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Bydgoszcz | A Wisdom Archive on Bydgoszcz | | Bydgoszcz A selection of articles related to Bydgoszcz | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Bydgoszcz | | | |  Bydgoszcz: Encyclopedia II - Bydgoszcz - HistoryOriginally a fishers' settlement called Bydgoszcz (spelled "Bydgostia" in Latin), the city became a stronghold for the Vistula trade routes. In the 13th century it was the site of a castellany, first mentioned in 1238. Bydgoszcz was occupied by the Teutonic Knights from 1331-1337, and was recovered by the king Casimir the Great, who granted the city municipal rights in 1346/1349.
In the 15th-16th centuries Bydgoszcz was a significant site of corn trade. In 1657 the ...
See also:Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz - History, Bydgoszcz - Economy, Bydgoszcz - Major corporations, Bydgoszcz - Education, Bydgoszcz - Sports, Bydgoszcz - Politics, Bydgoszcz - Bydgoszcz constituency, Bydgoszcz - Famous people from Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz - External link Read more here: » Bydgoszcz: Encyclopedia II - Bydgoszcz - History |
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| | | | Bydgoszcz: Encyclopedia II - Marian Rejewski - Solution of the Enigma wiring First, Rejewski tackled the problem of finding the wiring of the rotors. To do this, he pioneered the use of pure mathematics in cryptanalysis. Previous methods had largely exploited linguistic patterns and the statistics of natural-language texts — letter-frequency analysis. Rejewski, however, applied techniques from group theory — theorems about permutations — in his attack on Enigma. These mathematical techniques, combined with material supplied by French military intelligence, enabled him to reconstruct the internal wirings of the ...
See also:Marian Rejewski, Marian Rejewski - Education and early work with the Polish Cipher Bureau, Marian Rejewski - The Enigma machine, Marian Rejewski - Solution of the Enigma wiring, Marian Rejewski - Assistance from French Intelligence, Marian Rejewski - Methods for solving the daily Enigma settings, Marian Rejewski - Early methods, Marian Rejewski - Rejewski's bomba and Zygalski's sheets, Marian Rejewski - Results given to the British and French, Marian Rejewski - Work in France and Britain, Marian Rejewski - PC Bruno, Marian Rejewski - Cadix, Marian Rejewski - Escape from France, Marian Rejewski - Britain, Marian Rejewski - Postwar life and recognition, Marian Rejewski - Notes, Marian Rejewski - Footnote citations Read more here: » Marian Rejewski: Encyclopedia II - Marian Rejewski - Solution of the Enigma wiring |
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| | | | Bydgoszcz: Encyclopedia II - List of city nicknames - Patterns There are some common types of city nicknames.
List of city nicknames - Agricultural or Industrial Capitals.
Many cities have nicknames which claim that the international or, less commonly, the national or regional capital of a particular industry, hobby or other phenomenon, especially the agricultural production of a certain plant. These include:
Almond Capital of the World - Sacramento, California, Chico, California, both in the USA
Apple Capital of the World - Wenatch ...
See also:List of city nicknames, List of city nicknames - Patterns, List of city nicknames - Agricultural or Industrial Capitals, List of city nicknames - Self-proclaimed Capitals of the World, List of city nicknames - Birthplace, List of city nicknames - Comparative nicknames, List of city nicknames - 'Venice of ...', List of city nicknames - Folk heroes, List of city nicknames - Paradises, List of city nicknames - Complete list, List of city nicknames - Cities in Argentina, List of city nicknames - Cities in Australia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Belgium, List of city nicknames - Cities in Brazil, List of city nicknames - Cities in Canada, List of city nicknames - Cities in China, List of city nicknames - Cities in Colombia, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Czech Republic, List of city nicknames - Cities in Denmark, List of city nicknames - Cities in Egypt, List of city nicknames - Cities in Finland, List of city nicknames - Cities in France, List of city nicknames - Cities in Germany, List of city nicknames - Cities in Guatemala, List of city nicknames - Cities in Hungary, List of city nicknames - Cities in India, List of city nicknames - Cities in Iran, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Republic of Ireland, List of city nicknames - Cities in Israel, List of city nicknames - Cities in Italy, List of city nicknames - Cities in Japan, List of city nicknames - Cities in Lebanon, List of city nicknames - Cities in Malaysia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Mexico, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Netherlands, List of city nicknames - Cities in New Zealand, List of city nicknames - Cities in Norway, List of city nicknames - Cities in Peru, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Philippines, List of city nicknames - Cities in Poland, List of city nicknames - Cities in Portugal, List of city nicknames - Cities in Puerto Rico, List of city nicknames - Cities in Romania, List of city nicknames - Cities in Russia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Serbia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Slovakia, List of city nicknames - Cities in South Africa, List of city nicknames - Cities in Spain, List of city nicknames - Cities in Sweden, List of city nicknames - Cities in Switzerland, List of city nicknames - Cities in Thailand, List of city nicknames - Cities in Ukraine, List of city nicknames - Cities in the United Kingdom, List of city nicknames - Cities in the United States, List of city nicknames - Cities in Venezuela Read more here: » List of city nicknames: Encyclopedia II - List of city nicknames - Patterns |
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| | | | Bydgoszcz: Encyclopedia II - Opole Voivodship - Geographical location The Opole voivodship lies in south-western Poland. The major part of the voivodship is on the Silesian Lowland (Nizina Slaska). To the east, the region touches upon the Silesian Upland (Silesian Uplands, Wyzyna Slaska) with the famous Saint Anne Mountain; the Sudeten range, the Opawskie Mountains, lies to the south-west. The Oder river cuts across the middle of the voivodship. The Opole voivodship is the smallest region in the administrative make-up of the country, both in terms of area and in terms of population. However, its ...
See also:Opole Voivodship, Opole Voivodship - Geographical location, Opole Voivodship - Administrative division, Opole Voivodship - Economy, Opole Voivodship - Universities, Opole Voivodship - Tourism, Opole Voivodship - Most popular surnames in the region, Opole Voivodship - Previous Opole voivodships, Opole Voivodship - Opole Voivodship 1950–1975 Read more here: » Opole Voivodship: Encyclopedia II - Opole Voivodship - Geographical location |
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| | | | Bydgoszcz: Encyclopedia II - Poland - History Poland began to form into a recognizable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty. Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, was baptized in 966, adopting Catholic Christianity as the country's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next century. In the 12th century Poland fragmented into several smaller states, which were later ravaged by the Mongol armies of the Golden Horde in 1241. In 1320 Władysław I became the King of ...
See also:Poland, Poland - Name, Poland - History, Poland - Politics, Poland - Geography, Poland - Principal Cities, Poland - Administrative division, Poland - Economy, Poland - Science technology and education, Poland - Telecommunication and IT, Poland - Transportation, Poland - Tourism and holidays, Poland - Demographics, Poland - Culture, Poland - UNESCO World Heritage in Poland, Poland - International rankings Read more here: » Poland: Encyclopedia II - Poland - History |
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| | | | Bydgoszcz: Encyclopedia II - Polish army order of battle in 1939 - Armies
Polish army order of battle in 1939 - Karpaty Army.
Created on July 11, 1939 under mj. gen. Kazimierz Fabrycy. Armia Karpaty was created after Germany annexed Czechoslovakia and created a puppet state of Slovakia. The main aim of the army was to secure mountain passes in the Carpathians. Initially the army consisted of 2 improvised mountain brigades and a number of smaller units, but later in the course of war was joined by forces of the withdrawing Armia Kraków.
2nd Mountain Brigade ( ...
See also:Polish army order of battle in 1939, Polish army order of battle in 1939 - Armies, Polish army order of battle in 1939 - Karpaty Army, Polish army order of battle in 1939 - Kraków Army, Polish army order of battle in 1939 - Lublin Army, Polish army order of battle in 1939 - Łódź Army, Polish army order of battle in 1939 - Modlin Army, Polish army order of battle in 1939 - Pomorze Army, Polish army order of battle in 1939 - Poznań Army, Polish army order of battle in 1939 - Prusy Army, Polish army order of battle in 1939 - Warszawa Army, Polish army order of battle in 1939 - Operational Groups, Polish army order of battle in 1939 - Wyszków Operational Group, Polish army order of battle in 1939 - Narew Independent Operational Group, Polish army order of battle in 1939 - Supporting Forces Read more here: » Polish army order of battle in 1939: Encyclopedia II - Polish army order of battle in 1939 - Armies |
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| | | | Bydgoszcz: Encyclopedia II - List of rivers of Europe - Barents Sea and White Sea Arctic Ocean The rivers in this section are sorted east (Novaya Zemlya) to west (North Cape, Norway).
In Russia:
Pechora (north-east of Naryan-Mar)
Usa (west of Usinsk)
Kolva (near Usinsk)
Northern Dvina (in Severodvinsk)
Pinega (in Ust-Pinega)
Yomtsa (near Bolshaya Gora)
Vaga (near Bereznik)
Uftyuga (near Krasnoborsk)
Vychegda (in Kotlas)
Vishera
Yug (in Veliki Ustyug)
Sukhona (in Veliki Ustyug)
...
See also:List of rivers of Europe, List of rivers of Europe - Barents Sea and White Sea Arctic Ocean, List of rivers of Europe - Atlantic Ocean, List of rivers of Europe - On Iceland, List of rivers of Europe - Norwegian coast, List of rivers of Europe - Scottish Irish Welsh and English coast, List of rivers of Europe - French Spanish and Portuguese coast, List of rivers of Europe - Baltic Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Black Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Caspian Sea, List of rivers of Europe - English Channel, List of rivers of Europe - North coast, List of rivers of Europe - South coast, List of rivers of Europe - Irish Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Mediterranean Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Western Mediterranean, List of rivers of Europe - Adriatic Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Ionian Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Aegean Sea, List of rivers of Europe - North Sea, List of rivers of Europe - European countries, List of rivers of Europe - Other contintents Read more here: » List of rivers of Europe: Encyclopedia II - List of rivers of Europe - Barents Sea and White Sea Arctic Ocean |
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| | | | Bydgoszcz: Encyclopedia II - Polish Peasant Party - History After Poland regained independence with the end of the First World War in 1918, the party merged with agrarian groups from territories previously occupied by Imperial Russia and formed the first PSL led by Wincenty Witos, which was one of the most important political parties in the Second Polish Republic, until it was removed by the Sanacja. During World War II, PSL took part in forming the Polish government in exile and organising. After the war the leader of PSL, Stanislaw Mikolajczyk, returned to Soviet occupied Poland, hoping to recreate ...
See also:Polish Peasant Party, Polish Peasant Party - History, Polish Peasant Party - Present day PSL, Polish Peasant Party - Leaders, Polish Peasant Party - Members of Polish Parliament Sejm 2001-2005, Polish Peasant Party - Former MPs from PSL, Polish Peasant Party - Members of Polish Senate, Polish Peasant Party - Members of European Parliament, Polish Peasant Party - PSL MEP in the EPP-ED group, Polish Peasant Party - PSL MEPs in the UEN group Read more here: » Polish Peasant Party: Encyclopedia II - Polish Peasant Party - History |
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| | | | Bydgoszcz: Encyclopedia II - Podlasie Voivodship - Agriculture Arable land constitutes around 60 % of the total area of the region – most of which is ploughland (around 40 %), forests, meadows and pastures. Over 120 thousand farms are registered, the majority of which – around 50% - are small farms of the size of 1-5 ha and medium-sized farms of 5 – 10 ha. The small ones prefer intensive production (gardening, orcharding), whereas the large ones – cattle and crop production. The cattle-ra ...
See also:Podlasie Voivodship, Podlasie Voivodship - Major cities and towns, Podlasie Voivodship - Podlasie Voivodship counties, Podlasie Voivodship - Economy, Podlasie Voivodship - Agriculture, Podlasie Voivodship - Landscape assets, Podlasie Voivodship - Most popular surnames in the region, Podlasie Voivodship - Official seal of Podlasie Voivodship Read more here: » Podlasie Voivodship: Encyclopedia II - Podlasie Voivodship - Agriculture |
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| | | | Bydgoszcz: Encyclopedia II - Paula Radcliffe - Early career Radcliffe was born in Northwich, Cheshire but she grew up in Bedfordshire and is a member of Bedford Athletic Club. She studied French, German and economics at Loughborough University. Her early running success was in cross country events, including the 1992 World Junior title, beating Wang Junxia. She missed the 1994 season through injury, but came back with a succession of good results at 5000 m, including fifth place in both the 1995 World Championships and 1996 Olympic Games. However, Paula seemed destined never to win a major 5,000 m or 10,000 m title, finishing out of the m ...
See also:Paula Radcliffe, Paula Radcliffe - Early career, Paula Radcliffe - Later career, Paula Radcliffe - 2004 Olympics, Paula Radcliffe - Post 2004 Olympics, Paula Radcliffe - Other achievements and awards, Paula Radcliffe - Anti doping, Paula Radcliffe - Achievements, Paula Radcliffe - Personal bests, Paula Radcliffe - Bibliography Read more here: » Paula Radcliffe: Encyclopedia II - Paula Radcliffe - Early career |
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| | | | Bydgoszcz: Encyclopedia II - List of twin towns and sister cities - Europe
List of twin towns and sister cities - Albania.
Tirana - Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (1996)
List of twin towns and sister cities - Austria.
Graz - Coventry, UK (1948); Darmstadt, Germany (1968); Dubrovnik, Croatia; Groningen, Netherlands (1964); Maribor, Slovenia (1987); Montclair, New Jersey, USA (1950); Pécs, Hungary (1989); Pula, Croatia (1972); Trieste, Italy 1973; Trondheim, Norway (1968
Innsbruck - Kraków, Poland; Sarajevo, Bosnia and He ...
See also:List of twin towns and sister cities, List of twin towns and sister cities - Africa, List of twin towns and sister cities - Algeria, List of twin towns and sister cities - Cameroon, List of twin towns and sister cities - Egypt, List of twin towns and sister cities - Ethiopia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Ghana, List of twin towns and sister cities - Kenya, List of twin towns and sister cities - Libya, List of twin towns and sister cities - Morocco, List of twin towns and sister cities - Mozambique, List of twin towns and sister cities - Namibia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Republic of the Congo, List of twin towns and sister cities - Sierra Leone, List of twin towns and sister cities - South Africa, List of twin towns and sister cities - Swaziland, List of twin towns and sister cities - Tanzania, List of twin towns and sister cities - Tunisia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Western Sahara, List of twin towns and sister cities - Zimbabwe, List of twin towns and sister cities - Asia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Armenia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Azerbaijan, List of twin towns and sister cities - Cambodia, List of twin towns and sister cities - China PRC, List of twin towns and sister cities - Georgia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Indonesia, List of twin towns and sister cities - India, List of twin towns and sister cities - Iran, List of twin towns and sister cities - Israel, List of twin towns and sister cities - Japan, List of twin towns and sister cities - Kazakhstan, List of twin towns and sister cities - Kyrgyzstan, List of twin towns and sister cities - Kuwait, List of twin towns and sister cities - Malaysia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Palestine, List of twin towns and sister cities - Philippines, List of twin towns and sister cities - Russia, List of twin towns and sister cities - South Korea, List of twin towns and sister cities - Taiwan ROC, List of twin towns and sister cities - Tajikistan, List of twin towns and sister cities - Thailand, List of twin towns and sister cities - Turkey, List of twin towns and sister cities - Uzbekistan, List of twin towns and sister cities - Vietnam, List of twin towns and sister cities - Europe, List of twin towns and sister cities - Albania, List of twin towns and sister cities - Austria, List of twin towns and sister cities - Belgium, List of twin towns and sister cities - Bosnia and Herzegovina, List of twin towns and sister cities - Bulgaria, List of twin towns and sister cities - Croatia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Czech Republic, List of twin towns and sister cities - Denmark, List of twin towns and sister cities - Estonia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Faroe Islands, List of twin towns and sister cities - Finland, List of twin towns and sister cities - France, List of twin towns and sister cities - Germany, List of twin towns and sister cities - Greece, List of twin towns and sister cities - Greenland, List of twin towns and sister cities - Hungary, List of twin towns and sister cities - Iceland, List of twin towns and sister cities - Ireland Republic of, List of twin towns and sister cities - Italy, List of twin towns and sister cities - Latvia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Lithuania, List of twin towns and sister cities - Luxembourg, List of twin towns and sister cities - Macedonia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Moldova, List of twin towns and sister cities - Netherlands, List of twin towns and sister cities - Norway, List of twin towns and sister cities - Poland, List of twin towns and sister cities - Portugal, List of twin towns and sister cities - Romania, List of twin towns and sister cities - Russia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Serbia and Montenegro, List of twin towns and sister cities - Slovakia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Slovenia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Spain, List of twin towns and sister cities - Sweden, List of twin towns and sister cities - Switzerland, List of twin towns and sister cities - Turkey, List of twin towns and sister cities - United Kingdom, List of twin towns and sister cities - Ukraine, List of twin towns and sister cities - North America, List of twin towns and sister cities - Bahamas, List of twin towns and sister cities - Barbados, List of twin towns and sister cities - Canada, List of twin towns and sister cities - Cuba, List of twin towns and sister cities - Costa Rica, List of twin towns and sister cities - Dominican Republic, List of twin towns and sister cities - Greenland, List of twin towns and sister cities - Guatemala, List of twin towns and sister cities - Jamaica, List of twin towns and sister cities - Mexico, List of twin towns and sister cities - Nicaragua, List of twin towns and sister cities - Trinidad and Tobago, List of twin towns and sister cities - United States, List of twin towns and sister cities - Oceania, List of twin towns and sister cities - Australia, List of twin towns and sister cities - New Zealand, List of twin towns and sister cities - South America, List of twin towns and sister cities - Argentina, List of twin towns and sister cities - Brazil, List of twin towns and sister cities - Chile, List of twin towns and sister cities - Colombia, List of twin towns and sister cities - Ecuador, List of twin towns and sister cities - Venezuela, List of twin towns and sister cities - Suriname Read more here: » List of twin towns and sister cities: Encyclopedia II - List of twin towns and sister cities - Europe |
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| | | | Bydgoszcz: Encyclopedia II - Ningbo - History Ningbo was visited by Portuguese traders as early as 1522, and was one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened by the Treaty of Nanjing (signed in 1842) at the end of the First Opium War between Britain and China. Foreign influences steadily filtered in thereafter. During the war, British forces took possession of the walled city of Ningbo briefly after storming the fortified town of Zhenhai at the mouth of the Yong River on October 10, 1841. In 1864 the forces of the Taiping Rebellion held the town for six months.
Ningbo was once famed for traditi ...
See also:Ningbo, Ningbo - Administration, Ningbo - History, Ningbo - Tourism, Ningbo - Military, Ningbo - Transportation, Ningbo - Sister cities, Ningbo - Sister cities, Ningbo - Cities of friendly exchanges Read more here: » Ningbo: Encyclopedia II - Ningbo - History |
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| | | | Bydgoszcz: Encyclopedia II - League of Polish Families - Political agenda The political agenda is Christian left. However, recently the party has begun to emphasize populism, patriotism and far right social values. The party combines social conservatism with isolationism and left-wing economic policies, based upon its own interpretation of Catholic social teaching. The party is Eurosceptic.
Although it was the only significant political force in Poland that unconditionally opposed Polish membership in the European Union, believing that a union formed by social liberals from the ground up could never be refo ...
See also:League of Polish Families, League of Polish Families - History, League of Polish Families - Political agenda, League of Polish Families - Attitude towards the European Union, League of Polish Families - Stance on Homosexuality, League of Polish Families - Members of Polish Parliament Sejm 2001-2005, League of Polish Families - League of Polish Families - Electoral Committee, League of Polish Families - Members of Polish Senate 2001-2005, League of Polish Families - Members of European Parliament, League of Polish Families - Eurosceptic caucus: Independence and Democracy Read more here: » League of Polish Families: Encyclopedia II - League of Polish Families - Political agenda |
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More material related to Bydgoszcz can be found here:
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