Caledonians, Caledonians - An assessment by a modern historian, Caledonians - Archaeological evidence, Caledonians - Bibliography, Caledonians - The history of the Caledonians from the Roman perspective, Caledonia, Dicalydones, Antonine Wall
In AD 83 or 84, led by Calgacus, the Caledonians' defeat at the hands of Gnaeus Julius Agricola at Mons Graupius is recorded by Tacitus. Tacitus avoids using terms such as king to describe Calgacus and it is uncertain as to whether the Caledonians had single leaders or whether they were more disparate and that Calgacus was an elected war leader only.
In AD 180 they took part in an invasion of Britannia, breached Hadrian's Wall and were not brought under control for several years, eventually signing peace treaties with the governor Ulp ...
There is little direct evidence of a Caledonian archaeological culture but it is possible to describe the settlements in their territory during their existence.
The hillforts that stretched from the North York Moors to the Scottish highlands are evidence of a distinctive character emerging in northern Great Britain from the Middle Iron Age onwards. They were much smaller than the hillforts further south, often less than a hectare in area and there is no evidence that they were extensively occupied or defended by the Caledonians who appear to generally have had a dispersed settlement pattern. Suggestions of widespread ...
