The Brodie helmet (also called the shrapnel helmet or Tommy helmet, and in the United States known as a doughboy helmet) was a steel helmet designed and patented in 1915 by John L. Brodie. During the first year of World War I, none of the combatants offered steel helmets to their troops. The soldiers of most nations went into battle wearing simple cloth caps that offered virtually no protection from modern weapons. German troops were wearing the traditional leather Pickelhau ...

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Including:

Helmet - Heraldry

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As the coat of arms was originally designed to distinguish combatants on the battlefield or in a tournament, even while covered in armour, it is not surprising that heraldic elements were often also used for the decoration of knightly helmets, while it was also possible to use different elements then on the shield, but equally standardized. Furthermore, it became common to use a helmet (or some other headgear, e.g. a crown) as part of the coat of arms, above the shield, a practice maintained long after her use in reality was ended by ...

See also:

Helmet, Helmet - Heraldry

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Tommy Atkins has been used as a generic name for a common soldier for many years. The precise origin is a subject of debate, but it is known to have been used as early as 1743. A letter sent from Jamaica about a mutiny amongst the troops says "except for those from N. America (mostly Irish Papists) ye Marines and Tommy Atkins behaved splendidly". According to Lieutenant General Sir William MacArthur, in an article in the Army Medical Services Magazine (circa 1950), "Tommy Atkins" was chosen as a generic name by the War O ...

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Tommy Atkins, Tommy Atkins - Overview, Tommy Atkins - Tommy by Rudyard Kipling, Tommy Atkins - Private Tommy Atkins lyrics by Henry Hamilton music by S. Potter, Tommy Atkins - Lines in Praise of Tommy Atkins by William McGonagall, Tommy Atkins - Reference

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This is a list of topics related to the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom category contains a more comprehensive selection of UK articles. List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Geography and the environment. British Isles Great Britain Ireland United Kingdom England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland (not part of the United Kingdom) Isle of Man (Crown Dependency)

Trench warfare is a form of war in which both opposing armies have static lines of fortifications dug into the ground, facing each other. Trench warfare arose when there was a revolution in firepower without similar advances in mobility and communications. Periods of trench warfare occurred during the American Civil War (1861-5) and the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05, and reached peak brutality and bloodshed on the Western Front in the First World War. Trench warfare - Background. Fortification is almost a ...

Including:

Trench warfare - Background
Trench warfare - Siege warfare Trench warfare - Maori Pas
Trench warfare - Development Trench warfare - Implementation
Trench warfare - Defensive system Trench warfare - Trench construction Trench warfare - Trench geography
Trench warfare - Life in the trenches Trench warfare - Death in the trenches Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare
Trench warfare - Infantry weapons Trench warfare - Machine guns Trench warfare - Mortars Trench warfare - Artillery Trench warfare - Gas Trench warfare - Helmets Trench warfare - Wire Trench warfare - Aircraft Trench warfare - Other Weapons
Trench warfare - Mining Trench warfare - Trench battles
Trench warfare - Strategy Trench warfare - Tactics Trench warfare - Communications
Trench warfare - Obsolescence Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare Trench warfare - Sources

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The M26 Adrian helmet (French term: "Casque Adrian") was a military helmet issued to the French Army during World War I. It was designed when millions of French troops were engaged in trench warfare and head wounds became a significant proportion of battlefield casualties. The helmet was intended to protect the soldier from artillery shell shrapnel from above, hence the deflector crest. Like most helmets of this era, it was never designed to protect from the direct impact of rifle or machine gun bullets. It ...

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The M1916 was the first production model of the Stahlhelm design, and was developed by Kaptain Fredrich Schwerd, of the Hannover Technical Institute. The helmet was first issued to the 1st Assault Batallion for evaluation, in December 1915. It was introduced in regular service during the Verdun campaign in early 1916. The M1916 design had two large, horn-like ventilator lugs on the front of the helmet. These lugs were meant to support an optional shield (stirnpanzer) that would attach to the front of the helmet. However, the shield wa ...

See also:

Stahlhelm, Stahlhelm - M1916/M1917, Stahlhelm - M1918, Stahlhelm - Central Power Variants, Stahlhelm - M1935/1940, Stahlhelm - M1942, Stahlhelm - M1945, Stahlhelm - Stalhelm Use in Other Countries

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List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Geography of the United Kingdom. Main article: Geography of the United Kingdom (see also: Geography of Ireland) British Coastal Areas (see also Shipping Forecast) Cities of the United Kingdom Economic geography of the United Kingdom County name etymologies Extreme points of the United Kingdom Conurbations in the United Kingdom National Parks, England and Wales Sites of Special Scientif ...

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List of topics related to the United Kingdom, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Geography and the environment, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Geography of the United Kingdom, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - United Kingdom main page, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Historical states of the British Isles, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - United Kingdom overseas territories, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Natural environment, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Built environment, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Transport in the United Kingdom, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - History, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Commerce and industry, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Money economics and business, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Regulatory bodies, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Trade Union Federations, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Politics monarchy and military, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Politics of the United Kingdom, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Criminal justice law policing and emergency services, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Monarchy, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Military, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Peerage, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Public inquiries, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Charities and youth organisations, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Charities, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Youth organisations, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Media and communications, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Television and radio, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Newspapers, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Communications, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Culture of the United Kingdom, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - British art, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Music in the UK, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Cultural icons, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - British theatre, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - British film, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Museums, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Gardens, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Gambling, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Other, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Education, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Religion and ethnicity, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Religion in the United Kingdom, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Ethnic groups, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Languages in the United Kingdom, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Food, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Science and technology, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Sports and games, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Cricket, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Association football or soccer, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Rugby, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Hiking, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Rowing, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Skiing, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Other, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - People, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Interest groups and societies, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Welfare state, List of topics related to the United Kingdom - Miscellaneous

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List of hats and headgear - Hats commonly worn today. Akubra hat Alpine hat Baseball cap beret bucket hat fedora Panama, also jipijapa slouch hat, also digger hat, Australian slouch hat straw hat Stetson Suma cap Tyrolean hat List of hats and headgear - ...

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List of hats and headgear, List of hats and headgear - Hats, List of hats and headgear - Hats commonly worn today, List of hats and headgear - Hats worn in the past or rarely worn today, List of hats and headgear - Caps, List of hats and headgear - Caps commonly worn today, List of hats and headgear - Caps worn by men in the past, List of hats and headgear - Caps worn by women in the past, List of hats and headgear - Caps worn only by nobility and only on ceremonial occasions, List of hats and headgear - Bonnets, List of hats and headgear - Bonnets for women, List of hats and headgear - Bonnets for men, List of hats and headgear - Helmets, List of hats and headgear - Hoods, List of hats and headgear - Headscarves wimples, List of hats and headgear - Masks veils and headgear which covers the face, List of hats and headgear - Other headdresses, List of hats and headgear - Women, List of hats and headgear - Men, List of hats and headgear - Jeweled, List of hats and headgear - Wigs, List of hats and headgear - Headgear organised by function, List of hats and headgear - Religious, List of hats and headgear - Military and police, List of hats and headgear - Officials and civil workers, List of hats and headgear - Other specialist headgear, List of hats and headgear - National dress; association with a country or people

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Although firearms technology and the conscript army dramatically changed the nature of warfare, most armies were completely unaware of the implications of these changes and unprepared for their consequences. At the start of World War I, most armies prepared for a brief war whose strategy and tactics would have been familiar to Napoleon. However, as war broke out, German and Allied (mostly French and British) forces soon learned that with modern weapons even a shallow scrape in the soil could be defended by a handful of infantry. To at ...

See also:

Trench warfare, Trench warfare - Background, Trench warfare - Siege warfare, Trench warfare - Maori Pas, Trench warfare - Development, Trench warfare - Implementation, Trench warfare - Defensive system, Trench warfare - Trench construction, Trench warfare - Trench geography, Trench warfare - Life in the trenches, Trench warfare - Death in the trenches, Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare, Trench warfare - Infantry weapons, Trench warfare - Machine guns, Trench warfare - Mortars, Trench warfare - Artillery, Trench warfare - Gas, Trench warfare - Helmets, Trench warfare - Wire, Trench warfare - Aircraft, Trench warfare - Other Weapons, Trench warfare - Mining, Trench warfare - Trench battles, Trench warfare - Strategy, Trench warfare - Tactics, Trench warfare - Communications, Trench warfare - Obsolescence, Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare

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Although firearms technology and the conscript army dramatically changed the nature of warfare, most armies were completely unaware of the implications of these changes and unprepared for their consequences. At the start of World War I, most armies prepared for a brief war whose strategy and tactics would have been familiar to Napoleon. However, as war broke out, German and Allied (mostly French and British) forces soon learned that with modern weapons even a shallow scrape in the soil could be defended by a handful of infantry. To at ...

See also:

Trench warfare, Trench warfare - Background, Trench warfare - Siege warfare, Trench warfare - Maori Pas, Trench warfare - Development, Trench warfare - Implementation, Trench warfare - Defensive system, Trench warfare - Trench construction, Trench warfare - Trench geography, Trench warfare - Life in the trenches, Trench warfare - Death in the trenches, Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare, Trench warfare - Infantry weapons, Trench warfare - Machine guns, Trench warfare - Mortars, Trench warfare - Artillery, Trench warfare - Gas, Trench warfare - Helmets, Trench warfare - Wire, Trench warfare - Aircraft, Trench warfare - Other Weapons, Trench warfare - Mining, Trench warfare - Trench battles, Trench warfare - Strategy, Trench warfare - Tactics, Trench warfare - Communications, Trench warfare - Obsolescence, Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare, Trench warfare - Sources

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All sides would engage in vigorous mining and counter-mining duels. The dry chalk of the Somme was especially suited to mining, but with the aid of pumps, it was also possible to mine in the sodden clay of Flanders. Specialist tunnelling companies, usually made up of men who had been coal miners in civilian life, would dig tunnels under no man's land and beneath the enemy's trenches. These mines would then be packed with explosives and detonated, producing a large crater. The crater served two purposes: it could destroy or breach the enemy's ...

See also:

Trench warfare, Trench warfare - Background, Trench warfare - Siege warfare, Trench warfare - Maori Pas, Trench warfare - Development, Trench warfare - Implementation, Trench warfare - Defensive system, Trench warfare - Trench construction, Trench warfare - Trench geography, Trench warfare - Life in the trenches, Trench warfare - Death in the trenches, Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare, Trench warfare - Infantry weapons, Trench warfare - Machine guns, Trench warfare - Mortars, Trench warfare - Artillery, Trench warfare - Gas, Trench warfare - Helmets, Trench warfare - Wire, Trench warfare - Aircraft, Trench warfare - Other Weapons, Trench warfare - Mining, Trench warfare - Trench battles, Trench warfare - Strategy, Trench warfare - Tactics, Trench warfare - Communications, Trench warfare - Obsolescence, Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare

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Trench warfare - Strategy. Trench warfare was a fundamental game of strategy. The fundamental strategy of trench warfare was to defend your own position strongly while trying to achieve a breakthrough into the enemy's rear. The effect was to end up in attrition; the process of progressively grinding down the opposition's resources until, ultimately, they are no longer able to wage war. This did not prevent the ambitious commander from pursuing the strategy of annihilation—the ideal of an offensive battle which ...

See also:

Trench warfare, Trench warfare - Background, Trench warfare - Siege warfare, Trench warfare - Maori Pas, Trench warfare - Development, Trench warfare - Implementation, Trench warfare - Defensive system, Trench warfare - Trench construction, Trench warfare - Trench geography, Trench warfare - Life in the trenches, Trench warfare - Death in the trenches, Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare, Trench warfare - Infantry weapons, Trench warfare - Machine guns, Trench warfare - Mortars, Trench warfare - Artillery, Trench warfare - Gas, Trench warfare - Helmets, Trench warfare - Wire, Trench warfare - Aircraft, Trench warfare - Other Weapons, Trench warfare - Mining, Trench warfare - Trench battles, Trench warfare - Strategy, Trench warfare - Tactics, Trench warfare - Communications, Trench warfare - Obsolescence, Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare, Trench warfare - Sources

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Trench warfare - Strategy. The fundamental strategy of trench warfare was to defend your own position strongly while trying to achieve a breakthrough into the enemy's rear. The effect was to end up in attrition; the process of progressively grinding down the opposition's resources until, ultimately, they are no longer able to wage war. This did not prevent the ambitious commander from pursuing the strategy of annihilation—the ideal of an offensive battle which produces victory in one decisive engagement. The Co ...

See also:

Trench warfare, Trench warfare - Background, Trench warfare - Siege warfare, Trench warfare - Maori Pas, Trench warfare - Development, Trench warfare - Implementation, Trench warfare - Defensive system, Trench warfare - Trench construction, Trench warfare - Trench geography, Trench warfare - Life in the trenches, Trench warfare - Death in the trenches, Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare, Trench warfare - Infantry weapons, Trench warfare - Machine guns, Trench warfare - Mortars, Trench warfare - Artillery, Trench warfare - Gas, Trench warfare - Helmets, Trench warfare - Wire, Trench warfare - Aircraft, Trench warfare - Other Weapons, Trench warfare - Mining, Trench warfare - Trench battles, Trench warfare - Strategy, Trench warfare - Tactics, Trench warfare - Communications, Trench warfare - Obsolescence, Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare

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Trench warfare - Infantry weapons. The common infantry soldier had four weapons at his disposal in the trenches: the rifle, bayonet, shotgun and grenade. The standard British rifle was the .303-in. (7.7mm) Short Magazine Lee-Enfield (SMLE), originally developed as a cavalry carbine, with a maximum range (for sniping) of 1400yd (1280m), though its effective range was more like 200yd (180m). British infantry training emphasised rapid rifle fire rather than accuracy. Early in the war, the British were able to ...

See also:

Trench warfare, Trench warfare - Background, Trench warfare - Siege warfare, Trench warfare - Maori Pas, Trench warfare - Development, Trench warfare - Implementation, Trench warfare - Defensive system, Trench warfare - Trench construction, Trench warfare - Trench geography, Trench warfare - Life in the trenches, Trench warfare - Death in the trenches, Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare, Trench warfare - Infantry weapons, Trench warfare - Machine guns, Trench warfare - Mortars, Trench warfare - Artillery, Trench warfare - Gas, Trench warfare - Helmets, Trench warfare - Wire, Trench warfare - Aircraft, Trench warfare - Other Weapons, Trench warfare - Mining, Trench warfare - Trench battles, Trench warfare - Strategy, Trench warfare - Tactics, Trench warfare - Communications, Trench warfare - Obsolescence, Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare

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With the withdrawal of Russia from World War I, the Germans were able to reinforce their western front with troops from the eastern front. This allowed them to take units out of the line and train them in new methods and tactics as stormtroopers (sturmtruppen). The new methods involved men rushing forward in small groups using whatever cover was available and laying down covering fire for other groups in the same unit as they moved forward. The new tactics (intended to achieve surprise) were to bypass strongpoints and attack the weake ...

See also:

Trench warfare, Trench warfare - Background, Trench warfare - Siege warfare, Trench warfare - Maori Pas, Trench warfare - Development, Trench warfare - Implementation, Trench warfare - Defensive system, Trench warfare - Trench construction, Trench warfare - Trench geography, Trench warfare - Life in the trenches, Trench warfare - Death in the trenches, Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare, Trench warfare - Infantry weapons, Trench warfare - Machine guns, Trench warfare - Mortars, Trench warfare - Artillery, Trench warfare - Gas, Trench warfare - Helmets, Trench warfare - Wire, Trench warfare - Aircraft, Trench warfare - Other Weapons, Trench warfare - Mining, Trench warfare - Trench battles, Trench warfare - Strategy, Trench warfare - Tactics, Trench warfare - Communications, Trench warfare - Obsolescence, Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare

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Trench warfare has been very infrequent since the end of World War I. When two large armoured armies meet, the result has generally been mobile warfare of the type which developed in World War II. However, trench warfare reemerged in the latter stages of the Korean War (1950-53) and in some locations and engagements in the Viet Nam War (1964-75). The most cited example of trench warfare after World War I was the Iran-Iraq War, in which both armies had a large number of infantry with modern small arms, but very little armour, aircraft or training in combined weapons. The result was very similar ...

See also:

Trench warfare, Trench warfare - Background, Trench warfare - Siege warfare, Trench warfare - Maori Pas, Trench warfare - Development, Trench warfare - Implementation, Trench warfare - Defensive system, Trench warfare - Trench construction, Trench warfare - Trench geography, Trench warfare - Life in the trenches, Trench warfare - Death in the trenches, Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare, Trench warfare - Infantry weapons, Trench warfare - Machine guns, Trench warfare - Mortars, Trench warfare - Artillery, Trench warfare - Gas, Trench warfare - Helmets, Trench warfare - Wire, Trench warfare - Aircraft, Trench warfare - Other Weapons, Trench warfare - Mining, Trench warfare - Trench battles, Trench warfare - Strategy, Trench warfare - Tactics, Trench warfare - Communications, Trench warfare - Obsolescence, Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare

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Extensive redesigns were made for the M1918 model. A new two piece chin strap was introduced, and was attached directly to the helmet liner rather than the shell. Certain examples of the M1918 had cutouts in the rim along the sides of the helmet. It has incorrectly been said that these cutouts were to accommodate using headphones while wearing the helmet. These cutouts were actually done to improve hearing and to reduce echo created by the large flared skirt. The M1918 Stahlhelm can be identified from the M1916, as the M1918 shell lacks the chinstrap rivet on the lower side of the he ...

See also:

Stahlhelm, Stahlhelm - M1916/M1917, Stahlhelm - M1918, Stahlhelm - Central Power Variants, Stahlhelm - M1935/1940, Stahlhelm - M1942, Stahlhelm - M1945, Stahlhelm - Stalhelm Use in Other Countries

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The first development which was critical for trench warfare was the introduction of mass-conscripted armies during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. Prior to this, armies still consisted of small numbers of troops which were unable to defend a large territory for very long—battles were either brief or degenerated into siege warfare. Large armies made it much more difficult for one army to outflank another, but it was still possible with cavalry and infantry charges for one army to break another by a direct assault. An example ...

See also:

Trench warfare, Trench warfare - Background, Trench warfare - Siege warfare, Trench warfare - Maori Pas, Trench warfare - Development, Trench warfare - Implementation, Trench warfare - Defensive system, Trench warfare - Trench construction, Trench warfare - Trench geography, Trench warfare - Life in the trenches, Trench warfare - Death in the trenches, Trench warfare - Weapons of trench warfare, Trench warfare - Infantry weapons, Trench warfare - Machine guns, Trench warfare - Mortars, Trench warfare - Artillery, Trench warfare - Gas, Trench warfare - Helmets, Trench warfare - Wire, Trench warfare - Aircraft, Trench warfare - Other Weapons, Trench warfare - Mining, Trench warfare - Trench battles, Trench warfare - Strategy, Trench warfare - Tactics, Trench warfare - Communications, Trench warfare - Obsolescence, Trench warfare - Recent trench warfare

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