Heart action and respiratory effort are absolute requirements in transporting oxygen to the tissues. The main organ to suffer from oxygen starvation is the brain, which may sustain damage after four minutes and irreversible damage after about seven minutes. The heart also rapidly loses the ability to maintain a normal rhythm. Following cardiac arrest, effective CPR enables enough oxygen to reach the brain to delay brain death, and allows the heart to remain responsive to defibrillation attempts. CPR is commonly taught to ordinary people who may be the only ones present in the c ...

See also:

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation - Importance, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation - Effectiveness, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation - History, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation - CPR Training, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation - Myths and popular culture

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It is also suggested that damage to long-lived biopolymers, such as structural proteins or DNA, caused by ubiquitous chemical agents in the body such as oxygen and sugars, are in part responsible for aging. The damage can include breakage of biopolymer chains, cross-linking of biopolymers, or chemical attachment of unnatural substituents (haptens) to biopolymers. Under normal aerobic conditions, approximately 4% of the oxygen metabolized by mitochondria is converted to superoxide ion which can subsequently be converted to hydrogen per ...

See also:

Aging senescence, Aging senescence - Theories of aging, Aging senescence - Evolutionary theories, Aging senescence - Gene regulation, Aging senescence - Cellular senescence, Aging senescence - Chemical damage, Aging senescence - Reliability theory, Aging senescence - Neuro-endocrine-immunological theories, Aging senescence - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Aging senescence: Encyclopedia II - Aging senescence - Chemical damage

Several anatomical factors make infants susceptible to brain damage from shaking. Their heads are bigger and weigh more with respect to their bodies than adults' heads, and their neck muscles are weak and cannot prevent violent motions (Patel and Moorjani, 2005). Infants' brains are not myelinated; myelin sheaths form in childhood and are complete in adolescence. The brain water content is reduced as neurons gain myelin during development, so babies have a greater percentage of brain water than adults (Stock and Singer, 2004). Because of thi ...

See also:

Shaken baby syndrome, Shaken baby syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Shaken baby syndrome - Anatomy and pathophysiology, Shaken baby syndrome - Prognosis, Shaken baby syndrome - Prevention, Shaken baby syndrome - SBS as a medical/legal concept

Read more here: » Shaken baby syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Shaken baby syndrome - Anatomy and pathophysiology

The process of senescence is complex, and may derive from a variety of different mechanisms and exist for a variety of different reasons. However, senescence is not universal, and scientific evidence suggests that cellular senescence evolved in certain species as a mechanism to prevent the onset of cancer. In a few simple species, senescence is negligible and cannot be detected. All such species have no "post-mitotic" cells; they reduce the effect of damaging free radicals by cell division and dilution. Such species are not immortal, however ...

See also:

Aging senescence, Aging senescence - Theories of aging, Aging senescence - Evolutionary theories, Aging senescence - Gene regulation, Aging senescence - Cellular senescence, Aging senescence - Chemical damage, Aging senescence - Reliability theory, Aging senescence - Neuro-endocrine-immunological theories, Aging senescence - Miscellaneous

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Danny Holly - Previous managers. Shaniqua Nikita Fink Jackie Gayda Victoria Danny Holly - Finishing and signature moves. Inverted DDT Brain Damage (Chokebomb) Elevated DDT (over the top-rope) Back Suplex Top-Rope Back Suplex Double Brain Damage (Aided Chokebomb) Ball and Gag (Russian leg sweep / Clothesline combo) Meat Curtain< ...

See also:

Danny Holly, Danny Holly - Career, Danny Holly - In wrestling, Danny Holly - Previous managers, Danny Holly - Finishing and signature moves, Danny Holly - Championships and accomplishments

Read more here: » Danny Holly: Encyclopedia II - Danny Holly - In wrestling

Recently, early senescence has appeared as a possible unintended outcome of early cloning experiments, notably in the case of Dolly the sheep. A set of rare hereditary (genetic) disorders, each called progeria, has been known for some time. Sufferers exhibit symptoms resembling accelerated aging, including wrinkled skin. The cause of Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome was reported in the journal Nature in May 2003. This report suggests that DNA damage, not oxidative stres ...

See also:

Aging senescence, Aging senescence - Theories of aging, Aging senescence - Evolutionary theories, Aging senescence - Gene regulation, Aging senescence - Cellular senescence, Aging senescence - Chemical damage, Aging senescence - Reliability theory, Aging senescence - Neuro-endocrine-immunological theories, Aging senescence - Miscellaneous

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In 1998, researcher William E. White wrote an article, that has been published at "erowid" under the title "This Is Your Brain On Dissociatives", warning of a possible correlation between high doses of dissociatives and brain damage in humans. The statements were refuted in 2003 by researcher Cliff Anderson and consequently retracted by the author in 2004. Anderson had replied with an article, bearing the polemizing title "The Bad News Isn't In". He quotes J.W. Olney and colleague Nuri B. Farber on the subject: "Th ...

See also:

Olney's lesions, Olney's lesions - Summaries and statements by White and Anderson, Olney's lesions - NMDA-channel-blockers

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The visual cortex is the most massive system in the human brain and is responsible for higher-level processing of the visual image. It lies at the rear of the brain (highlighted in the image), above the cerebellum. The interconnections between layers of the cortex, the thalamus, the cerebellum, the hippocampus and the remainder of the areas of the brain are under active investigation. Currently, much of what is known stems from patients with damage to known areas of the brain, with a corresponding study of ...

See also:

Visual system, Visual system - Eye, Visual system - Optic nerve, Visual system - Optic chiasm, Visual system - Optic tract, Visual system - Lateral geniculate nucleus, Visual system - Optic radiations, Visual system - Visual cortex

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The only way to physiologically stop a person is to damage or disrupt their central nervous system (CNS) to the point that they fall unconscious or die. Bullets can achieve this directly or indirectly. If a bullet causes sufficient damage to the brain (particularly the cerebellum or brain stem) or cervical spinal cord, the CNS damage is direct and nearly instant. However, these targets are well-protected, very small, and mobile, makin ...

See also:

Stopping power, Stopping power - History, Stopping power - Dynamics of bullets, Stopping power - Biological effects, Stopping power - Physiological effects, Stopping power - Psychological effects, Stopping power - Industry penetration requirements, Stopping power - Overpenetration, Stopping power - Other hypotheses of stopping power, Stopping power - Hydrostatic shock, Stopping power - Energy transfer, Stopping power - One-shot stop, Stopping power - Ethical discussion

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All the causes (or etiologies) of epilepsy are not known, but many predisposing factors have been identified, including brain damage resulting from malformations of brain development, head trauma, neurosurgical operations, other penetrating wounds of the brain, brain tumor, high fever, bacterial or viral encephalitis, stroke, intoxication, or acute or inborn disturbances of metabolism. Hereditary o ...

See also:

Epilepsy, Epilepsy - Causes, Epilepsy - Diagnosis, Epilepsy - Types of seizure, Epilepsy - Seizure syndromes, Epilepsy - Treatment, Epilepsy - Responding to a seizure, Epilepsy - Pharmacologic treatment, Epilepsy - Surgical Treatment, Epilepsy - Other Treatment, Epilepsy - History and Stigma, Epilepsy - Legal implications, Epilepsy - Important investigators of epilepsy

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All the causes (or etiologies) of epilepsy are not known, but many predisposing factors have been identified, including brain damage resulting from malformations of brain development, head trauma, neurosurgical operations, other penetrating wounds of the brain, brain tumor, high fever, bacterial or viral encephalitis, stroke, intoxication, or acute or inborn disturbances of metabolism. Hereditary o ...

See also:

Epilepsy, Epilepsy - Diagnosis, Epilepsy - Causes, Epilepsy - Normal provocants, Epilepsy - Types of seizure, Epilepsy - Seizure syndromes, Epilepsy - Treatment, Epilepsy - Responding to a seizure, Epilepsy - Pharmacologic treatment, Epilepsy - Surgical Treatment, Epilepsy - Other Treatment, Epilepsy - History and Stigma, Epilepsy - Legal implications, Epilepsy - Important investigators of epilepsy, Epilepsy - Notes and references

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A few chokeholds (such as one version of Judo's hadaka jime) work by constricting the opponent's trachea, which restricts the air supply and causes pain and possibly physical damage but may not result in unconsciousness quickly. The more efficient chokeholds, the "blood chokes", do not attempt to cut off the opponent's air supply; rather, they work by cutting off the blood supply to the brain by compress ...

See also:

Chokehold, Chokehold - Anatomy of a chokehold, Chokehold - Types of chokeholds, Chokehold - Notes

Read more here: » Chokehold: Encyclopedia II - Chokehold - Anatomy of a chokehold

The neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran discusses the effect of damaged vision on Thurber's imagination in Phantoms in the Brain (cowritten with Sandra Blakeslee, 1998, ISBN 0688172172). He proposes that Thurber had Charles Bonnet syndrome, a mental condition which causes certain victims of eyesight damage to see highly vivid hallucinations. In his essay "The Admiral on the Wheel", Thurber reported seeing hallucinations, including "a gay old lady with a grey parasol walking right through the side of a truck," and "br ...

See also:

James Thurber, James Thurber - Thurber's brain, James Thurber - Quotations, James Thurber - Books, James Thurber - Biographies of Thurber, James Thurber - Literature review

Read more here: » James Thurber: Encyclopedia II - James Thurber - Thurber's brain

People who are overweight are more likely than others to suffer from hypersomnia, and this can often exacerbate their weight problems as their excessive sleep patterns mean they will use up less energy, making it even harder to lose weight. Known causes include heredity and brain damage. Another possible cause is an infection of mononucleosis, as several instances of idiopathic hypersomnia have been found to start up immediately after such an infe ...

See also:

Hypersomnia, Hypersomnia - Diagnosis, Hypersomnia - Causes, Hypersomnia - Treatment

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Exposure to high concentrations of carbon tetrachloride (including vapor) can affect the central nervous system, including the brain. Victims may feel intoxicated and experience headaches, dizziness, sleepiness, and nausea and vomiting. These effects may subside if exposure is stopped, but in severe cases, coma and even death can occur. Chronic exposure to carbon tetrachloride can cause liver and kidney damage. When exposed, the liver swells, and its cells can be damaged or destroyed. The risk of liver damage is greater when one is ex ...

See also:

Carbon tetrachloride, Carbon tetrachloride - Production, Carbon tetrachloride - Chemistry, Carbon tetrachloride - Uses, Carbon tetrachloride - Safety

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The highest velocity injuries tend to have the worst associated damage (Dawodu, 2004). Penetrating injury from any missile such as a bullet has a mortality rate of 92% (Vinas and Pilistis, 2004). Thus, firearms cause the most head injury-related deaths (BIAUSA). Injuries in which the projectile exits the other side are called perforating injuries, and these have an even worse prognosis (Vinas and Pilistis, 2004). Penetrating head trauma can cause loss of abilities controlled by parts of the brain that are damaged. A famous case of pen ...

See also:

Penetrating head injury, Penetrating head injury - Mechanisms, Penetrating head injury - Pathophysiology, Penetrating head injury - Outcome

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CO binds to the hemoglobin, producing carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO), and blocks these sites on hemoglobin where oxygen would normally bind. The reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood results in acute tissue hypoxia. An additional factor impairing oxygen release to the tissues is the left shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve that occurs due to CO. A sufficient exposure to carbon monoxide can reduce the amount of oxygen taken up by the brain to the point that the victim becomes unconscious, and can suffer brain damage or ...

See also:

Carbon monoxide poisoning, Carbon monoxide poisoning - Acute hypoxic injury due to carboxyhemoglobin, Carbon monoxide poisoning - Delayed neurologic damage due to mitochondrial damage, Carbon monoxide poisoning - Particular risk situations, Carbon monoxide poisoning - Physiological role, Carbon monoxide poisoning - Sociological notes, Carbon monoxide poisoning - See Also, Carbon monoxide poisoning - Resources

Read more here: » Carbon monoxide poisoning: Encyclopedia II - Carbon monoxide poisoning - Acute hypoxic injury due to carboxyhemoglobin

Primary dystonia is caused by a pathology of the central nervous system, likely originating in those parts of the brain concerned with motor function, such as the basal ganglia. The precise cause of primary dystonia is unknown. In many cases it probably involves some genetic predisposition towards the disorder combined with environmental conditions. Secondary dystonia refers to dystonia brought on by some identified cause, usually involving brain damage or chemical imbalance. Some cases of (particularly focal) dystonia are brought on after trauma, are induced by certain drugs (tardive dystonia), or may be the result of diseases of the nervo ...

See also:

Dystonia, Dystonia - Causes, Dystonia - Symptoms, Dystonia - Types of Dystonia, Dystonia - The Focal Dystonias, Dystonia - Treatment

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The extensor response can indicate damage of the spinal cord in the thoracal or lumbar region, or brain disease. Occasionally, a pathological plantar reflex is the first (and only) indication of a serious disease process, and a clearly abnormal plantar reflex often prompts detailed neurological investigations, including CT scanning of the brain or MRI of the spine, as well as lumbar puncture for the study of cerebrospinal fluid. Young babies (less than a few months of age) will also show an extensor response. A baby's smaller toes wil ...

See also:

Plantar reflex, Plantar reflex - Methods, Plantar reflex - Interpretation, Plantar reflex - Relationship to Hoffmann sign, Plantar reflex - Eponym

Read more here: » Plantar reflex: Encyclopedia II - Plantar reflex - Interpretation

NEUROMUSCULAR REPROGRAMMING

This therapy utilizes a form of positive kinesthetic conversation with the body to imprint new learnings on the motor control center of the brain, and replace damaged imprints created through trauma, injury, or repetitive strain.

(See also: NEUROMUSCULAR REPROGRAMMING, Alternative Health, Massage, Bodywork, Body Mind and Soul)

The molecular structure of the partially undigested proteins, known as peptides, resemble opiates. It is thought that such peptides have an effect much like opiates in the brain and nervous system. From this premise it follows that long term exposure to these opiate peptides can have many damaging effects on the developing brain and also affects behavior, just as any narcotic would. The opioid peptides involved are identified as casomorphines from cas ...

See also:

Gluten-free casein-free diet, Gluten-free casein-free diet - Theory, Gluten-free casein-free diet - Reported effects, Gluten-free casein-free diet - Practical implementation, Gluten-free casein-free diet - Prevalence, Gluten-free casein-free diet - Other indications, Gluten-free casein-free diet - See Also

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Symptoms of subdural hemorrhage have a slower onset than those of epidural hemorrhages because the lower pressure veins bleed more slowly than arteries. Thus, signs and symptoms may show up within 24 hours but can be delayed as much as 2 weeks (Sanders and McKenna, 2001). If the bleeds are large enough to put pressure on the brain, signs of increased ICP or damage to part of the brain will be present (Wagner, 2004). Other signs and symptoms of subdural hematoma include the following: A history of recent head injury < ...

See also:

Subdural hematoma, Subdural hematoma - Causes, Subdural hematoma - Signs and symptoms, Subdural hematoma - Features, Subdural hematoma - Subtypes, Subdural hematoma - Pathophysiology, Subdural hematoma - Treatment, Subdural hematoma - Risk factors, Subdural hematoma - Prevention

Read more here: » Subdural hematoma: Encyclopedia II - Subdural hematoma - Signs and symptoms