Historically, the first written record of the Pāli canon is believed to have been composed in Sri Lanka, based on a prior oral tradition. The transmission of written Pāli has retained a universal system of alphabetic values, but has expressed those values in a stunning variety of actual scripts. This is confusing to many westerners, who tend to assume that one script is ineluctably tied to one set of phonemes. Early Pāli inscriptions made during the reign of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka were composed in the Ashokan Brahmi script; in ...

See also:

Pāli, Pāli - Language origins and development, Pāli - Lexicon, Pāli - Example of Pāli with English translation, Pāli - Pali Alphabets Unicode, Pāli - Pali text in ASCII, Pāli - Setting up a font for Pali transliteration in Windows

Read more here: » Pāli: Encyclopedia II - Pāli - Pali Alphabets Unicode

Main article: Telugu script The Telugu (తెలుగు) script is believed to descend from the Brahmi script of the Ashokan era. Merchants took the Eastern Chalukyan Script to Southeast Asia where it parented the scripts of Mon, Burmese, Thai, Khmer, C"am, Javanese and Balinese languages. Their similarities to Telugu script can be discerned even today. Its appearance is quite s ...

See also:

Telugu language, Telugu language - History, Telugu language - Classification, Telugu language - Geographic distribution, Telugu language - Official status, Telugu language - Dialects, Telugu language - Derived languages, Telugu language - Sounds, Telugu language - Vowels, Telugu language - Consonants, Telugu language - Phonology, Telugu language - Historical sound changes, Telugu language - Grammar, Telugu language - Location, Telugu language - Motion, Telugu language - Morphosyntactic alignment, Telugu language - Relation, Telugu language - Inclusive/Exclusive Pronouns, Telugu language - Vocabulary, Telugu language - Writing system, Telugu language - Examples, Telugu language - Literature in Telugu

Read more here: » Telugu language: Encyclopedia II - Telugu language - Writing system

Paravar an important community of fishers in Sri Lanka also known as Bharatakula amongst the Sinhalese gets mentioned in a 3rd century B.C inscription in Tamil Nadu---------------------- MADURAI SEPT.14. A rare 3rd century B.C. Tamil Brahmi inscription found near Madurai recently has brought to light the fact that not only Pandyas and Cheras but the chiefs of the coastal region in the State also patronised Jainism in the early period. The discovery by a team of epigraphists, who undertook a survey at Arittapatti in Melur taluk, is a remarkable evidence of history of early ...

See also:

Paravas, Paravas - Occupation, Paravas - History of Paravas:, Paravas - Religion and Paravas, Paravas - History of Conversion of Paravas to Christianity:, Paravas - Paravars in Indian freedom Struggle :, Paravas - Family Names, Paravas - Paravar Parathavar Parathar Bharathar Bharatakula amongst Sinhalese, Paravas - Conversion of the Paravars:, Paravas - St. Francis Xavier, Paravas - Famous people from paravas:

Read more here: » Paravas: Encyclopedia II - Paravas - Paravar Parathavar Parathar Bharathar Bharatakula amongst Sinhalese

Main article: Telugu script The Telugu (తెలుగు) script is believed to descend from the Brahmi script of the Ashokan era. Merchants took the Eastern Chalukyan Script to Southeast Asia where it parented the scripts of Mon, Burmese, Thai, Khmer, C"am, Javanese and Balinese languages. Their similarities to Telugu script can be discerned even today. Its appearance is quite s ...

See also:

Telugu language, Telugu language - History, Telugu language - Classification, Telugu language - Geographic distribution, Telugu language - Official status, Telugu language - Dialects, Telugu language - Derived languages, Telugu language - Sounds, Telugu language - Vowels, Telugu language - Consonants, Telugu language - Phonology, Telugu language - Historical sound changes, Telugu language - Grammar, Telugu language - Location, Telugu language - Motion, Telugu language - Morphosyntactic alignment, Telugu language - Relation, Telugu language - Polyagglutination, Telugu language - Inclusive/Exclusive Pronouns, Telugu language - Vocabulary, Telugu language - Writing system, Telugu language - Examples, Telugu language - Literature in Telugu

Read more here: » Telugu language: Encyclopedia II - Telugu language - Writing system

Decipherment of Brahmi James Princep in 1788, permitted reading of ancient inscriptions in India, which established the antiquity of Jainism. Discovery of Jain manuscripts, a process that continues today, has added significantly to retracing the history of Jainism. Jain archaeological findings are from Maurya, Sunga, Kushana, Rashtrakuta, Chalukya, and Rajput and later period. Several western and Indian scholars have contributed to the reconstruction of Jain history. They include western historians like Bühler, Jacobi, and Indian scholars like Iravat ...

See also:

Jainism, Jainism - Overview of Jain Dharma, Jainism - Universal History and Jain Cosmology, Jainism - Beliefs and practices, Jainism - Jain Symbols, Jainism - Jain Literature, Jainism - Jain Worship and Rituals, Jainism - Digambar and Shvetambar Traditions, Jainism - Geographical spread and influence, Jainism - Jain Contributions to Indian Culture, Jainism - Jainism and Indian Archaeology, Jainism - Holy sites, Jainism - Jain Temples in the West, Jainism - Holy days, Jainism - Jainism and other religions

Read more here: » Jainism: Encyclopedia II - Jainism - Jainism and Indian Archaeology

In 1989, the National Museum acquired the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, found in the Laguna de Bay of Manila, dated Monday April 21, 900 (equivalent to the date Saka Era 822). The script is Javanese Kavi, which is derived from Brahmi. The Siyaka or Saka Era began on the vernal equinox of the year 78 CE, based on Indic jyotisa, or astronomy. The document is not Javanese, but the influence is, because Balitung, the king of Java at that time, is not mentioned, although the date is based on that civilization. The inscription forgives th ...

See also:

History of the Philippines, History of the Philippines - Prehistoric Times, History of the Philippines - Human Arrivals, History of the Philippines - Jar Burial, History of the Philippines - Migration of the Aboriginal Filipinos, History of the Philippines - Sinking of the Land Bridges and the Arrival of the Nesiots, History of the Philippines - The Coming of the Austronesians, History of the Philippines - Trade Items, History of the Philippines - Thalassocracies, History of the Philippines - Historic Times 900-1521, History of the Philippines - Spanish-Mexican Rule 1521-1762; 1764-1898, History of the Philippines - Spanish Conquest, History of the Philippines - Philippines as a Colony of Spain 1565-1815, History of the Philippines - Foreign invaders, History of the Philippines - Challenges to Spanish Rule and the Philippines as a Province of Spain 1781-1898, History of the Philippines - The U.S. Invasion Colonial Period and Regime 1898-1943 1945-1946, History of the Philippines - The U.S. Intervention War with Spain and First Philippine Independence 1898, History of the Philippines - Philippine - U.S. War 1899-1913, History of the Philippines - U.S. Territory 1913-1935, History of the Philippines - Commonwealth Era 1935-1946, History of the Philippines - The Japanese Occupation and World War II 1941-1945, History of the Philippines - Independent Philippines and the Third Republic 1946-1972, History of the Philippines - Martial Law and the Fourth Republic 1972-1986, History of the Philippines - The New Society 1972-1981, History of the Philippines - The New Republic 1981-1986, History of the Philippines - Restoration of Democracy and the Fifth Republic 1986 to present, History of the Philippines - Aquino Presidency 1986-1992, History of the Philippines - Ramos Presidency 1992-1998, History of the Philippines - Estrada Presidency 1998-2001, History of the Philippines - Arroyo Presidency 2001-present, History of the Philippines - Notes, History of the Philippines - External references

Read more here: » History of the Philippines: Encyclopedia II - History of the Philippines - Historic Times 900-1521

Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism. The first known bilingual coins of the Indo-Greeks were issued by Agathocles around 180 BCE. These coins were found in Ai-Khanoum, the great Greco-Bactrian city in northeastern Afghanistan, but introduce for the first time an Indian script (the Brahmi script which had been in use under the Mauryan empire), and the first known representations of Hindu deities, in a very Indian iconography: Krishna-Vasudeva, with his large wheel with six spokes (chakra) and conch (shanka), and his bro ...

See also:

Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Historical outline, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Occupation of Northern India, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Consolidation, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and Indian culture, Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and Buddhism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - The conversion of Menander, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhist proselytism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhist symbolism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Representation of the Buddha, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and other faiths, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Zoroastrianism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greeks in the art of Gandhara, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Scythian and Kushan invasions, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Aftermaths, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art and religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Astronomy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Military role, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Linguistic legacy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Influence of Indo-Greek coinage, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Genetic contribution, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Greco-Roman exchanges with India, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Main Indo-Greek kings timeline and territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greek princelets Gandhara, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Notes

Read more here: » Indo-Greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and other faiths

Archaeological evidence such as various seals and other artifacts from the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3000–1500 BC) has been cited by some scholars as attesting to the faith's roots in pre-Indo-Aryan migration India. (Refer to the discussion page as well as the 'specialized sources', below.) Decipherment of Brahmi by James Princep in 1788, permitted reading of ancient inscriptions in India, which established the antiquity of Jainism. Discovery of Jain manuscripts, a process that continues today, ha ...

See also:

Jainism, Jainism - Overview of Jain Dharma, Jainism - Universal History and Jain Cosmology, Jainism - Beliefs and practices, Jainism - Jain Symbols, Jainism - Jain Literature, Jainism - Jain Worship and Rituals, Jainism - Digambar and Shvetambar Traditions, Jainism - Geographical spread and influence, Jainism - Jain Contributions to Indian Culture, Jainism - Jainism and Indian Archaeology, Jainism - Holy sites, Jainism - Jain Temples in the West, Jainism - Holy days, Jainism - Jainism and other religions

Read more here: » Jainism: Encyclopedia II - Jainism - Jainism and Indian Archaeology

Planetary Ailments

The Planets and their Corresponding Ailments

Sun

Circulatory deficiencies, Anaemia Indigestion

Moon

Circulatory disorder, Lunacy

Mars

Constipation, Flatulence, Liver trouble, Blind piles, Skin Trouble

Mercury

Nervous Disease, Ulcers, Acidity, Blood Pressure, Restlessness, Irritation

Venus

Bronchial disorder, Whooping Cough, Asthma, Dyspepsia, Sexual ailments, Delirium, Obsessions

Saturn

Neurosis, Neuralgia ,Sciatica, Rheumatism, Excretory disorders

Jupiter

Jaundice, Biliousness, Colic Problems Palpitation, Toothache ,Insomnia

Rahu

Hyperacidity ,Burning Sensations, Brain Disorders, Sexual Excesses ,Drinking Problems

Ketu

Skin Disorders, Nervous Debility,Small Pox, Urinary Tract Infections

Herbs to the Rescue

To counter these negative planetary influences, Ayurveda suggests the use of multi-faceted herbs that not only provide curative relief to various physical afflictions but are also endowed with the preventive power to combat planetary interference.

Venus

Hydrocotyle asiatica (Mandukparni)

Jupiter

Swertia Chirata (Chirata)

Sun

Aegle Marmelus

Ketu

Withania Somnifera (Aswagandha)

Saturn

Nyetanthes arbortristis (Shefali)

Desmostachya bipinnata (Dhuva)

Mars

Hemidesmus indicum (Anantmool)

Rahu

Bacopa monierri (Brahmi)

Mercury

Bacopa monierri (Brahmi)

Moon

Cueumis Satirus

Cucumber (Khirika)

Gemology

In exactly the same manner precious gemstones such as rubies, diamonds, pearls, red corals, sapphires etc. can influence the effects of the planets substantially. Although they can minimise the impact of planetary afflictions, they should always be worn with care and on recommendation of an experienced astrologer. For the wrong stone can aggravate the condition and even cause fresh problems.

PLANET * DISEASE *GEM

Mars, Mercury, Moon

Rheumatism, musculo skeletal

Red coral, emerald, dark blue pearl,

Saturn, Sun

Problems and bone diseases

sapphire, ruby

Mars, Mercury

Digestive diseases, diabetes

Red coral, white coral,emerald

Saturn, Ketu

Diseases of the nervous system

Dark blue sapphire

Mercury, Mars, Ketu

Psychol0ogical diseases, including hysteria

Emerald in the night, red coral in the day

Mars, Saturn, Rahu

Skin diseases

White coral, yellow sapphire

Saturn, Mars, Moon,Venus, Mercury, Jupiter

Urinary and gynecological problems

Pearl, diamond, red coral, yellow sapphire, emerald, topaz

Saturn, Mars

Dental problems

Sapphire, red coral

Saturn, Mars

Ear nose, and throat problems

Yellow sapphire, white coral

Saturn, Mars

Blood-related problems

Dark blue sapphire, emerald, ruby

(See also: Planetary Ailments, Ayurveda, Ayurvedic Dictionary, Alternative Health, Body Mind and Soul)

Tocharian is documented in manuscript fragments, mostly from the 7th and 8th centuries (with a few earlier ones) that were written on palm leaves, wooden tablets and Chinese paper, preserved by the extremely dry climate of the Tarim Basin. Samples of the language have been discovered at sites in Kucha and Karasahr, including many mural inscriptions. Tocharian A and B are not intercomprehensible. Properly speaking, based on the tentative interpretation of twqry as related to Tokharoi, only Tocharian A may be referred to a ...

See also:

Tocharian languages, Tocharian languages - Phonetics, Tocharian languages - Writing system, Tocharian languages - Cultural significance

Read more here: » Tocharian languages: Encyclopedia II - Tocharian languages - Writing system

The Halant (੍) character is not used when writing Punjabi in Gurmukhi. However, it may occasionally be used in Sanskritised text or in dictionaries for extra phonetic information. When it is used, it represents the suppression of the inherent vowel. The affect of this is shown below: ਕ – Ka ਕ੍ – K ...

See also:

Gurmukhī script, Gurmukhī script - Origins, Gurmukhī script - Gurmukhi etymology, Gurmukhī script - Alphabet, Gurmukhī script - Vowels, Gurmukhī script - Vowel Examples, Gurmukhī script - Halant, Gurmukhī script - Numerals, Gurmukhī script - Other Signs, Gurmukhī script - Visarg, Gurmukhī script - Ek Onkar, Gurmukhī script - Gurmukhi in Unicode, Gurmukhī script - Bibliography

Read more here: » Gurmukhī script: Encyclopedia II - Gurmukhī script - Halant

The Unicode range for Gurmukhi is U+0A00 to U+0A7F. Using Unicode for Gurmukhi has only recently started to become widespread. Many sites still use proprietary fonts that convert Latin ASCII codes to Gurmukhi glyphs. ...

See also:

Gurmukhī script, Gurmukhī script - Origins, Gurmukhī script - Gurmukhi etymology, Gurmukhī script - Alphabet, Gurmukhī script - Vowels, Gurmukhī script - Vowel Examples, Gurmukhī script - Halant, Gurmukhī script - Numerals, Gurmukhī script - Other Signs, Gurmukhī script - Visarg, Gurmukhī script - Ek Onkar, Gurmukhī script - Gurmukhi in Unicode, Gurmukhī script - Bibliography

Read more here: » Gurmukhī script: Encyclopedia II - Gurmukhī script - Gurmukhi in Unicode

Massage and its remedial effects

Massage reduces muscle-tension and relieves pain, opens the pores of the skin, thus eliminating poisons from the body through sweat. It also speeds up blood circulation.

The literal meaning of 'massage' is manipulation of the soft tissues of the body using the hands. In naturopathy, massage occupies a very important place in the treatment of diseases of all kinds. For centuries, massage has been used as a remedy in India, Greece, Rome, China, Egypt and a host of other countries.

Procedure

According to the modern system of physiotherapy, the process begins with massaging upper limbs (arms) and lower limbs (legs) followed by the chest, abdomen, back and hips, and ending with the face and the head. As far as possible, massage with the hands to derive complete benefit.

According to modern therapy, the massage strokes are directed towards the heart. According to Ayurdeva, massage is known as snehan (oleation) and should be given to a patient before panchakarma treatment. Panchakarmas are the five basic principles to clean and detoxify or purify the body. They are:

·      Vamana (emesis)

·      Virechana (puragation)

·      Nruha (medicated anema)

·      Anuvasana (unctuous anema -

·      preparation with oil or other unctuous substance)

·      Nasya (inhalation therapy)

Massage should always be followed by svedana (fermentation). Snehana and svedana are the two purvakarmas that should be given before panchakarma treatment.

Benefits

1. Massage is used to improve blood circulation, to reduce oedema,

 adhesions in tissues after injury, reduce muscular spasm and improve

 muscle tone.

2. Massage reduces muscle-tension and relieves pain, opens the pores

 of the skin, thus eliminating poisons from the body through sweat.

3. It also speeds up blood circulation, hence reducing swelling

 (oedema), relieving tension of the nerves and soothing them.

4. It stimulates the digestive system and activates the urinary system.

Rules on massage oil

1. For patients with pains, use Narayan Taila, or Mahanarayan Taila.

2. For weakness, use Narayan Taila, Chandan Bala Lakshdi Taila.

3. For patients with joint pains (rheumatism), use Saindhavadi Taila.

4. For patients with burning sensation problems and sleeplessness, use

 Bhringraj Taila and Brahmi Taila.

5. For patients with skin diseases, use Kushthararakshas Taila, Nimba

 Taila and Bakuchi Taila.

Massage produces heat. After half an hour of getting a massage done, a hot water bath or shower can be taken. The head should be bathed with lukewarm water.

Contraindications

1. Massage is not recommended in any type of fevers.

2.Massage is not recommended during pregnancy.

3.Abdominal massage should be avoided in case of diarrhoea, ulcers, appendicities and tumours in the abdomen.

Excessive oil after massage should be removed with gram flour (besan) and not with soap. Peeli mitti (Indian yellow clay) is also excellent for washing the body. It has a cooling effect on the skin and nerves.

(See also: Massage, Ayurveda, Ayurvedic Dictionary, Alternative Health, Body Mind and Soul)

Massage and its remedial effects

Massage reduces muscle-tension and relieves pain, opens the pores of the skin, thus eliminating poisons from the body through sweat. It also speeds up blood circulation.

The literal meaning of 'massage' is manipulation of the soft tissues of the body using the hands. In naturopathy, massage occupies a very important place in the treatment of diseases of all kinds. For centuries, massage has been used as a remedy in India, Greece, Rome, China, Egypt and a host of other countries.

Procedure

According to the modern system of physiotherapy, the process begins with massaging upper limbs (arms) and lower limbs (legs) followed by the chest, abdomen, back and hips, and ending with the face and the head. As far as possible, massage with the hands to derive complete benefit.

According to modern therapy, the massage strokes are directed towards the heart. According to Ayurdeva, massage is known as snehan (oleation) and should be given to a patient before panchkarma treatment. Panchkarmas are the five basic principles to clean and detoxify or purify the body. They are:

·      Vamana (emesis)

·      Virechana (puragation)

·      Nruha (medicated anema)

·      Anuvasana (unctuous anema -

·      preparation with oil or other unctuous substance)

·      Nasya (inhalation therapy)

Massage should always be followed by svedana (fermentation). Snehana and svedana are the two purvakarmas that should be given before panchkarma treatment.

Benefits

1. Massage is used to improve blood circulation, to reduce oedema,

 adhesions in tissues after injury, reduce muscular spasm and improve

 muscle tone.

2. Massage reduces muscle-tension and relieves pain, opens the pores

 of the skin, thus eliminating poisons from the body through sweat.

3. It also speeds up blood circulation, hence reducing swelling

 (oedema), relieving tension of the nerves and soothing them.

4. It stimulates the digestive system and activates the urinary system.

Rules on massage oil

1. For patients with pains, use Narayan Taila, or Mahanarayan Taila.

2. For weakness, use Narayan Taila, Chandan Bala Lakshdi Taila.

3. For patients with joint pains (rheumatism), use Saindhavadi Taila.

4. For patients with burning sensation problems and sleeplessness, use

 Bhringraj Taila and Brahmi Taila.

5. For patients with skin diseases, use Kushthararakshas Taila, Nimba

 Taila and Bakuchi Taila.

Massage produces heat. After half an hour of getting a massage done, a hot water bath or shower can be taken. The head should be bathed with lukewarm water.

Contraindications

1. Massage is not recommended in any type of fevers.

2.Massage is not recommended during pregnancy.

3.Abdominal massage should be avoided in case of diarrhoea, ulcers, appendicities and tumours in the abdomen.

Excessive oil after massage should be removed with gram flour (besan) and not with soap. Peeli mitti (Indian yellow clay) is also excellent for washing the body. It has a cooling effect on the skin and nerves.

(See also: Massage, Ayurveda, Ayurvedic Dictionary, Alternative Health, Body Mind and Soul)

In Jainism, Om is regarded to be a condensed form of reference to the five parameshthis. The Dravyasamgrah quotes an ancient Prakrit line: ओम एकाक्षर पञ्चपरमेष्ठिनामादिपम् तत्कथमिति चेत "अरिहंता असरीरा आयरिया तह उवज्झाया मुणियां", "om" one akshara, is made from the initials of the five parameshthis. It has been said: "Arihanta, Ashiri (i.e. siddha), Acharya, Upadhyaya, Munis(sadhus)" Thus ओं नमः (om na ...

See also:

Aum, Aum - The Significance of the Symbol Om, Aum - Aum in Hindu tradition, Aum - Origin, Aum - Philosophy of AUM, Aum - Om in Jain tradition, Aum - Om in Buddhist tradition, Aum - Om in Sikh tradition, Aum - When you pronounce AUM:, Aum - Some quotations from Hindu scriptures regarding AUM, Aum - Other traditions interpretations and understandings

Read more here: » Aum: Encyclopedia II - Aum - Om in Jain tradition

With Buddhism's evolution and breaking away from Vedic/Hindu tradition, Aum and other symbology/cosmology/philosophies were co-opted from the Hindu tradition. This character often appeared as "唵" in Buddhist scripts in East Asia. In Buddhism this syllable is almost never transliterated as Aum, but instead as Om. This syllable is also incorporated in the mantra "Om Mani Padme Hum". ...

See also:

Aum, Aum - The Significance of the Symbol Om, Aum - Aum in Hindu tradition, Aum - Origin, Aum - Philosophy of AUM, Aum - Om in Jain tradition, Aum - Om in Buddhist tradition, Aum - Om in Sikh tradition, Aum - When you pronounce AUM:, Aum - Some quotations from Hindu scriptures regarding AUM, Aum - Other traditions interpretations and understandings

Read more here: » Aum: Encyclopedia II - Aum - Om in Buddhist tradition

See main article Burmese alphabet The Burmese script derives from the Mon script, which was prevalent in Lower Burma. Notable features of the Burmese script are: It is syllabic, with letters having an inherent vowel (a). The rounded script came from the usage of palm leaves as primary writing material during ancient times. Its tones are indicated by various diacritics an ...

See also:

Burmese language, Burmese language - Dialects and accents, Burmese language - Romanisation, Burmese language - Script, Burmese language - Grammar, Burmese language - Adjectives, Burmese language - Verbs, Burmese language - Nouns, Burmese language - Pronouns, Burmese language - Phonology, Burmese language - Consonants, Burmese language - Vowels, Burmese language - Tones, Burmese language - Syllable structure, Burmese language - Vocabulary, Burmese language - Bibliography

Read more here: » Burmese language: Encyclopedia II - Burmese language - Script

The Unicode range for Gujarati script is from U+0A80 to U+0AFF. The ISCII Code-page identifier for Gujarati script is 57010. The table below shows the glyphs that are implemented in Unicode standard 4.0.0. Gray boxes indicate the code-points that are undefined/unused. For further details regarding Unicode Code-points and standards, you may refer to Unicode Code-chart — Standard 4.1. ...

See also:

Gujarati script, Gujarati script - Gujarati Alphabets special symbols and numbers, Gujarati script - Sentence construction, Gujarati script - Resemblance with Devanagari, Gujarati script - Alphabet table, Gujarati script - Alphabet and script related reference and resources, Gujarati script - Gujarati in Unicode, Gujarati script - Gujarati keyboard layouts, Gujarati script - Inscript keyboard layout, Gujarati script - Keyboard and script resources, Gujarati script - How To: Use Unicode for creating Gujarati script

Read more here: » Gujarati script: Encyclopedia II - Gujarati script - Gujarati in Unicode

Gujarati script - Inscript keyboard layout. Gujarati script - Keyboard and script resources. The India Linux Project - Gujarati Online (Unicode) keyboard for many languages MS Windows keyboard layout reference for major world languages Sun Microsystem reference: Indic keyboard layouts Linux: Indic language support Microsoft — Indic language website: Use of Gujarati Input Method Editor (IME) (free download) How To: S ...

See also:

Gujarati script, Gujarati script - Gujarati Alphabets special symbols and numbers, Gujarati script - Sentence construction, Gujarati script - Resemblance with Devanagari, Gujarati script - Alphabet table, Gujarati script - Alphabet and script related reference and resources, Gujarati script - Gujarati in Unicode, Gujarati script - Gujarati keyboard layouts, Gujarati script - Inscript keyboard layout, Gujarati script - Keyboard and script resources, Gujarati script - How To: Use Unicode for creating Gujarati script

Read more here: » Gujarati script: Encyclopedia II - Gujarati script - Gujarati keyboard layouts

Bindi (ਂ) and Tippi (ੰ) are used for nasalisation (similar to the ‘n’ sound in words ending in ‘ing’). In general, Onkar (ੁ) and Dulankar (ੂ) take Bindi in their initial forms and Tippi when used after a consonant. All other short vowels take Tippi and all other long vowels take Bindi. Older texts may not follow these conventions. The use of Addak (ੱ) indicates that the following consonant is geminate. This means that th ...

See also:

Gurmukhī script, Gurmukhī script - Origins, Gurmukhī script - Gurmukhi etymology, Gurmukhī script - Alphabet, Gurmukhī script - Vowels, Gurmukhī script - Vowel Examples, Gurmukhī script - Halant, Gurmukhī script - Numerals, Gurmukhī script - Other Signs, Gurmukhī script - Visarg, Gurmukhī script - Ek Onkar, Gurmukhī script - Gurmukhi in Unicode, Gurmukhī script - Bibliography

Read more here: » Gurmukhī script: Encyclopedia II - Gurmukhī script - Other Signs

The Gurmukhi alphabet contains thirty-five distinct letters. The first three letters are unique because they form the basis for vowels and are not consonants. Except for Aira, the first three characters are never used on their own. See the section on vowels for further details. In addition to these, there are six consonants created by placing a dot (bindi) at the foot (pair) of the consonant: Lulla paireen bindi was only recently added to the Gurmukhi alphabet. Some s ...

See also:

Gurmukhī script, Gurmukhī script - Origins, Gurmukhī script - Gurmukhi etymology, Gurmukhī script - Alphabet, Gurmukhī script - Vowels, Gurmukhī script - Vowel Examples, Gurmukhī script - Halant, Gurmukhī script - Numerals, Gurmukhī script - Other Signs, Gurmukhī script - Visarg, Gurmukhī script - Ek Onkar, Gurmukhī script - Gurmukhi in Unicode, Gurmukhī script - Bibliography

Read more here: » Gurmukhī script: Encyclopedia II - Gurmukhī script - Alphabet

Devanāgarī - INSCRIPT. Devanāgarī - Typewriter. ...

See also:

Devanāgarī, Devanāgarī - Origins, Devanāgarī - Etymology, Devanāgarī - Principles, Devanāgarī - Symbols of Devanagari, Devanāgarī - Ligatures, Devanāgarī - Devanagari in Unicode, Devanāgarī - Devanagari Keyboard Layouts, Devanāgarī - INSCRIPT, Devanāgarī - Typewriter, Devanāgarī - Software

Read more here: » Devanāgarī: Encyclopedia II - Devanāgarī - Devanagari Keyboard Layouts