A Wisdom Archive on Buwayhid

Buwayhid - Major amirs. Generally, the three most powerful Buwayhid amirs at any given time were those in control of Fars, Jibal and Iraq. Sometimes a ruler would come to rule more than one region, but no Buwayhid amir ever gained control of all three regions. Diylamids of Fars Emad o-dowleh Abol Hasan 934-949 Azod o-dowleh 949-983 Sharaf o-dowleh 983-989 Samsam o-dowleh 989-998 Baha o-dowleh 998-1012 Soltan o-dowleh 1012-1024 Emad o-dowleh Abu Kalijar 1024-1048 Malek Rahim Abu Nasr Khosrow Firuz 104 ...

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Alhazen was born at Basra, then part of Buwayhid Persia, now part of Iraq (See [1] and [2]), and probably died in Cairo, Egypt. One account of his career has him summoned to Egypt by the mercurial caliph Hakim to regulate the flooding of the Nile. After his field work made him aware of the impracticality of this scheme, and fearing the caliph's anger, he feigned madness. He was kept under house arrest until Hakim's death in 1021. During this time he wrote scores of i ...

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Human settlements in this area date back to 1000BCE. Evidence of the ancient city of Jorjan can still be seen near the current city of Gorgan. This was an important city of Persia, located on the Silk Road. The Turkaman minority reside in the north of the province, particularly in the cities of Gonbad and Bandar Turkaman. Other minority communities such as Baluch, Turks, Afghans, and Armenians also reside in this area, and have pre ...

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The majority of the population of this new empire was non-Muslim, and aside from a protection tax (jizya) and other restrictions, the conquered people found their religions tolerated. Indeed, Muslim authorities often discouraged conversions, since this would erode the tax base. Under the Umayyads, would-be converts had to find an Arab patron who would adopt them into his tribe. Once they were honorary Arabs they could convert. Nevertheless, most of the populace eventually converted to Islam. Whether this was a fast or a slow movement is a topic hotly debated in academia, ...

Read more here: » History of Islam: Encyclopedia II - History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power

History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism. See liberal movements within Islam, Islamic fundamentalism, Islam as a political movement and Islamism. History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth. See Islamist terrorism, militant Islam, and Jihad ...

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After Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr, his father-in-law and one of the earliest converts, assumed leadership of the Muslim community. This is still a matter of contention among Muslims; the largest sect of Islam, the Sunnis, and the various Shi'a sects, disagree radically as to the history and significance of Abu Bakr's succession to what was later called the caliphate. For further discussion, see Succession to Muhammad. Abu Bakr spent most of his brief caliphate fighting the Ridda Wars, bringing rebellious Arabian tribes to heel. After d ...

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In the 18th century there were three great Muslim empires: the aforementioned Ottoman in Turkey, Mesopotamia, the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean; the Safavid in Iran; and the Mogul in India. By the end of the 19th century, all three had been weakened or destroyed by massive Western cultural influence or military ambitions. Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab (1703–1792) led a religious movement in the east of Arabia that saw itself as purifying Islam. His most important follower was the then leader of the family of ibn Saud, which came with ...

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Alhazen was a pioneer in optics, engineering and astronomy. According to Giambattista della Porta, Alhazen was the first to explain the apparent increase in the size of the moon and sun when near the horizon, although Roger Bacon gives the credit of this discovery to Ptolemy. Alhazen also taught that vision does not result from the emission of rays from the eye, and wrote on the refraction of light, especially on atmospheric refraction, for example, the cause of morning and evening twilight. He solved the problem of finding the point on a convex mirror at which a ray coming from one poi ...

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The political unity of Islam began to disintegrate. The emirates, still recognizing the theoretical leadership of the caliphs, drifted into independence, and a brief revival of control was ended with the establishment of two rival caliphates: the Fatimids in north Africa, and the Umayyad's Caliphate of Cordoba in Spain (the emirs there being descended from an escaped member of that family). Eventually the Abbasids ruled as puppets for the Buwayhid emirs. A series of new invasions swept over the Islamic world. First, the newly converte ...

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The Buwayhid and Ziyarid dynasties of Persia where from this region. They were known for the revival of pre-Islamic Persian culture. For example, Buwayhid leaders entitled themselves as Shâhanshâh (شاهنشاه), literally king of kings, a term used by Sassanid rulers. The world's tallest brick tower stands in this province. It is the famous Gonbad-e Qabus, built by a famous Amir of this region. ...

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The Persians of Iran are mainly descended from the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranians, an Indo-European people that migrated to the region between during the 2nd millennium BC, as well as indigenous populations such as the Elamites. The Persians have been, over time, genetically and/or socially modified and impacted by various groups including the Greeks, Scythians, Parthians, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, and various other Eurasian invaders.[1][2] The Persian Jews are a good example of a Hebrew population that moved to Iran about 2,700 years ago and assimilated and mixed with the Persians so that today they speak Persian and are virtua ...

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Baghdad sits on the Tigris River at a point where the Tigris is about 50 kilometres from the Euphrates River. The city is mostly flat, with the western side of the city having wider boulevards, more expensive homes and more government buildings. Low-income housing is generally located in the east. Although the city itself, with its riverside location, has a number of green spaces, residents often feel the influence of the desert to the sout ...

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Al-Mustakfi (Arabic: المستكفى ) was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 944 to 946. He was installed by Tuzun, a Turkish general who disposed and blinded the previous Caliph al-Muttaqi. Buwayhid dynasty began threatening the Capital. Tuzun, with the Caliph, marched to Wasit and defeated them. The tribute due from Mosul being withheld, Tuzun also marched against the Hamdanids; but, after f ...

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