Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire
Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων Roman (Byzantine) Empire Motto: Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων Βασιλεύων Βασιλευόν...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Origin
Caracalla's decree in 212, the Constitutio Antoniniana, extended citizenship outside of Italy to all free adult males in the entire Roman...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Origin
Caracalla's decree in 212, the Constitutio Antoniniana, extended citizenship outside of Italy to all free adult males in the entire Roman...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Identity, Continuity, And Consciousness
"Byzantium may be defined as a multi-ethnic empire that emerged as a Christian empire, soon comprised the Hellenized empire of the East a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire
The Western Roman Empire is the name given to the western half of the Roman Empire after its division by Diocletian in 286 AD. It would e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Music: Encyclopedia - Byzantine Music
Byzantine music is the music of the Byzantine Empire and by extension the music of its culture(s) as they continued in the Orthodox Chris...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 551: Encyclopedia - 551
Events Jordanes publishes The Origin and Deeds of the Goths. The Byzantine Empire captures part of southern Spain from the Visigoths. Li...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Basil Ii: Encyclopedia - Basil Ii
Basil II "Bulgaroktonus" (in Greek Basilios Bulgaroktonos, written Βασίλειος Βουλγαροκτόνος, (en) "The Bulgar-Slay...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Damask: Encyclopedia - Damask
Damask is a fabric of silk, wool, linen, cotton, or synthetic fibers, with a pattern formed by weaving. The term originally referred to o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iconoclast: Encyclopedia - Iconoclast
An iconoclast originally referred to a person who destroyed icons, that is, sacred paintings or sculpture. An example is Byzantine empero...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Athens: Encyclopedia - History Of Athens
The history of Athens is the longest of any city in Europe: Athens has been continuously inhabited for at least 3,000 years. It was the b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eastern Orthodox Church: Encyclopedia - Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church (encompassing national Orthodox jurisdictions such as Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, etc.—see Eastern Or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Origins Of The Theological Great East-west Schism
Main article: East-West Schism At the beginning of Christianity the status and the office of the Bishop of Rome (who would latter become ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - The Legacy And The Final Conquest Of Rome
As the Western Roman Empire crumbled, the barbarian warlords who had conquered the provinces felt compelled to uphold many Roman laws and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - The Legacy And The Final Conquest Of Rome
As the Western Roman Empire crumbled, the barbarian warlords who had conquered the provinces felt compelled to uphold many Roman laws and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Early Cultural Differences And Divisions Between East And West
As the Roman Republic expanded, it gradually reached a point in which the central goverment in Rome could not expect to rule effectively ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - The Origins Of The Theological Great East-west Schism
Main article: East-West Schism At the beginning of Christianity a office like the pope and even a organized and unified church didn´t ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Early Cultural Differences And Divisions Between East And West
As the Roman Republic expanded, it gradually reached a point in which the central goverment in Rome could not expect to rule effectively ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Byzantine Reconquest
Several times throughout the middle ages, the eastern Byzantine Empire managed to reconquer large areas of the west which had been occupi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Byzantine Reconquest
Several times throughout the middle ages, the eastern Byzantine Empire managed to reconquer large areas of the West which had been occupi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Reunification Eastern Focus And Re-division
Once again the Roman Empire was ruled by a single ruler, but with the death of Constantine in 337, civil war erupted among his three sons...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Reunification Eastern Focus And Re-division
The Roman Empire was ruled by a single Emperor, but with the death of Constantine in 337 AD, civil war erupted among his three sons, divi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Two Military Danger Zones Rebellions Uprisings And Political Consequences
It was relativly easy to rule the Roman Empire, from the central capital of Rome, during peacetime. A eventual rebellion was expected and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Crisis Of The 3rd Century
Rome and the Italian peninsula began to experience an economic slowdown as industries and money began to move outward. Starting on March ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Two Military Danger Zones Rebellions Uprisings And Political Consequences
It was relativly easy to rule the empire, from its capital-city Rome, during peacetime. An eventual rebellion was expected and would happ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Crisis Of The 3rd Century
Starting on the 18th of March 235 AD with the assassination of the Emperor Alexander Severus, the Roman Empire fell into a period of fift...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - The Tetrarchies And The Constantine Dynasty
Main article: Tetrarchy The external borders were largely quiet for the remainder of the Crisis of the Third Century, although between th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Constantine The Great
Main article: Constantine The Great The system of the Tetrarchy quickly ran aground as the Western Empire's Constantius died unexpectedly...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - List Of Western Roman Emperors
Gallic Emperors (259 to 273): Postumus: 259 to 268 Laelianus: 268 Usurper Marcus Aurelius Marius: 268 Victorinus: 268 to 271 Domitianus:...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Army: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Army - The Armies Of The Middle Byzantine Period
Byzantine army - The Themata. Usually attributed to Heraclius, but actually initiated by his successor Constans II on the model of the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Navy: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Navy - Greek Fire
Main article: Greek fire The term “Greek fire” was not attributed to the concoction until the time of the European Crusades. Some of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Music: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Music - Origins And Early Christian Period
The tradition of eastern liturgical chant, encompassing the Greek-speaking world, developed in the Byzantine Empire from the establishmen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Aristocracy And Bureaucracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Aristocracy And Bureaucracy - Military Titles
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Army. Exarchos - The exarchs were governors of remote parts of the empire such as Italy or Afr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Aristocracy And Bureaucracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Aristocracy And Bureaucracy - Aristocratic Titles
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Imperial titles. Basileus (Βασιλεύς)– the Greek word for "king," which originally re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Army: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Army - The Armies Of The Early Byzantine Empire
Just as the Byzantine Empire (Gr. Βυζαντινή Αυτοκρατορία or, more properly, Βασιλεία Ρωμαίων) was a c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Rome: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Rome - Medieval Rome
History of Rome - Barbarian and Byzantine rule. In 476, the last Western Roman emperor Romulus Augustus, a puppet (like almost all empe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Music: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Music - Medieval Period
Two concepts must be understood to appreciate fully the function of music in Byzantine worship. The first, which retained currency in Gre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Aristocracy And Bureaucracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Aristocracy And Bureaucracy - Administrative Titles
The vast Byzantine bureaucracy had many titles, and varied more than aristocratic and military titles. In Constantinople there were norma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lydia: Encyclopedia Ii - Lydia - Byzantine And Later Period
Under the Byzantine emperor Haraclius (610-641), it became part of Anatolikon, one of the original themata, later of Thrakesion. While th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Basileus: Encyclopedia Ii - Basileus - Byzantines
At the time of the Byzantine Empire, "basileus" assumed the meaning of "emperor" and was used by the Byzantine Emperors from the reign of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Empire Earth: Encyclopedia Ii - Empire Earth - Campaigns
This campaign is where players will learn how to play Empire Earth and will give the basics on how to play RTS games. This campaign is a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coat Of Arms Of Slovakia: Encyclopedia Ii - Coat Of Arms Of Slovakia - The Double Cross
The double cross presents Slovakia as an heir and guardian of Christian tradition, brought to the region 12 centuries ago by St. Cyril an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kastoriá: Encyclopedia Ii - Kastoriá - History
Kastoriá is believed to have had ancient origins; it has been identified with the ancient town of Celetrum, which the Romans captured in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of Empires Ii: The Age Of Kings: Encyclopedia Ii - Age Of Empires Ii: The Age Of Kings - Civilizations
In the original game, the player could choose from 13 civilizations, each having some distinct advantages and disadvantages in line with ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Samuil: Encyclopedia Ii - Samuil - Other Theories
The text above represents the established—and internationally accepted—theory about the reign of Samuil, as well as about the origin ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Rome: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Rome - Ancient Rome
History of Rome - Origins. Further information: Founding of Rome, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and    » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Republic Of Ragusa: Encyclopedia Ii - Republic Of Ragusa - Origins
From its establishment in the 7th century AD, the town of Ragusa or Dubrovnik was under the protection of the Byzantine Empire. After the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acritic Songs: Encyclopedia Ii - Acritic Songs - Poems
Most poems did not survive the Ottoman occupation of Greece, and only a fraction remains of the original number of works, yet the ones we...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Names Of The Greeks: Encyclopedia Ii - Names Of The Greeks - Revival In The Meaning Of Hellene
The secular use of Hellene revived in the 9th century, after paganism had been eclipsed and was no longer a threat to Christianity's domi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Russian Orthodox Church: Encyclopedia Ii - Russian Orthodox Church - History
The Russian Orthodox Church traces its roots to the Baptism of Kiev in 988, when Prince Vladimir I officially adopted the religion of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Russian Navy: Encyclopedia Ii - Russian Navy - History
Main articles: Imperial Russian Navy, Soviet Navy. The origins of the Russian navy may be traced to the period between the 4th and the 6t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Taranto: Encyclopedia Ii - Taranto - The Greek Period
Taranto - Foundation and splendour. Taranto was founded in 708 BC by Spartan immigrants. It is the only Spartan colony, and its origin ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Khazars: Encyclopedia Ii - Khazars - Rise
Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state. Early Khazar history is intimately tied with that of the Gokturk empire, founded when the Ashi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ouzo: Encyclopedia Ii - Ouzo - History
The history of ouzo is somewhat murky, but some claim it may date back in one form or another to ancient times. Its precursor is raki, a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Crusade: Encyclopedia Ii - Crusade - Historical Background
The origins of the crusades lie in Western developments earlier in the Middle Ages, as well as the deteriorating situation of the Byzanti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Crusade: Encyclopedia Ii - Crusade - Historical Background
The origins of the crusades lie in developments in Western Europe earlier in the Middle Ages, as well as the deteriorating situation of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Crusades: Encyclopedia Ii - The Crusades - Historical Background
The origins of the crusades lie in Western developments earlier in the Middle Ages, as well as the deteriorating situation of the Byzanti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nation: Encyclopedia Ii - Nation - Etymology
The first recorded use of the word "nation" was in 968, when Liutprand, bishop of Cremona, while confronting the Byzantine emperor on beh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prester John: Encyclopedia Ii - Prester John - The Letter Of Prester John
No more of the tale is recorded until about 1165 when copies of the Letter of Prester John started spreading throughout Europe. An episto...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ottoman Flag: Encyclopedia Ii - Ottoman Flag - Flags From Ghazi To Emperor 1299-1453
The Ottomans originally had two "state" flags, one for the imperial domains of the House of Osman, the other for the Sultanate of Rum, wh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plato: Encyclopedia Ii - Plato - Platonic Scholarship
Plato's thought is often compared with that of his most famous student, Aristotle, whose reputation during the Western Middle Ages so com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plato: Encyclopedia Ii - Plato - Platonic Scholarship
Plato's thought is often compared with that of his most famous student, Aristotle, whose reputation during the Western Middle Ages so com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Music: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Music - The Extent Of Byzantine Music Culture Vs. Liturgical Chant Proper
The term Byzantine music is commonly associated with what should more correctly be termed the medieval sacred chant of Christian Churche...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - List Of Western Roman Emperors
Gallic Emperors (259 to 273): Postumus: 259 to 268 Laelianus: 268 Usurper Marius: 268 Victorinus: 268 to 271 Domitianus: 271 Usurper Tet...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Music Of Spain: Encyclopedia Ii - Music Of Spain - Flamenco
Main article: Flamenco Flamenco, an originally Gitano art-form strongly influenced by Andalusian music, consists of three forms: the song...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bethlehem: Encyclopedia Ii - Bethlehem - History
Bethlehem - Biblical. The city, located in the "hill country" of Judah, was originally called Ephrath (Gen. 35:16, 19; 48:7; Ruth 4:11)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Turkey: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Turkey - 1300-1500
The first Jewish colony in Turkey proper was at Bursa, the original Ottoman capital. According to one tradition, when Sultan Orhan conque...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Hungary: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Hungary - The Kingdom Of Hungary
History of Hungary - High and Late Middle Ages 1000 - 1526. Hungary was established as a Christian kingdom under Stephen I of Hungary, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Russia - Early History
History of Russia - Early East Slavs. Main article: Early East Slavs The ancestors of the Russians were the Slavic tribes, whose origin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thema: Encyclopedia Ii - Thema - Reasons For Heraclius Reforms
During the late sixth and early seventh centuries AD, the Byzantine Empire was under assault. The Persian Empire was pressing it from the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thema: Encyclopedia Ii - Thema - Outcome Of The Reforms
This system of transplanting military units into unsettled lands and creating an inherent loyalty to the state, something every governmen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Augustus Honorific: Encyclopedia Ii - Augustus Honorific - In The Divided Roman Empire
Later, under the Tetrarchy, the rank of "augustus" referred to the two senior Emperors (in East and West), while "caesar" referred to the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philippi: Encyclopedia Ii - Philippi - The Byzantine And Ottoman Era
Already weakened by the Slavic invasions at the end of the 6th century, which ruined the agrarian economy of Macedonia, and probably also...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Athens: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Athens - Byzantine Athens
Although the Byzantines retained control of the Aegean and its islands during this period, direct control did not extend far beyond the c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Venice: Encyclopedia Ii - Venice - History
See also Veneti. The city was founded as a result of the influx of refugees into the marshes of the Po estuary following the invasion of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Papal States: Encyclopedia Ii - Papal States - The Donation Of Pippin And The Holy Roman Empire
When the Exarchate finally fell to the Lombards in 751, the Duchy of Rome was completely cut off from the Byzantine Empire, of which it w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heraclius: Encyclopedia Ii - Heraclius - The War Against Persia
When Heraclius took power, the Empire was in a desperate situation. Phocas's initial revolt had stripped the Danube frontier of troops, l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Athens: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Athens - Modern Athens
Athens was chosen as the Greek capital for historical and sentimental reasons, not because it was a functioning city: there are few build...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heraclius: Encyclopedia Ii - Heraclius - Legacy
Although his defeat of the Persians produced no lasting benefit to the empire, Heraclius still ranks among the greatest of the Byzantine ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lydia: Encyclopedia Ii - Lydia - Geography
The boundaries of Lydia varied across the centuries. It was first bounded by Mysia, Caria, Phrygia and Ionia. Later on, the military powe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - The Age Of Justinian I
The reign of Justinian I, which began in 527, saw a period of extensive imperial conquests of former Roman territories (indicated in gree...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - The Age Of Justinian I
The reign of Justinian I, which began in 527, saw a period of extensive imperial conquests of former Roman territories (indicated in gree...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Early History
The Eastern Roman Empire was largely spared the difficulties of the west in the 3rd and 4th centuries (see Crisis of the Third Century) i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Legacy And Importance
It is said history is written by the winners, and no better example of this statement is shown in the treatment of the Byzantine Empire i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Early History
The Eastern Roman Empire was largely spared the difficulties of the west in the 3rd and 4th centuries (see Crisis of the Third Century) i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - The Term Byzantine Empire
Main article: Names of the Greeks The name Byzantine Empire is derived from the original Greek name for Constantinople, Byzantium. The na...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - The Term Byzantine Empire
Main article: Names of the Greeks The name Byzantine Empire is derived from the original Greek name for Constantinople; Byzantium. The na...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - The Fight For Survival
The Eastern Roman Empire's loss of territory was offset to a degree by consolidation and an increased uniformity of rule. Emperor Heracli...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Golden Era
The Eastern Roman Empire reached its height under the Macedonian emperors of the late 9th, 10th and early 11th centuries. During these ye...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Identity Continuity And Consciousness
"Byzantium may be defined as a multi-ethnic empire that emerged as a Christian empire, soon comprised the Hellenized empire of the East a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Underlying Reasons For Decline
Although the three competent Comnenan emperors, especially Manuel, had the power to expel the outnumbered Seljuks, there were a number of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Legacy And Importance
Byzantium was arguably the only stable state in Europe during the Middle Ages. Its expert military and diplomatic power ensured inadverte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Decline And Fall Of The Byzantine Empire
Of all the turbulent events that occurred during its long life, The Fourth Crusade had the most devastating effect on the empire. Althoug...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - The Comneni And The Crusaders
After Manzikert, a partial recovery was made possible due to the efforts of the Comnenian dynasty. The first emperor of this royal line, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - The Fight For Survival
The Eastern Roman Empire's loss of territory was offset to a degree by consolidation and an increased uniformity of rule. Emperor Heracli...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Golden Era
The Eastern Roman Empire reached its height under the Macedonian emperors of the late 9th, 10th and early 11th centuries. During these ye...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Identity Continuity And Consciousness
"Byzantium may be defined as a multi-ethnic empire that emerged as a Christian empire, soon comprised the Hellenized empire of the East a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Underlying Reasons For Decline
Although the three competent Comnenan emperors, especially Manuel, had the power to expel the outnumbered Seljuks, there were a number of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - The Decline And Fall Of The Byzantine Empire
Of all the turbulent events that occurred during its long life, The Fourth Crusade had the most devastating effect on the empire. Althoug...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - The Comneni And The Crusaders
After Manzikert, a partial recovery was made possible due to the efforts of the Comnenian dynasty. The first emperor of this royal line, ...   » Read the article