Brittany (French: Bretagne, French pronunciation ▶ (help·info); Breton: Breizh; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent kingdom and duchy, then province of France. It is also, more generally, the name of the cultural area whose limits correspond to the old province. The historical province of Brittany was split between two modern-day régions of France. 80% of Brittany has become the région of Bretagne, while the r ...

Including:

• Brittany - History
• Brittany - Sights
• Brittany - Language
• Brittany - Culture
• Brittany - Religion
• Brittany - Gastronomy
• Brittany - Climate
• Brittany - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Brittany: Encyclopedia - Brittany

See also:

Brittany, Brittany - History, Brittany - Sights, Brittany - Language, Brittany - Culture, Brittany - Religion, Brittany - Gastronomy, Brittany - Climate, Brittany - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Brittany: Encyclopedia II - Brittany - Religion

The first Christian missionaries came to the region from Ireland and Great Britain. With more than 300 "saints" (only a few recognized by the Catholic Church), the region is strongly Catholic, and influenced by earlier pagan traditions. The proportion of students attending Catholic private schools is the highest in France. As in other Celtic countries, the legacy of Celtic Christianity has left a rich tradition of local saints and monastic communities, often commemorated in placenames beginning Lan, Lam, Plou or LokSee also:

Brittany, Brittany - History, Brittany - Sights, Brittany - Language, Brittany - Culture, Brittany - Religion, Brittany - Gastronomy, Brittany - Climate, Brittany - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Brittany: Encyclopedia II - Brittany - Religion

1190 - Events. March 16 - Massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews of York, England prompted by Crusaders and Richard Malebys kill 150-500 Jews in Clifford's Tower June 10 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowned in the Saleph River while leading an army to Jerusalem. October 4 - Richard I of England threatens war against Tancred of Sicily, and captures Messina "On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy" (ar. Kitab fasl al-maqal) first published. Coronation of Richar ...

Including:

• 1190 - Events
• 1190 - Births
• 1190 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1190: Encyclopedia - 1190

Christopher Ashton Kutcher (born February 7, 1978) is an American actor. Ashton Kutcher - Early life. Kutcher was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa to Larry Kutcher (an employee of General Mills) and Diane (who worked for Procter & Gamble); his ancestry is mostly Irish American, as well as distantly Native American and Bohemian (the origin of his surname). Kutcher has an older sister, Tausha and a fraternal twin, Michael, who is younger by five minutes. He grew up on a farm in rural Iowa. As a teen, Kut ...

Including:

• Ashton Kutcher - Early life
• Ashton Kutcher - Career as actor
• Ashton Kutcher - Career as producer
• Ashton Kutcher - Private life
• Ashton Kutcher - Selected filmography

Read more here: » Ashton Kutcher: Encyclopedia - Ashton Kutcher

All Souls' Day (Commemoratio omnium fidelium defunctorum), also called Defuncts' Day in Mexico and Belgium, is the day set apart in the Roman Catholic Church for the commemoration of the faithful departed. The celebration is based on the doctrine that the souls of the faithful which at death have not been cleansed from venial sins, or have not atoned for past transgressions, cannot attain the beatific vision, and that they may be helped ...

Including:

• All Souls Day - Christian origin
• All Souls Day - Protestantism
• All Souls Day - Pagan roots

Read more here: » All Souls Day: Encyclopedia - All Souls Day

Cernunnos in Celtic polytheism is the deified spirit of horned male animals, especially of stags, a nature god associated with produce and fertility. As a "Horned God", Cernunnos was one of a number of similar deities found in many ancient cultures. Cernunnos - Origins. Cernunos is known, from archaeological sources such as inscriptions and depictions, to have been worshipped in Gaul, Northern Italy (Gallia Cisalpina) and the southern coast of Britain. The earliest known probable depiction of Cernunnos was ...

Including:

• Cernunnos - Origins
• Cernunnos - Etymology
• Cernunnos - Iconography
• Cernunnos - Medieval traces
• Cernunnos - Neo-Paganism
• Cernunnos - Wicca

Read more here: » Cernunnos: Encyclopedia - Cernunnos

Neo-druidism is an attempt to reconstruct the ancient religion of druidism. Neo-druidism - Neo-Druidry in Britain. In the eighteenth century secret societies in Britain included a number that had a particularly "Druidic" flavour, such as the Ancient Order of Druids and the Order of the Universal Bond, later known as the Ancient Druid Order. These organisations often drew upon Iolo Morganwg for their philosophy and symbolism, including the use of the Druid's Prayer. His teachings have since been shown to hav ...

Including:

• Neo-druidism - Neo-Druidry in Britain
• Neo-druidism - Other European Druid Organisations
• Neo-druidism - Neo-Druidism in America
• Neo-druidism - The Mother Grove of the RDNA
• Neo-druidism - The Berkeley History
• Neo-druidism - Neo-druidic Liturgy
• Neo-druidism - Popular Neo-druidic Organizations
• Neo-druidism - Deities

Read more here: » Neo-druidism: Encyclopedia - Neo-druidism

After 1532, Brittany retained a certain fiscal and regulatory autonomy, which was defended by the États de Bretagne despite the rising tide of royal absolutism. Brittany remained on the whole strongly Catholic during the period of the Huguenots and the Wars of Religion, although Protestantism made some headway in Nantes and a few other areas. From 1590-98, during the War of the Catholic League, the duc de Mercoeur (governor of Brittany and husband of the countess of Penthièvre) sought to have himself proclaimed Duke of Britanny and ...

See also:

History of Brittany, History of Brittany - Palaeolithic, History of Brittany - Mesolithic, History of Brittany - Neolithic, History of Brittany - Bronze age, History of Brittany - Iron Age, History of Brittany - Roman rule, History of Brittany - Early Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Early modern Brittany, History of Brittany - Modern Times, History of Brittany - Notes, History of Brittany - Sources

Read more here: » History of Brittany: Encyclopedia II - History of Brittany - Early modern Brittany

Kutcher has dated a variety of celebrities, including actresses January Jones (from 1998 to 2001), Ashley Scott (from 2001 to 2002), Monet Mazur (2002) and his Just Married co-star, Brittany Murphy, whom he dated from 2002 to 2003. Following his break-up with Murphy in mid 2003, Kutcher began dating actress Demi Moore, whom he married on September 24, 2005 in a lavish ceremony in Los Angeles, California. Both Kutcher and Moore are fairly devout followers of Kabbalah, a mystical off-shoot of the Jewish religion. Kutcher has been reported to celebrate traditional Jewish holidays [1], take time off from filming [2] and ...

See also:

Ashton Kutcher, Ashton Kutcher - Early life, Ashton Kutcher - Career as actor, Ashton Kutcher - Career as producer, Ashton Kutcher - Private life, Ashton Kutcher - Selected filmography

Read more here: » Ashton Kutcher: Encyclopedia II - Ashton Kutcher - Private life

The nature of the Anglo-Saxon invasion is controversial. Traditionally, historians support an Anglo-Saxon conquest and near genocide or expulsion of the native Celtic population. This view has been held because of historical traditions, the remarkable absence of Celtic words in the Old English language, and the establishment of new Celtic kingdoms in Brittany (now in France) by refugees. However recent research by historians ...

See also:

Anglo-Saxons, Anglo-Saxons - Etymology, Anglo-Saxons - Origins of the word, Anglo-Saxons - Use of the term Anglo Saxon today, Anglo-Saxons - The Anglo-Saxon Invasions, Anglo-Saxons - The Anglo-Saxon conquest controversy, Anglo-Saxons - Anglo-Saxon culture, Anglo-Saxons - Anglo-Saxon architecture, Anglo-Saxons - Anglo-Saxon art, Anglo-Saxons - Anglo-Saxon language, Anglo-Saxons - Anglo-Saxon literature, Anglo-Saxons - Anglo-Saxon religion, Anglo-Saxons - Timeline from 597 to 1066

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Around 500 AD, the Roman troops were withdrawing. Some British authors (Nennius, Gildas) mention Britons fleeing to Armorica to escape the invading Anglo-Saxons and Scoti. These Britons gave the region its current name and contributed to the Breton language, Brezhoneg, a sister language to Welsh and Cornish. (Brittany used to be known in English as Little Britain to distinguish it from Great Britain - the street in London called Little Britain w ...

See also:

History of Brittany, History of Brittany - Palaeolithic, History of Brittany - Mesolithic, History of Brittany - Neolithic, History of Brittany - Bronze age, History of Brittany - Iron Age, History of Brittany - Roman rule, History of Brittany - Early Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Early modern Brittany, History of Brittany - Modern Times, History of Brittany - Notes, History of Brittany - Sources

Read more here: » History of Brittany: Encyclopedia II - History of Brittany - Early Middle Ages

Bretons took part in the Revolt of 1173-1174, siding with the rebels against Henry II of England. Henry's son Geoffroy II, then heir apparent to the Duchy of Brittany, resisted his father's attempts to annex Brittany to the possessions of the English Crown. Geoffroy's son Arthur did likewise during his reign (1186-1203) until his death, perhaps by assassination under John Lackland's orders. In 1185, Geoffroy II signed "Count Geoffrey's Assise" which forbade the subdivision of f ...

See also:

History of Brittany, History of Brittany - Palaeolithic, History of Brittany - Mesolithic, History of Brittany - Neolithic, History of Brittany - Bronze age, History of Brittany - Iron Age, History of Brittany - Roman rule, History of Brittany - Early Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Early modern Brittany, History of Brittany - Modern Times, History of Brittany - Notes, History of Brittany - Sources

Read more here: » History of Brittany: Encyclopedia II - History of Brittany - Middle Ages

Nineteenth-century Brittany acquired a reputation for timeless autarky, as Romantics developed an image of the province as a bastion of peasant traditionalism, religious festivals, and wild landscapes. At the same time, Breton life became increasingly integrated with that of the rest of France, particularly under the Third Republic. Brittany has had its own regionalist and separatist movements which have experienced varying success at elections and other political contests. Modern Breton nationalism developed at the end of the 19th an ...

See also:

History of Brittany, History of Brittany - Palaeolithic, History of Brittany - Mesolithic, History of Brittany - Neolithic, History of Brittany - Bronze age, History of Brittany - Iron Age, History of Brittany - Roman rule, History of Brittany - Early Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Early modern Brittany, History of Brittany - Modern Times, History of Brittany - Notes, History of Brittany - Sources

Read more here: » History of Brittany: Encyclopedia II - History of Brittany - Modern Times

The best-known mesolithic sites from Brittany are the cemeteries on the islands of Hoëdic (10 graves) and Téviec (9 graves) in Morbihan. The collective graves are placed in shell middens without any particular order. Some graves show evidence of postmortal manipulations of the bones. There are single burials and empty graves (cenotaphs) as well. The graves are covered with stones, a hearth or antlers forming a sort of dome. Rich funeral gifts, flint tools, engraved bones, shell ornaments and ochre demonstrate the affluence of these hunter- ...

See also:

History of Brittany, History of Brittany - Palaeolithic, History of Brittany - Mesolithic, History of Brittany - Neolithic, History of Brittany - Bronze age, History of Brittany - Iron Age, History of Brittany - Roman rule, History of Brittany - Early Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Early modern Brittany, History of Brittany - Modern Times, History of Brittany - Notes, History of Brittany - Sources

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Originally founded as a town by the Celtic tribe named the Namnètes around 70 BC, it was conquered by Julius Caesar in 56 BC and named Portus Namnetus. Christianised in the 3rd century, Nantes was successively invaded by the Saxons (around 285), the Franks (around 500), the Britons (in the 6th and 7th centuries) and the Normans (in 843). In 937, Alain Barbe-Torte, grandson of the last king of Brittany who was expelled by the Normans, drove them out ...

See also:

Nantes, Nantes - History, Nantes - Sites of interest, Nantes - Geography, Nantes - Demographics, Nantes - Miscellaneous, Nantes - Colleges and universities, Nantes - Transportation

Read more here: » Nantes: Encyclopedia II - Nantes - History

A variety of tribes are mentioned in Roman sources, like the Veneti, Armoricani, Osismii, Namnetes and Coriosolites. Strabo and Poseidonius describe the Armoricani as belonging to the Belgae. Armorican gold coins have been widely exported and are even found in the Rhineland. Salterns are widespread in Northern Armorica, for example at Trégor, Ebihens and Enez Vihan near Pleumeur-Bodou (Côtes-d'Armor) and the island of Yoc'h ...

See also:

History of Brittany, History of Brittany - Palaeolithic, History of Brittany - Mesolithic, History of Brittany - Neolithic, History of Brittany - Bronze age, History of Brittany - Iron Age, History of Brittany - Roman rule, History of Brittany - Early Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Early modern Brittany, History of Brittany - Modern Times, History of Brittany - Notes, History of Brittany - Sources

Read more here: » History of Brittany: Encyclopedia II - History of Brittany - Iron Age

In 56 BC the area was conquered by the Romans under Julius Caesar. The Venetian notables were killed or sold off as slaves. The Romans called the district Armorica (a Latinisation of a Celtic word meaning "coastal region"), part of the Gallia Lugdunensis province. The modern département of Côtes-d'Armor has taken up the ancient name. After the reforms of Diocletian, it was part of the dioceses Galliarum. The uprising of the Bagaudae in the 3rd century led to unrest and depopulation, numerous villages were destro ...

See also:

History of Brittany, History of Brittany - Palaeolithic, History of Brittany - Mesolithic, History of Brittany - Neolithic, History of Brittany - Bronze age, History of Brittany - Iron Age, History of Brittany - Roman rule, History of Brittany - Early Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Early modern Brittany, History of Brittany - Modern Times, History of Brittany - Notes, History of Brittany - Sources

Read more here: » History of Brittany: Encyclopedia II - History of Brittany - Roman rule

The westernmost extensions of the Villeneuve-Saint-Germain culture, based on a linearbandkeramic tradition are found in eastern Brittany (Le Haut Meé). The use of schist from the eastern edge of the Breton Massif for bracelets in settlements in the Paris Bassin attests to widespread trade. A bracelet of polished stone found in a grave in the VSG-settlement of Jablines Les-Longues-Raies was made of amphibolite from the island of Groix in southern Morbihan, ...

See also:

History of Brittany, History of Brittany - Palaeolithic, History of Brittany - Mesolithic, History of Brittany - Neolithic, History of Brittany - Bronze age, History of Brittany - Iron Age, History of Brittany - Roman rule, History of Brittany - Early Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Early modern Brittany, History of Brittany - Modern Times, History of Brittany - Notes, History of Brittany - Sources

Read more here: » History of Brittany: Encyclopedia II - History of Brittany - Neolithic

Cernunnos - Wicca. In Wicca, imagery derived from historical Celtic culture is sometimes used, including a depiction of Cernunnos, often referred to as The Horned God. This version of Cernunnos is based little on historical findings and more on phallic symbolism, merged from elements of Pan and from Eliphas Lévi's depiction of Baphomet. The adherents generally follow a life-fertility-death cycle for Cernunnos, though his death is now usually set at Samhain, the Gaelic New Year Festival usually taking place on Oc ...

See also:

Cernunnos, Cernunnos - Origins, Cernunnos - Etymology, Cernunnos - Iconography, Cernunnos - Medieval traces, Cernunnos - Neo-Paganism, Cernunnos - Wicca

Read more here: » Cernunnos: Encyclopedia II - Cernunnos - Neo-Paganism