cadmium

About 65% to 75% of cadmium produced worldwide is used in the production of Ni-Cd Batteries. About half the remaining consumption, or 2,000 tons annually, is used to produce colored cadmium pigments. The principal pigments are a family of yellow/orange/red cadmium sulfides and sulfoselenides. Brilliantly colored, with good permanence and tinting power, Cadmium Yellow, Cadmium Orange, and Cadmium Red are familiar artist colors, but of little use in architectural paints. Their greatest use is in the coloring of plastics and specialty pa ...

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Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is a crystalline compound formed from cadmium and tellurium with a zinc blende (cubic) crystal structure (space group F43m). In the bulk crystalline form it is a direct bandgap semiconductor. Cadmium telluride - Applications. CdTe is a useful material for solar cells (photovoltaics). It is cheaper than silicon, especially in thin-film solar cell technology, but not as efficient. CdTe can be alloyed with mercury to make a versatile infrared detector material (HgCdTe). CdTe alloyed wi ...

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• Cadmium telluride - Applications
• Cadmium telluride - Physical properties
• Cadmium telluride - Thermal Properties
• Cadmium telluride - Optical Properties
• Cadmium telluride - Chemical properties
• Cadmium telluride - Toxicity

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Cadmium zinc telluride, (CdZnTe) or CZT, is (as the name indicates) a compound of cadmium, zinc and tellurium or more strictly speaking, an alloy of cadmium telluride and zinc telluride. A wide, direct bandgap semiconductor, it is used in a variety of applications, including radiation detectors, photorefractive gratings, electro-optic modulators and terahertz generation and detection. Radiation detectors using CZT can operate at room temperature, unlike some other materials (particularly germanium) which require liquid n ...

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• Cadmium zinc telluride - Reference
• Cadmium zinc telluride - External links

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On December 2, 1942, the world's first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction took place in the world's first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1, shortened as CP-1, built on a racquets court under the abandoned west stands of the Alonzo Stagg Field stadium on the University of Chicago campus. Operation of CP-1 was terminated in February 1943 and the nuclear reactor dismantled and moved to the laboratory's Palos Park site A. It was reconstructed using CP-1 materials but enlarged with a radiation shi ...

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• Chicago Pile-1 - Illustrations external site

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Environmental Pollution is the release of harmful environmental contaminants, or the substances so released. Generally the process needs to result from human activity to be regarded as pollution. Even relatively benign products of human activity are liable to be regarded as pollution, if they precipitate negative effects later on. The nitrogen oxides produced by industry are often referred to as pollution, for example, although the substances themselves are not harmful. In fact, it is solar energy ( ...

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• Pollution - Headline text
• Pollution - Regulation and Monitoring
• Pollution - International
• Pollution - United States

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Vladivostok (Russian: Владивосто́к listen ▶ (help·info) ) is a city in Russia. It is the home port of the Russian Navy's Pacific Fleet and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. The city's name means "controlling the East" in Russian; in the Chinese language, the city is known as 海參崴 (pinyin: Hǎishēnwǎi or Hǎishēnwēi) — "Sea Cucumber Marsh". Vladivostok - History. Main article: History of Vl ...

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• Vladivostok - History
• Vladivostok - Geography
• Vladivostok - Climate
• Vladivostok - Demographics
• Vladivostok - Economy
• Vladivostok - Transportation
• Vladivostok - Education
• Vladivostok - Media
• Vladivostok - Pollution
• Vladivostok - Miscellaneous

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To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here masses between 60.22 u and 602.2 u (10-25 kg and 10-24 kg, or 100 yoctograms and 1 zeptogram). See also masses of other orders of magnitude. lighter masses 91.224 u (151.481 yg) – atomic mass of zirconium 92.90638 u (154.27465 yg) – atomic mass of niobium [98] u (163 yg) – atomic mass of technetium 101.07 u (167.83 yg) – atomic mass of ruthenium 102.90550 u (170.87858 yg) – atomic mass of ...

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• 1 E-25 kg - External link

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Brassica oleracea Botrytis Group Cauliflower is a variety (Botrytis Group) of Brassica oleracea in the family Brassicaceae. Cauliflower resembles broccoli, to which it is closely related, except with very densely packed white flower buds. Only the head of the cauliflower is eaten, a part known as the white curd. This stalk is surrounded at the base by thick, green leaves. Cauliflower is a source of nutritional vitamins and minerals. Cauliflower is most commonly eaten cooked, but it may also be eaten raw or pickled, and is often sold in that form commercially wi ...

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• Cauliflower - Harvesting the vegetable
• Cauliflower - The delicate process
• Cauliflower - Where it is grown
• Cauliflower - Variants

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In the context of biology, poisons are substances that cause injury, illness, or death to organisms, usually by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale. Some poisons are also toxins, usually referring to naturally produced substances, such as the bacterial proteins that cause tetanus and botulism. A distinction between the two terms is not always observed, even among scientists. Animal toxins that are delivered subcutaneously (e.g. by sting or bite) are also called venom. In normal usage, a poisonou ...

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• Poison - Biological poisoning
• Poison - Poisoning in children
• Poison - Background
• Poison - Management
• Poison - By mechanism
• Poison - Corrosives T54
• Poison - Metabolic poisons energy
• Poison - Neurotoxins T44
• Poison - Teratogens birth defects
• Poison - Mutagens DNA damage
• Poison - Carcinogens cancer
• Poison - By source
• Poison - Non-radioactive inorganic poisons
• Poison - Organic poisons
• Poison - Naturally produced poisons and toxins
• Poison - Famous poisonings
• Poison - Confirmed poisonings
• Poison - Suspected or rumoured poisonings
• Poison - Poisons in crime fiction
• Poison - Novels
• Poison - Plays
• Poison - Films
• Poison - Poison in other literary works
• Poison - Novels

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The Berkeley Pit is a gigantic former open pit copper mine located in Butte, Montana, and is the largest Superfund site. It was opened in 1955 and operated by the Anaconda Mining Company and later by ARCO the Atlantic Richfield Company, until its closure in 1982. When the pit was closed, the water pumps at the bottom were also turned off, which caused groundwater from the surrounding basin to leak into the pit. The water seeped through metal deposits, causing it to become heavily acidic and laden with heavy metals and dangerous chemic ...

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The Berne zinc tablet (also Gobannus tablet) was found in the 1980s in Berne. It is inscribed with an apparently Gaulish inscription, consisting of the four words, each on its own line, the letter formed by little dots impressed onto the metal: ΔΟΒΝΟΡΗΔΟ ΓΟΒΑΝΟ ΒΡΕΝΟΔΩΡ ΝΑΝΤΑΡΩΡ The dedication is to Gobannus, a Gallo-Roman god, the name originally simply meaning "the Smith". Brenodor is probably a placename, Brenno-duro- "town of Brennus, c.f. Salodurum > Solothurn, Vitudurum > Winterthur, Gaulish ...

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Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms or their enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original condition. Bioremediation may be employed in order to attack specific contaminants, such as chlorinated pesticides that are degraded by bacteria, or a more general approach may be taken, such as oil spills that are broken down by the use of multiple techniques including the addition of nitrate and sulfate fertilizer to facilitate the decomposit ...

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• Bioremediation - Monitoring bioremediation

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Water miscible oil paint (also called "water soluble" or "water-mixable") is a modern variety of oil paint which is engineered to be thinned and cleaned up with water, rather than having to use chemicals such as turpentine. It can be mixed and applied using the same techniques as traditional oil-based paint, but while still wet it can be effectively removed from brushes, palettes, and rags with ordinary soap and water. This eliminates the need for strong-smelling and toxic solvents such as turpentine or turpentine substitute. Its wate ...

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The hypothesis of abiogenic petroleum origin (synonyms: abiotic, abyssal, endogenous, inorganic, juvenile, mineral, primordial) holds that petroleum is formed by non-biological processes deep in the earth's crust and mantle. It contradicts the more widely-held view that petroleum is a fossil fuel produced from the remains of ancient living organisms. The constituent precursors of petroleum (mainly methane) are commonplace and it is possible that appropriate conditions exist for hydrocarbons to be formed deep within the earth ...

Including:

• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Comparison of theories
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Raw material
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Events before conversion
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Conversion to petroleum and methane
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Formation of coal
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Evidence supporting abiogenic theory
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Supergiant oil fields
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Extraterrestrial methane
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Existence of hydrocarbon deposits
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Methane on Earth
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Cold planetary formation
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Unusual deposits
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Deep microbes
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Helium
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Trace metals
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Diamondoids
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Hydrogen
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Thermodynamics
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Biology
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Serpentinization and chemical synthesis of oil
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Deep structures and petroleum association
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Why is oil frequently found in sedimentary basins?
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Ambiguous results
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Biomarkers or Chemofossils
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Deep hot carbon sources
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Evidence supporting biogenic theory
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Unusual deposits
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Biomarkers
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Petroleum origin peak oil and politics
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - The future of the abiogenic theory

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BEVs were among the earliest automobiles, and before the preeminence of light, powerful internal combustion engines, electric automobiles held many vehicle land speed and distance records in the early 1900s. They were produced by Anthony Electric, Baker Electric, Detroit Electric, and others and at one point in history out-sold gasoline-powered vehicles. Some feel that the introduction of the electric starter by Cadillac in 1913, which simplified the difficult and sometimes dangerous task of starting the internal combustion engine, wa ...

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• Battery electric vehicle - History
• Battery electric vehicle - Efficiency
• Battery electric vehicle - Fuels
• Battery electric vehicle - Range
• Battery electric vehicle - Battery charging
• Battery electric vehicle - Battery life
• Battery electric vehicle - Safety
• Battery electric vehicle - Future
• Battery electric vehicle - Owners
• Battery electric vehicle - Controversy
• Battery electric vehicle - United States
• Battery electric vehicle - Outside the United States
• Battery electric vehicle - Production vehicles
• Battery electric vehicle - Prototypes
• Battery electric vehicle - Production announcements
• Battery electric vehicle - Hobbyists research and racing
• Battery electric vehicle - EV news stories

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Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein, or (coal) seam. Materials recovered by mining include bauxite, coal, diamonds, iron, precious metals, lead, limestone, nickel, phosphate, rock salt, tin, and uranium. Any material that cannot be grown from agricultural processes must be mined. Mining in a wider sense can also include extraction of petroleum, natural gas, and even water. Mining - History. The oldest kno ...

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• Mining - History
• Mining - Mining techniques
• Mining - Extractive metallurgy
• Mining - Environmental effects
• Mining - Mining industry
• Mining - Mine Planning Software

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Silver is a chemical element with the symbol Ag (from the traditional abbreviation for the Latin argentum). A soft white lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal and occurs in minerals and in free form. This metal is used in coins, jewelry, tableware, and photography. Silver - Notable characteristics. Silver is a very ductile and malleable (slightly harder than gold) univalent coinage metal with a brilliant white metallic luster that can ta ...

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• Silver - Notable characteristics
• Silver - Applications
• Silver - History
• Silver - Occurrence
• Silver - Isotopes
• Silver - Precautions and health effects

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Earthworm is the common reference for the larger members of the Oligochaeta (which is either a class or subclass depending on the author) in the phylum Annelida. In classical systems they were placed in the order Opisthopora, on the basis of the male pores opening to the outside of body posterior to the female pores, even though the male segments are anterior to the female. Cladistic studies have supported placing them instead in the Haplotaxida, which also includes the family Haplotaxidae. Folk names for earthworm incl ...

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• Earthworm - Overview
• Earthworm - Anatomy
• Earthworm - Reproduction
• Earthworm - Behavior
• Earthworm - Locomotion and importance to soil
• Earthworm - Benefits
• Earthworm - Earthworms as invasives
• Earthworm - Special habitats
• Earthworm - Ecology
• Earthworm - Threats to earthworms
• Earthworm - Economic Impact
• Earthworm - External References

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In physics and optics, the Abbe number, also known as the V-number or constringence of a transparent material, is a measure of the material's dispersion (variation of refractive index with wavelength). It is named for Ernst Abbe (1840-1905), the German physicist who defined it. The Abbe number V of a material is defined as: where nD, nF and nC are the refractive indices of the material at the wavelengths of the Fraunhofer D-, F- and C- spectral lines (589.2 nm, 486.1 nm and 656.3 nm respectively). Low ...

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To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 116 days and 1157 days or 3.2 years (107 seconds and 108 seconds). Shorter times 10 megaseconds = 115.74 days 128.6 days — half life of thulium-170 138 days — half life of polonium- 210 224.701 days — one orbit of Venus 271.79 days — half life of cobalt-57 280 days — average length of a human pregnancy; ~24 million seconds 330 days — half life ...

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