Caffeine, or theine, is a xanthine alkaloid found in the leaves and beans of the coffee tree, in tea, yerba mate, guarana berries, and in small quantities in cocoa, the kola nut and the Yaupon holly. In plants, caffeine acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills many insects feeding upon them. Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, having the effect of warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness. Caffeine-containing beverages, such as coffee and tea, enjoy great popularity, making caffeine the ...

Including:

• Caffeine - Sources of caffeine
• Caffeine - Caffeine equivalents
• Caffeine - History of caffeine use
• Caffeine - Effects of caffeine
• Caffeine - Caffeine metabolism
• Caffeine - Mechanism of Action
• Caffeine - Side effects of caffeine
• Caffeine - Withdrawal
• Caffeine - The dangers of caffeine pills
• Caffeine - Extraction of pure caffeine

Read more here: » Caffeine: Encyclopedia - Caffeine

See also:

Caffeine, Caffeine - Sources of caffeine, Caffeine - Caffeine equivalents, Caffeine - History of caffeine use, Caffeine - Effects of caffeine, Caffeine - Caffeine metabolism, Caffeine - Mechanism of Action, Caffeine - Side effects of caffeine, Caffeine - Withdrawal, Caffeine - The dangers of caffeine pills, Caffeine - Extraction of pure caffeine

Read more here: » Caffeine: Encyclopedia II - Caffeine - History of caffeine use

Although tea has been consumed in China for thousands of years, the first documented use of caffeine in a beverage for its pharmacological effect was in the 15th century by the Sufis of Yemen, who used coffee to stay awake during prayers. In the 16th century there were coffee houses in Istanbul, Cairo and Mecca, and in the 17th century coffee houses opened for the first time in Europe. In 1819, relatively pure caffeine was isolated for the first time by the German chemist Friedrich Ferdinand Runge. According to the legend, he did this at the instigation of Joha ...

See also:

Caffeine, Caffeine - Sources of caffeine, Caffeine - Caffeine equivalents, Caffeine - History of caffeine use, Caffeine - Effects of caffeine, Caffeine - Caffeine metabolism, Caffeine - Mechanism of Action, Caffeine - Side effects of caffeine, Caffeine - Withdrawal, Caffeine - Effects on fetuses and newborn children, Caffeine - The dangers of caffeine pills, Caffeine - Extraction of pure caffeine

Read more here: » Caffeine: Encyclopedia II - Caffeine - History of caffeine use

Ayurveda and Herbal Medicine

Today, you may think in this technologically advanced society, (as I sit by my computer writing this, and you sit by yours reading it) there are a whole range of patented chemical drugs tailored for all ailments, so why use herbal medicines?

Herbs are as effective for healing today as they were in our grandmothers' day, and for thousands of years before that. We may live in a very different world today but the human body hasn't changed, in fact it's often struggling to cope with ifs new modern environment.

Read more here: » Herbal Medicine: Ayurveda and Herbal Medicine

Cocoa is the dried and partially fermented fatty seed of the cacao tree from which chocolate is made. In the United States, 'cocoa' often refers to cocoa powder, the dry powder made by grinding cocoa seeds and removing the cocoa butter from the dark, bitter cocoa solids. By itself it has an extremely bitter flavor. Hot cocoa is often confused with hot chocolate, but hot cocoa is made from the cocoa solids, while true hot chocolate is made from whole chocolate. Cocoa - History. Chocolate and cocoa are ...

Including:

• Cocoa - History
• Cocoa - World Production
• Cocoa - Harvesting
• Cocoa - Producing chocolate
• Cocoa - Use of cocoa
• Cocoa - Issues with cocoa as a commodity
• Cocoa - External link

Read more here: » Cocoa: Encyclopedia - Cocoa

Coffea arabica is a species of coffee indigenous to Ethiopia. It is also known as the "coffee shrub of Arabia", "mountain coffee" or "arabica coffee". Coffea arabica is believed to be the first species of coffee to be cultivated, being grown in southwest Arabia for well over 1,000 years. It is still considered to produce the best coffee of the commercially grown coffee species. It contains less caffeine than any other commercially cultivated species of coffee. Wild plants grow to between 7-12 m tall, and have an open bra ...

Including:

• Coffea arabica - Cultivation
• Coffea arabica - History and legend
• Coffea arabica - News from current Research
• Coffea arabica - Literature

Read more here: » Coffea arabica: Encyclopedia - Coffea arabica

The Black Ships (in Japanese, 黒船, kurofune) was the name given to four ships, Mississippi, Plymouth, Saratoga, and Susquehanna, under the command of United States Commodore Matthew Perry that arrived in 1853 at Uraga Harbor (part of present-day Yokosuka) in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. The word "black" refers to the black smoke from coal-fired power plants and the black color of these American ships. Commodore Perry's superior military force enabled him to negotiate a treaty allowing American trade with Japa ...

Read more here: » Black Ships: Encyclopedia - Black Ships

4-FMP, also known by it's full chemical name 4-fluoroamphetamine, or 4-Fluoro-alpha-Methyl-Phenethylamine, is a central nervous system stimulant. It is a chemical analog of amphetamine, and is also related to other phenethylamines, such as cathinone, methcathinone, and methamphetamine. 4-FMP - Effects. 4-FMP has a very short history of human use, so not much is known about its pharmacological effects, as is the case with many other designer drugs. 4-FMP clearly has ...

Including:

• 4-FMP - Effects

Read more here: » 4-FMP: Encyclopedia - 4-FMP

Corn flakes are a food made by combining cooked corn along with sugar and vitamins. The dough is rolled and toasted to make the well-known flakes, which feature as a breakfast cereal, served with milk. The history of corn flakes goes back to the late 19th century, when a group of Seventh-day Adventists began to develop new food to meet the standards of their strict vegetarian diet. Members of the group experimented with a number of different grains, including wheat, oats, rice, and of course, corn. In 1894, Dr. John Harvey Kell ...

Read more here: » Corn flakes: Encyclopedia - Corn flakes

7 Up (sometimes spelled Seven Up) is the brand name of a lemon-lime flavored soft drink marketed by Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. (DPSU) in the United States (a unit of Cadbury-Schweppes since 1995). It has been bottled by Britvic in Britain since 1987. Outside the United States, the trademark to 7 Up belongs to PepsiCo. 7 Up, originally named Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Soda, was concocted in 1929 in Saint Louis, Missouri. It originally contained lithium citrate, a mood-stabilizing drug. Many early soft drinks contained h ...

Including:

• 7 Up - History
• 7 Up - Brands and Variations
• 7 Up - pH
• 7 Up - Pop Culture

Read more here: » 7 Up: Encyclopedia - 7 Up

White tea is tea made from new growth buds and young leaves which have been steamed or fired to inactivate polyphenol oxidation, and then dried. The buds may be shielded from sunlight to prevent formation of chlorophyll. White tea therefore retains the high concentrations of catechins which are present in fresh tea leaves. Green tea is made from more mature tea leaves than white tea, and may be withered prior to steaming or firing. Although green tea is also rich in catechins, it may have different catechin profiles than white ...

Including:

• White tea - Health Benefits
• White tea - White Tea History
• White tea - Varieties of white tea
• White tea - Chinese White Teas
• White tea - Other White Teas
• White tea - Reference

Read more here: » White tea: Encyclopedia - White tea

Coffee is a drink, usually hot, prepared from the roasted seeds of the coffee plant. These seeds are usually called coffee beans. Coffee is the second most traded commodity in the world, trailing only petroleum. Coffee is one of humanity's chief sources of caffeine, a stimulant. Its potential benefits and hazards have been, and continue to be, widely studied and discussed. Coffee - Etymology and history. The word entered English in 1598 via Italian caffè, via Turkish kahveh, from Arabi ...

Including:

• Coffee - Etymology and history
• Coffee - The cafe
• Coffee - Coffee bean types
• Coffee - Coffee bean varieties
• Coffee - Ethical Coffee
• Coffee - Processing
• Coffee - Picking
• Coffee - Defruiting
• Coffee - Drying
• Coffee - Sorting
• Coffee - Aging
• Coffee - Roasting
• Coffee - Preparing
• Coffee - Grinding
• Coffee - Brewing
• Coffee - Presentation
• Coffee - Quick coffee
• Coffee - Instant coffee
• Coffee - Canned and bottled coffee
• Coffee - Liquid coffee concentrate
• Coffee - Social aspects of coffee
• Coffee - Economic aspects of coffee
• Coffee - Health
• Coffee - Coffee as a stimulant
• Coffee - Benefits
• Coffee - Risks
• Coffee - Coffee as a fertilizer
• Coffee - Coffee substitutes
• Coffee - Coffee as an artistic medium
• Coffee - Notes

Read more here: » Coffee: Encyclopedia - Coffee

Migraine is a form of headache, usually very intense and disabling. It is a neurologic disease. Migraine is the most common type of vascular headache. Migraine headaches are usually characterized by severe pain on one or both sides of the head, an upset stomach, and at times disturbed vision. The word "migraine" comes from the Greek construction "hemikranion" (ημικρανίον, pain affecting one side of the head) [1]. Migraine - Signs & Symptoms. Migraine with aura is a neurological disease ...

Including:

• Migraine - Signs & Symptoms
• Migraine - Pathophysiology
• Migraine - Migraine triggers
• Migraine - Treatment
• Migraine - Trigger avoidance
• Migraine - Preventive drugs
• Migraine - Alternative approaches
• Migraine - History
• Migraine - Prevalence
• Migraine - Economic impact
• Migraine - Acephalgic migraine
• Migraine - Migraine and stroke risk

Read more here: » Migraine: Encyclopedia - Migraine

Coffea arabica - Arabica Coffee Coffea benghalensis - Bengal coffee Coffea canephora - Robusta coffee Coffea congensis - Congo coffee Coffea excelsa - Liberian coffee Coffea gallienii - caffeine free Coffea bonnieri - caffeine free Coffea mogeneti - caffeine free Coffea liberica - Liberian coffee Coffea stenophylla - Sierra Leonian coffee The coffee plant is a shrub or small tree classified in the ge ...

Including:

• Coffea - Botany
• Coffea - Processing
• Coffea - Problems of maintaining quality during bean production
• Coffea - The economics of growing coffee
• Coffea - Hand picked coffee
• Coffea - History

Read more here: » Coffea: Encyclopedia - Coffea

Warfarin Warfarin (also known under the brand names of Coumadin® and Marevan®) is an anticoagulant medication that is administered orally. It is used for the prophylaxis of thrombosis and embolism in many disorders. Its activity has to be monitored by frequent blood testing for the international normalized ratio (INR). It is named for the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. Warfarin was originally developed as a rat poison, and is still widely used as such, although warfarin-resistant rats ...

Including:

• Warfarin - Mechanism of action
• Warfarin - Uses
• Warfarin - Medical use
• Warfarin - Pesticide use
• Warfarin - Source
• Warfarin - Advantages and disadvantages
• Warfarin - Pharmacokinetics and antagonism
• Warfarin - Side effects
• Warfarin - Interactions and contraindications
• Warfarin - Overdose
• Warfarin - History
• Warfarin - Other coumarins
• Warfarin - Notes

Read more here: » Warfarin: Encyclopedia - Warfarin

Botany is the scientific study of plant life. As a branch of biology, it is also sometimes referred to as plant science(s) or plant biology. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines that study the growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, ecology, and evolution of plants. Botany - Scope and importance of botany. As with other life forms in biology, plant life can be studied from different perspectives, from the molecular, genetic and biochemical level through organel ...

Including:

• Botany - Scope and importance of botany
• Botany - Feed the world
• Botany - Understand fundamental life processes
• Botany - Utilise medicine and materials
• Botany - Understand environmental changes
• Botany - History
• Botany - Early botany before 1945
• Botany - Modern botany since 1945

Read more here: » Botany: Encyclopedia - Botany

Chocolate and cocoa are made from the beans of the cacao tree, which apparently originated in the foothills of the Andes in the Amazon and Orinoco basins of South America. The tree was introduced into Central America by the ancient Maya, and was cultivated in Mexico by the Toltecs and later by the Aztecs. Cocoa was an important commodity in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Spanish chroniclers of the conquest of Mexico by Hernán Cortés relate that when Moctezuma II, emperor of the Aztecs, dined he took no other beverage than chocolate, ser ...

See also:

Cocoa, Cocoa - History, Cocoa - World Production, Cocoa - Harvesting, Cocoa - Producing chocolate, Cocoa - Use of cocoa, Cocoa - Issues with cocoa as a commodity, Cocoa - External link

Read more here: » Cocoa: Encyclopedia II - Cocoa - History

Testing for susceptibility to MH is by muscle biopsy done at an approved center under local anesthesia. The fresh biopsy is bathed in a solution containing caffeine and halothane (the "caffeine-halothane contracture test", CHCT) and observed for contraction; under good conditions, the sensitivity is 97% and the specificity 78% (Allen et al 1998). Negative biopsies are not definitive, so any patient who is suspected to have MH by history is generally treated with non-triggering anesthetics even if the biopsy was negative. Some researchers advocate the use of the "calcium-induced calcium rele ...

See also:

Malignant hyperthermia, Malignant hyperthermia - Signs symptoms and diagnosis, Malignant hyperthermia - Susceptibility testing, Malignant hyperthermia - Pathophysiology, Malignant hyperthermia - Disease mechanism, Malignant hyperthermia - Animal model, Malignant hyperthermia - Genetics, Malignant hyperthermia - Epidemiology, Malignant hyperthermia - Treatment, Malignant hyperthermia - History

Read more here: » Malignant hyperthermia: Encyclopedia II - Malignant hyperthermia - Susceptibility testing

Jolt Cola was one of the first energy drinks available in North America, being originally released in the 1980s. It was essentially just an extremely high caffeine, high sugar brand of cola. It pioneered the marketing strategy still widely in use by energy drinks today, targeting a generally younger audience, mostly students and professionals, important 'on the go' people, and billing itself as something that was not necessarily healthy but which would allow them to cram more hours into their day. Later, marketing turned further and further ...

See also:

Energy drink, Energy drink - History, Energy drink - Addiction potential, Energy drink - List of energy drinks

Read more here: » Energy drink: Encyclopedia II - Energy drink - History

The first product in this "Royal Crown," line was "Chero-Cola", followed by Royal Crown Ginger Ale, Royal Crown Strawberry and Royal Crown Root Beer. The company was renamed Chero-Cola, and in 1928 called Nehi Corporation after its colored and flavored drinks. In 1934 Chero-Cola was reformulated and re-released as Royal Crown Cola. In 1958, the company introduced the first diet cola, Diet Rite, and the first caffeine free cola, RC 100. In the mid-'90s, the company released Royal Crown Draft, billed as a "premium" cola and using pure c ...

See also:

R.C. Cola, R.C. Cola - History, R.C. Cola - Brand portfolio

Read more here: » R.C. Cola: Encyclopedia II - R.C. Cola - History