Brummie is a prominent example of a regional accent of British English. Examples of celebrity speakers include comedian Jasper Carrott, historian and broadcaster Carl Chinn, BBC financial presenter Adrian Chiles, Soul singer & model Jamelia, Goodies actor and TV presenter Bill Oddie, rock musician Ozzy Osbourne, broadcaster Les Ross, politician Clare Short, and SAS soldier and author John "Brummie" Stokes. It is not the only accent of the West Midlands, although the term is often, erroneously, used by outsiders to refer to ...

See also:

Brummie, Brummie - Accent, Brummie - Pronunciation, Brummie - Stereotypes, Brummie - Dialect

Read more here: » Brummie: Encyclopedia II - Brummie - Accent

Phonological history of English consonants - H-cluster reductions. Glide cluster reductions The wine-whine merger is a merger by which the sound /ʍ/ or sequence /hw/ (spelt wh) becomes [w]. The yew-hew merger is a process that causes the cluster /hj/ to be reduced to /j/. The hl-cluster, hr-cluster and ...

Including:

• Phonological history of English consonants - Consonant cluster reductions
• Phonological history of English consonants - H-cluster reductions
• Phonological history of English consonants - Y-cluster reductions
• Phonological history of English consonants - Other initial cluster reductions
• Phonological history of English consonants - Final cluster reductions
• Phonological history of English consonants - Phonological history of NG
• Phonological history of English consonants - NG coalescence
• Phonological history of English consonants - G-dropping
• Phonological history of English consonants - H-dropping and h-adding
• Phonological history of English consonants - H-dropping
• Phonological history of English consonants - H-adding
• Phonological history of English consonants - Elimination of velar fricatives in English
• Phonological history of English consonants - Taut-taught merger
• Phonological history of English consonants - Wait-weight merger
• Phonological history of English consonants - Lock-loch merger
• Phonological history of English consonants - Elimination of dental fricatives in English dialects
• Phonological history of English consonants - TH fronting
• Phonological history of English consonants - TH stopping
• Phonological history of English consonants - Vent-went merger
• Phonological history of English consonants - Initial fricative voicing

Read more here: » Phonological history of English consonants: Encyclopedia - Phonological history of English consonants

Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the English West Midlands. It is commonly considered to be England's "second city" and is the largest of England's core cities. The City of Birmingham has a population of 992,400 (2004 estimate). It also forms part of the large West Midlands conurbation, which has a population of 2,284,093 (2001 census) and includes several neighbouring towns and cities, such as Sutton Coldfield, Solihull, Wolverhampton, the towns of the Black ...

Including:

• Birmingham - History
• Birmingham - Geography
• Birmingham - Economy
• Birmingham - Architecture
• Birmingham - Politics
• Birmingham - Places of interest
• Birmingham - Famous residents
• Birmingham - Transport
• Birmingham - Education
• Birmingham - Sport
• Birmingham - Food & drink
• Birmingham - Culture and arts
• Birmingham - Popular music
• Birmingham - Classical music
• Birmingham - Theatre
• Birmingham - Literature
• Birmingham - Visual art
• Birmingham - Festivals and shows
• Birmingham - Film and media
• Birmingham - Science and invention
• Birmingham - Partner cities

Read more here: » Birmingham: Encyclopedia - Birmingham

Phonological history of English consonants - Taut-taught merger. The taut-taught merger is a process that occurs in most dialects of English that causes /x/ to be dropped in words like thought, night, daughter etc. This process occurs in most dialects of English with the exception of some conservative dialects of Scottish English that distinguish taut and taught as /tɔt/< ...

See also:

Phonological history of English consonants, Phonological history of English consonants - Consonant cluster reductions, Phonological history of English consonants - H-cluster reductions, Phonological history of English consonants - Y-cluster reductions, Phonological history of English consonants - Other initial cluster reductions, Phonological history of English consonants - Final cluster reductions, Phonological history of English consonants - Phonological history of NG, Phonological history of English consonants - NG coalescence, Phonological history of English consonants - G-dropping, Phonological history of English consonants - H-dropping and h-adding, Phonological history of English consonants - H-dropping, Phonological history of English consonants - H-adding, Phonological history of English consonants - Elimination of velar fricatives in English, Phonological history of English consonants - Taut-taught merger, Phonological history of English consonants - Wait-weight merger, Phonological history of English consonants - Lock-loch merger, Phonological history of English consonants - Elimination of dental fricatives in English dialects, Phonological history of English consonants - TH fronting, Phonological history of English consonants - TH stopping, Phonological history of English consonants - Vent-went merger, Phonological history of English consonants - Initial fricative voicing

Read more here: » Phonological history of English consonants: Encyclopedia II - Phonological history of English consonants - Elimination of velar fricatives in English

Birmingham has a recorded history going back 1000 years. In this time, it has grown from a tiny Anglo-Saxon farming village into a major industrial and commercial city. The Birmingham area was occupied in Roman times, with several military roads and a large fort. Birmingham started life as a small Anglo-Saxon hamlet in the Early Middle Ages. It was first recorded in written documents by the Domesday Book of 1086 as a small village, worth only 20 shillings. In the 12th century, Birmingham was granted a charter to hold a market, ...

See also:

Birmingham, Birmingham - History, Birmingham - Geography, Birmingham - Economy, Birmingham - Architecture, Birmingham - Politics, Birmingham - Places of interest, Birmingham - Famous residents, Birmingham - Transport, Birmingham - Education, Birmingham - Sport, Birmingham - Food & drink, Birmingham - Culture and arts, Birmingham - Popular music, Birmingham - Classical music, Birmingham - Theatre, Birmingham - Literature, Birmingham - Visual art, Birmingham - Festivals and shows, Birmingham - Film and media, Birmingham - Science and invention, Birmingham - Partner cities

Read more here: » Birmingham: Encyclopedia II - Birmingham - History

The word appeared in the Middle Ages as a variant on the older and coexisting form Birmingham - spelt Bermingeham in the Domesday Book - and was in widespread use by the time of the Civil War. Its negative use appears to have originated with the city's brief 17th century reputation for counterfeited groats. It passed into political slang in the 1680s. The Protestant supporters of the Exclusion Bill were called by their opponents Birminghams or Brummagems (a slur, in allusion to counterfeiting, implying hypocrisy). Their Tory opponents were known as anti-Birmi ...

See also:

Brummagem, Brummagem - History, Brummagem - 19th century, Brummagem - Modern usage, Brummagem - US usage, Brummagem - Brummagem in song

Read more here: » Brummagem: Encyclopedia II - Brummagem - History

The British Isles is one of the most linguistically diverse areas in the English-speaking world. Significant changes in dialect (pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary) may occur within one region. The four major divisions are normally classified as Southern English dialects, Midlands English dialects, and Northern English dialects, and Scottish English and the closely related dialects of Scots and Ulster Scots (varieties of Scots spoken in Ulster). There is also Hiberno-English (English as spoken in Ireland) and the form of English used in ...

See also:

English English, English English - General features, English English - Southern England, English English - Midlands, English English - West Midlands, English English - East Midlands, English English - Northern England, English English - General features, English English - Liverpool Scouse, English English - Yorkshire, English English - Lancashire, English English - Newcastle-upon-Tyne and the northeast, English English - Celebrity examples of accents, English English - Radio and TV featuring regional English accents

Read more here: » English English: Encyclopedia II - English English - General features

Born in Moseley to parents from Sparkbrook and Aston, Chinn grew up in Birmingham and was educated at Moseley School. He initially followed his father and grandfather into bookmaking before entering academia, gaining his Ph.D. in 1986. His work in the community made him a popular figure, and in 1994 he was invited by the Birmingham Evening Mail to write a two-page feature on local history. This proved extremely popular and Chinn has written a we ...

See also:

Carl Chinn, Carl Chinn - Career, Carl Chinn - Politics, Carl Chinn - Family, Carl Chinn - Bibliography

Read more here: » Carl Chinn: Encyclopedia II - Carl Chinn - Career

Note that divisions between subfamilies of Germanic are rarely precisely defined; most form continuous clines, with adjacent dialects being mutually intelligible and more separated ones not. Mentioned here are only the principal or unusual contemporary dialects; individual articles linked to below contain larger family trees. For example, many Low German dialects are discussed on Low German besides just Northern Low Saxon and Plautdietsch. Diachronic stages are listed in the main articles (such as Old English and Middle English, in th ...

See also:

Germanic languages, Germanic languages - Characteristics of some Germanic languages, Germanic languages - Writing, Germanic languages - Linguistic Markers, Germanic languages - History, Germanic languages - Classification, Germanic languages - Vocabulary comparison

Read more here: » Germanic languages: Encyclopedia II - Germanic languages - Classification

Birmingham has a recorded history going back 1000 years. In this time, it has grown from a tiny Anglo-Saxon farming village into a major industrial and commercial city. The Birmingham area was occupied in Roman times, with several military roads and a large fort. Birmingham started life as a small Anglo-Saxon hamlet in the Early Middle Ages. It was first recorded in written documents by the Domesday Book of 1086 as a small village, worth only 20 shillings. In the 12th century, Birmingham was granted a charter to hold a market, ...

See also:

Birmingham, Birmingham - History, Birmingham - Geography, Birmingham - Economy, Birmingham - Architecture, Birmingham - Politics, Birmingham - Places of interest, Birmingham - Famous residents, Birmingham - Transport, Birmingham - Education, Birmingham - Sport, Birmingham - Food & drink, Birmingham - Culture and arts, Birmingham - Popular music, Birmingham - Classical music, Birmingham - Theatre, Birmingham - Literature, Birmingham - Visual art, Birmingham - Festivals and shows, Birmingham - Film and media, Birmingham - Science and invention, Birmingham - Twinning

Read more here: » Birmingham: Encyclopedia II - Birmingham - History

In the sociolinguistics of English, æ-tensing is a process that occurs in some accents of North American English by which the vowel [æ] is raised and lengthened or diphthongized in various environments. The realization of this "tense æ" varies from [æ̝ˑ] to [ɛə] to [eə] to See also:

Phonological history of English short A, Phonological history of English short A - Trap-bath split, Phonological history of English short A - British Isles accents, Phonological history of English short A - Southern Hemisphere accents, Phonological history of English short A - North American accents, Phonological history of English short A - Variations, Phonological history of English short A - Bad-lad split, Phonological history of English short A - æ-tensing, Phonological history of English short A - Phonemic æ-tensing in the Mid-Atlantic region, Phonological history of English short A - Non-phonemic æ-tensing

Read more here: » Phonological history of English short A: Encyclopedia II - Phonological history of English short A - æ-tensing

Due in part to its central location in England, Birmingham is a major transport hub on the motorway, rail, and canal networks. It is served by a number of major roads, including the M5, M6, M6 Toll, M40, and M42 motorways. Local public transport is by bus, local train and tram (the Midland Metro light railway system between the city centre and Wolverhampton). The number 11A and 11C outer circle bus routes are the longest urban bus routes in Europe. The city's main station, Birmingham New Street, is at the centre of the national ...

See also:

Birmingham, Birmingham - History, Birmingham - Geography, Birmingham - Economy, Birmingham - Architecture, Birmingham - Politics, Birmingham - Places of interest, Birmingham - Famous residents, Birmingham - Transport, Birmingham - Education, Birmingham - Sport, Birmingham - Food & drink, Birmingham - Culture and arts, Birmingham - Popular music, Birmingham - Classical music, Birmingham - Theatre, Birmingham - Literature, Birmingham - Visual art, Birmingham - Festivals and shows, Birmingham - Film and media, Birmingham - Science and invention, Birmingham - Twinning

Read more here: » Birmingham: Encyclopedia II - Birmingham - Transport

Birmingham City Council is the largest local authority in the UK with, following a reorganisation of boundaries in June 2004, 120 councillors representing just under one million people, in 40 wards. After the election of 10 June 2004, there is no overall control, with the 120 seats being divided between the Labour, (53 councillors), Conservative (39) and Liberal Democrat ("Lib-Dem", 28) parties. There is a Conservative/Lib-Dem coalition, with Conservative ...

See also:

Birmingham, Birmingham - History, Birmingham - Geography, Birmingham - Economy, Birmingham - Architecture, Birmingham - Politics, Birmingham - Places of interest, Birmingham - Famous residents, Birmingham - Transport, Birmingham - Education, Birmingham - Sport, Birmingham - Food & drink, Birmingham - Culture and arts, Birmingham - Popular music, Birmingham - Classical music, Birmingham - Theatre, Birmingham - Literature, Birmingham - Visual art, Birmingham - Festivals and shows, Birmingham - Film and media, Birmingham - Science and invention, Birmingham - Partner cities

Read more here: » Birmingham: Encyclopedia II - Birmingham - Politics

The pejorative use of the word was later applied to "Brummagem ware", cheap mass-produced goods such as costume jewellery manufactured in the city - not, it should be said, exclusively. Birmingham at the time was one of the world's largest industrial cities, producing a huge variety of quality goods. The significant button industry gave rise to the term 'Brummagem button': the 1836 The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens mentions it as a term for counterfeit silver coins, but Samuel Sidney's 1851 Rides on Railways refers to it as "an old-fas ...

See also:

Brummagem, Brummagem - History, Brummagem - 19th century, Brummagem - Modern usage, Brummagem - US usage, Brummagem - Brummagem in song

Read more here: » Brummagem: Encyclopedia II - Brummagem - 19th century

"Brummagem" remained a staple of British political and critical discourse into the early 20th century: The Times, Aug 13, 1901 quoted a House of Commons speech by a Mr MacNeill, "The initiative of the Bill ... had the "Brummagem" brand from top to bottom. It was a mean attempt, inspired by the absurd and vulgar spirit of Imperialism, to subsidize the Crown with a parvenu title, and a tawdry gewgaw reputation". A Punch magazine book review for December 1917 said: "But, to be honest, the others (with the exception of one quaint little c ...

See also:

Brummagem, Brummagem - History, Brummagem - 19th century, Brummagem - Modern usage, Brummagem - US usage, Brummagem - Brummagem in song

Read more here: » Brummagem: Encyclopedia II - Brummagem - Modern usage

Local inventions and notable firsts include: gas lighting, roller skate wheels, the Baskerville Font, questionnaires, Custard powder, foam rubber, the magnetron (the core component in the development of radar and microwave ovens), the UK electroplating industry, the first ever use of radiography in an operation, and the UK's first ever hole-in-the-heart operation, at Birmingham Children's Hospital. Among the city's notable scientists and inventors are: Matthew Boulton, proprietor of the Soho engineering works. Si ...

See also:

Birmingham, Birmingham - History, Birmingham - Geography, Birmingham - Economy, Birmingham - Architecture, Birmingham - Politics, Birmingham - Places of interest, Birmingham - Famous residents, Birmingham - Transport, Birmingham - Education, Birmingham - Sport, Birmingham - Food & drink, Birmingham - Culture and arts, Birmingham - Popular music, Birmingham - Classical music, Birmingham - Theatre, Birmingham - Literature, Birmingham - Visual art, Birmingham - Festivals and shows, Birmingham - Film and media, Birmingham - Science and invention, Birmingham - Twinning

Read more here: » Birmingham: Encyclopedia II - Birmingham - Science and invention

Birmingham - Popular music. Although its music scene is not as renowned as those of Liverpool or Manchester, Birmingham has had a vibrant and varied musical history over the last half-century. In the 1960s, the "Brum Beat" era featured blues and early progressive rock bands such as The Fortunes, Spencer Davis Group, Traffic, The Move and The Moody Blues. The city is often described as the birthplace of heavy metal music, with Judas Priest and Black Sabbath coming from Birmingham. Robert Plant and John Bo ...

See also:

Birmingham, Birmingham - History, Birmingham - Geography, Birmingham - Economy, Birmingham - Architecture, Birmingham - Politics, Birmingham - Places of interest, Birmingham - Famous residents, Birmingham - Transport, Birmingham - Education, Birmingham - Sport, Birmingham - Food & drink, Birmingham - Culture and arts, Birmingham - Popular music, Birmingham - Classical music, Birmingham - Theatre, Birmingham - Literature, Birmingham - Visual art, Birmingham - Festivals and shows, Birmingham - Film and media, Birmingham - Science and invention, Birmingham - Twinning

Read more here: » Birmingham: Encyclopedia II - Birmingham - Culture and arts

Birmingham has three universities: the University of Birmingham, Aston University and the University of Central England (UCE). It also has two other higher education colleges (Newman College and the Birmingham College of Food, Tourism and Creative Studies). The Birmingham Conservatoire and Birmingham School of Acting, both now part of UCE, offer higher education in the arts. The city council is England's largest local education authority, directly or indirectly responsible for 25 nursery schools, 328 primary schools, 77 secondary scho ...

See also:

Birmingham, Birmingham - History, Birmingham - Geography, Birmingham - Economy, Birmingham - Architecture, Birmingham - Politics, Birmingham - Places of interest, Birmingham - Famous residents, Birmingham - Transport, Birmingham - Education, Birmingham - Sport, Birmingham - Food & drink, Birmingham - Culture and arts, Birmingham - Popular music, Birmingham - Classical music, Birmingham - Theatre, Birmingham - Literature, Birmingham - Visual art, Birmingham - Festivals and shows, Birmingham - Film and media, Birmingham - Science and invention, Birmingham - Twinning

Read more here: » Birmingham: Encyclopedia II - Birmingham - Education

A cricket club was in existence in Birmingham as early as 1745, and today the city is home to Warwickshire County Cricket Club whose ground at Edgbaston is also a venue for international test matches. International athletics meetings take place at the open-air Alexander Stadium in Perry Barr, the home of Birchfield Harriers athletic club, which numbers many Olympic medallists among its past and present members. The National Indoor Arena (NIA) meanwhile is a major indoor athletics stadium and in 2003 hosted the 9th IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics. ...

See also:

Birmingham, Birmingham - History, Birmingham - Geography, Birmingham - Economy, Birmingham - Architecture, Birmingham - Politics, Birmingham - Places of interest, Birmingham - Famous residents, Birmingham - Transport, Birmingham - Education, Birmingham - Sport, Birmingham - Food & drink, Birmingham - Culture and arts, Birmingham - Popular music, Birmingham - Classical music, Birmingham - Theatre, Birmingham - Literature, Birmingham - Visual art, Birmingham - Festivals and shows, Birmingham - Film and media, Birmingham - Science and invention, Birmingham - Twinning

Read more here: » Birmingham: Encyclopedia II - Birmingham - Sport

Birmingham based Breweries included Ansells, Davenports and Mitchells & Butlers. Aston Manor Brewery is currently the only brewery of any significant size. Many fine Victorian pubs and bars can still be found across the city. The oldest inn in Birmingham is the Old Crown in Deritend (circa 1450). The Anchor Inn (1797), is also nearby in Digbeth. Famous food brands from Birmingham include Typhoo tea, Birds custard, Blue Bird Toffee, Bournville cocoa, Cadbury chocolate, an ...

See also:

Birmingham, Birmingham - History, Birmingham - Geography, Birmingham - Economy, Birmingham - Architecture, Birmingham - Politics, Birmingham - Places of interest, Birmingham - Famous residents, Birmingham - Transport, Birmingham - Education, Birmingham - Sport, Birmingham - Food & drink, Birmingham - Culture and arts, Birmingham - Popular music, Birmingham - Classical music, Birmingham - Theatre, Birmingham - Literature, Birmingham - Visual art, Birmingham - Festivals and shows, Birmingham - Film and media, Birmingham - Science and invention, Birmingham - Twinning

Read more here: » Birmingham: Encyclopedia II - Birmingham - Food & drink