each other whilst maintaining the same appearance. Subjective doubles, in which a person believes there is a doppelganger or double ...

See also:

Monothematic delusion, Monothematic delusion - Types, Monothematic delusion - Causes

Read more here: » Monothematic delusion: Encyclopedia II - Monothematic delusion - Types

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