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C. Julius Caesar | A Wisdom Archive on C. Julius Caesar | | C. Julius Caesar A selection of articles related to C. Julius Caesar | |
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| | |  C. Julius Caesar: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of AquitaineToulouse and Aquitaine (as well as Gascony) were once again part of the kingdom of the Franks. Following his victory, Pippin the Short died in 768 and was followed by his sons Charlemagne and Carloman. As a result of this event, Hunald, son of the late Duke Waifer, raised an insurrection against Frankish power in Aquitaine. Charlemagne soon intervened and defeated him. In 771 Carloman died and Charlemagne was left as the only ruler of the Frankish realm. In 778 Charlemagne led his army into Spain against the Arabs. On his way back there happ ...
See also:History of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times, History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period, History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th, History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th, History of Toulouse - Modern Day Read more here: » History of Toulouse: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine |
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| | | | C. Julius Caesar: Encyclopedia II - Gascony - History
Gascony - Origins.
In pre-Roman times, the inhabitants of Gascony were the Aquitanians (Latin: Aquitani), who spoke a language related to the old Basque language. The Aquitanians inhabited a territory limited to the north and east by the Garonne River, to the south by the Pyrenees mountain range, and to the west by the Atlantic Ocean. The Romans called this territory Aquitania, either from the Latin word aqua (meaning "water"), in reference to the many rivers flowing from the Pyrenees through the area, or ...
See also:Gascony, Gascony - History, Gascony - Origins, Gascony - Dukes and counts of Gascony, Gascony - The Vikings in Gascony 840-982, Gascony - Geography, Gascony - Economy, Gascony - External link Read more here: » Gascony: Encyclopedia II - Gascony - History |
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| | | | C. Julius Caesar: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th Catharism is a doctrine coming from Bulgaria, professing the separation of the material and the spiritual existences. It conflicts with the orthodox confession. Called "heretics", the Cathares found a strong audience in the south of France, and during the 12th century. Simon de Montfort tried to exterminate them.
Toulouse was reached by the Cathare doctrine too. The "white" orthodoxes pursued the "black" heretics in the streets of the city. The Foulques abbot took advantage of this because the ...
See also:History of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times, History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period, History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th, History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th, History of Toulouse - Modern Day Read more here: » History of Toulouse: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th |
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| | | | C. Julius Caesar: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th The end of the 11th century marked the departure of the Raymond IV count to the crusades. Various succession wars followed, besieging Toulouse several times. In 1119, the Toulouse population proclaimed Alphonse Jourdain count. Alphonse Jourdain, willing to be grateful to his people, reduced the taxes immediately.
With the death of the count, an administration of 8 "capitulaires" was created. Under the direction of the count, they had the responsibility of regulating the exchanges and making sure the laws were applied. ...
See also:History of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times, History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period, History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th, History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th, History of Toulouse - Modern Day Read more here: » History of Toulouse: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th |
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| | | | C. Julius Caesar: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th The 13th century went in a political direction opposite to the path drawn by the past centuries. In 1229, the Treaty of Paris introduced the University of Toulouse, intending to teach the theology as well as the aristotelician philosophy. Copied from the Parisian model, the teaching was supposed to dissolve the heretic movement.
Various monastic orders, like the order des frères prêcheurs congregation, were started. They found home in the Jacobins. In parallel, a long period of inquisition began inside the Toulouse walls. The fear of repression obliged the notabilities to exile, or to convert themselves. ...
See also:History of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times, History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period, History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th, History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th, History of Toulouse - Modern Day Read more here: » History of Toulouse: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th |
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| | | | C. Julius Caesar: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th With Henri IV accessing to the throne, the Toulouse disorders came to an end. The Parliament recognized the King of France and the edict of Nantes was accepted in 1600. The Capitouls lost the last influences they had. A threat much more serious than La Fronde reached Toulouse in 1629 and 1652, leaving thousands of victims: the plague.
For the first time, the municipality and the local Parliament took measures together to assist the people affected by the epidemic. Most of the clergy left the city. The richest people also fled. Only the doctors were required to stay. Starvation led the remaining Capitouls (see 1 ...
See also:History of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times, History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period, History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th, History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th, History of Toulouse - Modern Day Read more here: » History of Toulouse: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th |
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| | | | C. Julius Caesar: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th It would be difficult to qualify the years which preceded the French revolution. Various artistic, religious, or architectural currents traversed the city during the 18th century.
Louis de Mondran was the instigator of a new town planning, probably inspired by his stay in the capital. The principal achievements of this period were the Grand Rond, the Cours Dillon, and the frontage of the Capitole.
In 1770, the Cardinal of Brienne inaugurated the first stone of the channel that was named after him. The channel that connects the ...
See also:History of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times, History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period, History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th, History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th, History of Toulouse - Modern Day Read more here: » History of Toulouse: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th |
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| | | | C. Julius Caesar: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th The French Revolution is a major event in the Toulouse history. It changed the role of the city, as well as its political and social structure.
The city was one of many spectators of the Parisian movement. The on-coming of the protests of July 14, 1789 had minor repercussions, punctuated by some plundering. Five months later, when the Old Regime was abolished, a new order took over. The members of the Parliament and the Capitouls (see 12th) fought to preserve their privileges, they manifested on September 25, and hardly received any support from a p ...
See also:History of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times, History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period, History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th, History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th, History of Toulouse - Modern Day Read more here: » History of Toulouse: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th |
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| | | | C. Julius Caesar: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th The end of Carolinians marked the beginning of Feudality.
At the beginning of the millennium, the drifting attitude of the clergy and the confiscation of the Church by the Toulouse administration initiated a degradation of the worship. The Saint-Sernin church, the Daurade basilica and the Saint-Etienne cathedral were not maintained properly. New religious currents appeared, like the Clunis reform.
The Izarn bishop, helped by the pope Gregoire VII, tried to put everything back in order. He gave the Daurade Basilica to the clunis ...
See also:History of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times, History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period, History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th, History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th, History of Toulouse - Modern Day Read more here: » History of Toulouse: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th |
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| | | | C. Julius Caesar: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th The 15th century began with the creation of the Parliament by Charles VII. Promising an exemption of taxes, the King reinforced his influence and defied the Capitouls administration. Invested with the rights of jurisdiction, the Parliament gained its political independence thereafter.
This century is also the stage of many food shortages. The roads were worn and unreliable, and Toulouse experienced a terrible fire in 1463. The dwellings located between the current Alsace-Lorraine street and the Garonne river were decimated. The city encounte ...
See also:History of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times, History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period, History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th, History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th, History of Toulouse - Modern Day Read more here: » History of Toulouse: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th |
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| | | | C. Julius Caesar: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine Following the Frankish conquest, Toulouse entered a period of decline and anarchy. Bad weather, plagues, demographic collapse, decline of schools, education and culture were common features of the Frankish lands in the dark period of the 6th and 7th centuries. Following Clovis' death in 511, Aquitaine was divided between his sons (the Merovingian dynasty) like the rest of the kingdom. The period was extremely complex, with each Merovingian king fighting and murdering each other for the control of the whole of the Frankish realm, which was re ...
See also:History of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times, History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period, History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th, History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th, History of Toulouse - Modern Day Read more here: » History of Toulouse: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine |
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| | | | C. Julius Caesar: Encyclopedia II - Gascony - The Vikings in Gascony 840-982 According to Joël Supéry ("Le Secret des Vikings" Editions des Equateurs, 2005), the Vikings who invaded France were attempting to create a commercial route to Méditerranea. As the Strait of Gibraltar was in the hands of the Saracens settled in Andalousia, the scandinavian traders decided to join "Mare Nostrum" across Aquitany. The route was going from Bayonne to Pampelona and Zaragoza across the Pyrénées and then descending the river Ebro to Tortosa which was the main slave market of Méditerranea. Their attacks in Gascony in 842 eand ...
See also:Gascony, Gascony - History, Gascony - Origins, Gascony - Dukes and counts of Gascony, Gascony - The Vikings in Gascony 840-982, Gascony - Geography, Gascony - Economy, Gascony - External link Read more here: » Gascony: Encyclopedia II - Gascony - The Vikings in Gascony 840-982 |
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| | | | C. Julius Caesar: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times The history of Toulouse can be traced as far back as the 8th century BC, according to the oldest archeological evidence of human settlement. The location was very advantageous: an easy crossing of the Garonne River, just as the northward river reaches strong hills and thus bends westward toward the Atlantic Ocean. It was a focal point for trade between the Pyrenees, the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. Immediately north of these hills was a large plain suitable for agriculture. People gathered on the hills overlooking the river, south of the ...
See also:History of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times, History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period, History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th, History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th, History of Toulouse - Modern Day Read more here: » History of Toulouse: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times |
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| | | | C. Julius Caesar: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period The Romans started their conquest of southern Gaul (later known as the Provincia) in 125 BC. Moving westward, they founded in 118 BC the colony of Narbo Martius (Narbonne), the Mediterranean city nearest to inland Toulouse, and so they came into contact with the Tolosates, famous for their wealth and the key position of their capital for trade with the Atlantic. Tolosa chose to ally with the daunting Romans, who established a military fort in the plain north of the city, a key position near the border of independent Aquitania, but otherwise left the inhab ...
See also:History of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times, History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period, History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th, History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th, History of Toulouse - Modern Day Read more here: » History of Toulouse: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period |
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| | | | C. Julius Caesar: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Carrhae - Background In 55 BC, the renowned General Marcus Licinius Crassus had just finished serving his joint-consul year with Pompey. At the time, Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar had a powerful triumvirate that all but controlled Rome. Being part of this group, Crassus had a great desire to bring glory to his name. He had seen no action since his defeat of Spartacus nearly 20 years earlier. Crassus drew out the maps of the Roman Empire looking for a target to attack, and he felt that the most glorious target would be Parthia (Persia). Many members of the Roman Senate tried to dissuade him from this course of action, but Caesar and Pompey ...
See also:Battle of Carrhae, Battle of Carrhae - Background, Battle of Carrhae - The Battle, Battle of Carrhae - Outcome Read more here: » Battle of Carrhae: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Carrhae - Background |
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| | | | C. Julius Caesar: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse The Visigoth kings of Toulouse, officially one of the foederati (federated allies) of the Roman Empire of the West and limited to Aquitania and Toulouse, soon started to encroach on neighboring territories. As allies of Rome, the Visigoths helped defeat various Germanic invaders in Spain, notably the Suevi, and took advantage of their position to expand their own territory south of the Pyrenees. They tried to conquer the Mediterranean coast of the remaining province of Gallia Narbonensis but were opposed by their Roman ally. In 439 th ...
See also:History of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - Before 118 BC: pre-Roman times, History of Toulouse - 118 BC - AD 418: Roman period, History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, History of Toulouse - 508-768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 768-877: Carolingian Franks and the kingdom of Aquitaine, History of Toulouse - 877-10th: county of Toulouse's first steps, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 11th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 12th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 13th to 14th, History of Toulouse - Late Middle Ages: 15th to 16th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 17th, History of Toulouse - Renaissance: 18th, History of Toulouse - Revolution: 19th, History of Toulouse - Modern Day Read more here: » History of Toulouse: Encyclopedia II - History of Toulouse - 418-508: Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse |
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