Encyclopedia - Bose-einstein Condensate: Encyclopedia - Bose-einstein Condensate
A Bose-Einstein condensate is a phase of matter formed by bosons cooled to temperatures very near to absolute zero. The first such conden...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bose-einstein Condensate: Encyclopedia Ii - Bose-einstein Condensate - Theory
The collapse of the atoms into a single quantum state is known as Bose condensation or Bose-Einstein condensation. This phenomenon was pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Matter: Encyclopedia - Matter
Matter is commonly referred to as the substance of which physical objects are composed. It constitutes the observable Universe. According...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Superfluid: Encyclopedia Ii - Superfluid - Background
The superfluid transition is displayed by quantum liquids below a characteristic transition temperature. The phase change to the superflu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bose Gas: Encyclopedia Ii - Bose Gas - Inclusion Of The Ground State
The total number of particles is found from the grand potential by The polylogarithm term must remain real and positive, and the maxim...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1995: Encyclopedia - 1995
1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. It was the first year of the International Decade of the Wo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia - Magnetism
In physics, magnetism is one of the phenomena by which materials exert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials. Magnetism - ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bose: Encyclopedia - Bose
Bose or Bosé may refer to: People: (Bose is a Bengali, German, or Italian surname) Amar Bose, MIT professor; founder of the Bose Corpor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - August 2005: Encyclopedia - August 2005
2005 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- → August 2005...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Axion: Encyclopedia - Axion
The axion is a hypothetical exotic particle postulated by Peccei-Quinn theory to resolve the strong-CP problem in quantum chromodynamics ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carl Wieman: Encyclopedia - Carl Wieman
Carl Edwin Wieman (born March 26, 1951) is an American physicist of the University of Colorado at Boulder who (with Eric Allin Cornell), ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - University Of Otago: Encyclopedia - University Of Otago
The University of Otago in Dunedin is New Zealand's oldest university. It is the South Island's largest employer and claims to have the w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Condensed Matter Physics: Encyclopedia - Condensed Matter Physics
Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is conc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coherent State: Encyclopedia - Coherent State
In quantum mechanics a coherent state is a specific kind of quantum state of the quantum harmonic oscillator whose dynamics most closely ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Albert Einstein: Encyclopedia - Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879–April 18, 1955) was a Jewish theoretical physicist, born in Ulm, Germany, who is widely regarded as the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bose-einstein Statistics: Encyclopedia - Bose-einstein Statistics
In statistical mechanics, Bose-Einstein statistics (or more colloquially B-E statistics) determines the statistical distribution of ident...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bose Gas: Encyclopedia Ii - Bose Gas - Thermodynamics
Adding the ground state to the equation for the particle number corresponds to adding the equivalent ground state term to the grand poten...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Superfluid: Encyclopedia Ii - Superfluid - Recent Discoveries
Physicists at MIT in Cambridge recently discovered a new form of matter, a superfluid gas of atoms. They used the lithium-6 isotope and c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - June 5: Encyclopedia - June 5
June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. June 5 - Events. 70 - Ti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Superfluid: Encyclopedia Ii - Superfluid - Recent Discoveries
Physicists at MIT in Cambridge recently created a new form of matter, a superfluid gas of atoms. They used the lithium-6 isotope and cool...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bose Gas: Encyclopedia Ii - Bose Gas - The Thomas-fermi Approximation
The thermodynamics of an ideal Bose gas is best calculated using the grand partition function. The grand partition function for a Bose ga...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Superfluid: Encyclopedia Ii - Superfluid - Applications
One important application of superfluidity is in dilution refrigerators. Recently in the field of chemistry, superfluid helium-4 has been...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Speed Of Light: Encyclopedia Ii - Speed Of Light - Physics
Speed of light - Constant velocity from all reference frames. It is important to realise that the speed of light is not a "speed limit"...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetically Induced Transparency: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetically Induced Transparency - Theory
There are several different approaches to a theoretical treatment of EIT. One approach is to extend the density matrix treatment used to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laser Applications: Encyclopedia Ii - Laser Applications - Military
Laser applications - Defensive applications. Recently, some progress has been made in the use of the laser as a directed energy weapon,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Matter: Encyclopedia Ii - Matter - Matter In Science
In physics, it is everything that is constituted of elementary fermions. Matter occupies space and has mass. It is composed predominantly...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Satyendra Nath Bose: Encyclopedia Ii - Satyendra Nath Bose - The Error That Wasn't
There are three outcomes. What is the probability of producing two heads? While at University of Dhaka, Bose wrote a short article called...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acoustic Hawking Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Acoustic Hawking Radiation - Controversy: Identity Of Radiated Information
Although the "classical" and "quantum" descriptions of the overall statistical characteristics of the emitted radiation agree, the nature...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Statistical Mechanics: Encyclopedia Ii - Statistical Mechanics - Canonical Ensemble
Invoking the concept of the canonical ensemble, it is possible to derive the probability Pi that a macroscopic system in thermal equilibr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Albert Einstein: Encyclopedia Ii - Albert Einstein - Biography
Albert Einstein - Youth and college. Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 at Ulm in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, about 100 km east of St...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transuranium Element: Encyclopedia Ii - Transuranium Element - List Of The Transuranic Elements:
93 neptunium Np 94 plutonium Pu 95 americium Am 96 curium Cm 97 berkelium Bk 98 californium Cf 99 einsteinium Es 100 fermium Fm 101 mende...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1995: Encyclopedia Ii - 1995 - Events
1995 - January. January 1 - Austria, Finland and Sweden enter the European Union January 1 - Fred West, accused of mass murder, hangs ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - University Of Otago: Encyclopedia Ii - University Of Otago - Notable Alumni And Alumnae
(with Hall of Residence, if any, in parentheses where known) Arthur Henry Adams, journalist and writer Barbara Anderson David Benson-Pop...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1995: Encyclopedia Ii - 1995 - Events
1995 - January. January 1 - Austria, Finland and Sweden enter the European Union January 1 - Fred West, accused of mass murder, hangs ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Types Of Magnets
Magnetism - Electromagnets. Electromagnets are useful in cases where a magnet must be switched on or off; for instance, large cranes to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pareto Distribution: Encyclopedia Ii - Pareto Distribution - Properties
If X is a random variable with a Pareto distribution, then the probability that X is greater than some number x is given by: for all x...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Types Of Magnets
Magnetism - Electromagnets. Electromagnets are useful in cases where a magnet must be switched on or off; for instance, large cranes to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bose-einstein Statistics: Encyclopedia Ii - Bose-einstein Statistics - History
In the early 1920s Satyendra Nath Bose was intrigued by Einstein's theory of light waves being made of particles called photons. Bose was...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coherent State: Encyclopedia Ii - Coherent State - Quantum Mechanical Definition
Mathematically, the coherent state is defined to be the eigenstate of the annihilation operator a. Formally, this reads: Note that si...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Equation Of State: Encyclopedia Ii - Equation Of State - Examples Of Equations Of State
In the following equations the variables are defined as follows, any consistent set of units can be used although SI units are preferred:...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Albert Einstein: Encyclopedia Ii - Albert Einstein - Biography
Albert Einstein - Youth and college. Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 at Ulm in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, about 100 km east of St...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - June 5: Encyclopedia Ii - June 5 - Births
June 5 - 1341 to 1899. 1341 - Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, son of Edward III of England (d. 1402) 1493 - Justus Jonas, German ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Exotic Matter: Encyclopedia Ii - Exotic Matter - Forward's Analysis
Although no particles are known to have negative mass, physicists (primarily Robert L. Forward) have been able to describe some of the an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coherent State: Encyclopedia Ii - Coherent State - Coherent States In Quantum Optics
In classical optics light is thought of as electromagnetic waves radiating from a source. Specifically, coherent light is thought of as l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acoustic Hawking Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Acoustic Hawking Radiation - Historical Dates
1784: John Michell publishes a research paper outlining the light-trapping properties of the Newtonian predecessor of the black hole, (no...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acoustic Hawking Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Acoustic Hawking Radiation - Overlap Of Quantum And Classical Behaviour
Explanations of Hawking radiation around a black hole often use a description of quantum-mechanical pair production effects occurring on ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Magnetic Dipoles .
Normally, magnetic fields are seen as dipoles, having a "South pole" and a "North pole"; terms dating back to the use of magnets as compa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acoustic Hawking Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Acoustic Hawking Radiation - Gravitational Analogues
Since "non-gravitational" Hawking radiation effects are usually considered to be analogous to the behaviour around black holes, they are ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acoustic Hawking Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Acoustic Hawking Radiation - Analogy Vs Identity
Visser, "Acoustic Black Holes" (1999): "This partial isomorphism is the basis of a very useful analogy whereby parts of General Relativit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Magnetic Monopoles .
Contrary to normal experience, some theoretical physics models predict the existence of magnetic monopoles. Paul Dirac observed in 1931 t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pareto Distribution: Encyclopedia Ii - Pareto Distribution - Parameter Estimation
The likelihood function for the Pareto distribution parameters k and xm, given a sample x = (x1,x2,...,xn), is Therefore, the logarith...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1995: Encyclopedia Ii - 1995 - Deaths
1995 - January-February. January 1 - Fred West, English serial killer (suicide) (b. 1941) January 1 - Eugene Wigner, Hungarian physici...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laser Applications: Encyclopedia Ii - Laser Applications - Scientific
Laser applications - Spectroscopy. Most types of laser are an inherently pure source of light; they emit near-monochromatic light with ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Atomic Magnetic Dipoles
The physical cause of the magnetism of objects, as distinct from electrical currents, is the atomic magnetic dipole. Magnetic dipoles, or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Charged Particle In A Magnetic Field
When a charged particle moves through a magnetic field B, it feels a force F given by the cross product: where is the electric charg...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Albert Einstein: Encyclopedia Ii - Albert Einstein - Popularity And Cultural Impact
Einstein's popularity has led to widespread use of Einstein in advertising and merchandising, including the registration of "Albert Einst...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetically Induced Transparency: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetically Induced Transparency - Material Requirements
There are specific restrictions on the configuration of the three states. Two of the three possible transitions between the states must b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pareto Distribution: Encyclopedia Ii - Pareto Distribution - Pareto Lorenz And Gini
The Lorenz curve is often used to characterize income and wealth distributions. For any distribution, the Lorenz curve L(F) is written in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Albert Einstein: Encyclopedia Ii - Albert Einstein - Personality
Albert Einstein was much respected for his kind and friendly demeanor rooted in his pacifism. He was modest about his abilities, and had ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transuranium Element: Encyclopedia Ii - Transuranium Element - Super Heavy Atoms
Super-heavy atoms are the transactinide elements beginning with rutherfordium (atomic number 104). They have all been made artificially a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Exotic Matter: Encyclopedia Ii - Exotic Matter - Which Way Does Antimatter Fall?
Virtually every modern physicist suspects that antimatter has positive mass and should fall down just like normal matter. That being said...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Exotic Matter: Encyclopedia Ii - Exotic Matter - Negative Mass
Ever since Newton first formulated his theory of gravity, there have been at least three conceptually distinct quantities called mass. Ho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - June 5: Encyclopedia Ii - June 5 - Deaths
June 5 - 535 to 1899. 535 - Epiphanius of Constantinople, patriarch of Constantinople 1017 - Sanjo, Emperor of Japan (b. 976) 1118 - R...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1995: Encyclopedia Ii - 1995 - Deaths
1995 - January-February. January 1 - Fred West, English serial killer (suicide) (b. 1941) January 1 - Eugene Wigner, Hungarian physici...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Atomic Magnetic Dipoles
The physical cause of the magnetism of objects, as distinct from electrical currents, is the atomic magnetic dipole. Magnetic dipoles, or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Albert Einstein: Encyclopedia Ii - Albert Einstein - Popularity And Cultural Impact
Einstein's popularity has led to widespread use of Einstein in advertising and merchandising, including the registration of "Albert Einst...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Albert Einstein: Encyclopedia Ii - Albert Einstein - Personality
Albert Einstein was much respected for his kind and friendly demeanor rooted in his pacifism. He was modest about his abilities, and had ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coherent State: Encyclopedia Ii - Coherent State - Mathematical Characteristics
The coherent state does not display all the nice mathematical features of a Fock state; for instance two different coherent states are no...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coherent State: Encyclopedia Ii - Coherent State - Coherent States Of Bose-einstein Condensates
A Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is a collection of boson atoms that are all in the same quantum state. An approximate theoretical desc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Speed Of Light: Encyclopedia Ii - Speed Of Light - History
Until relatively recent times, the speed of light was largely a matter of conjecture. Empedocles maintained that light was something in m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Magnetic Monopoles
Contrary to normal experience, some theoretical physics models predict the existence of magnetic monopoles. Paul Dirac observed in 1931 t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Statistical Mechanics: Encyclopedia Ii - Statistical Mechanics - Grand Canonical Ensemble
If the system under study is an open system, (matter can be exchanged), and particle number is conserved, we would have to introduce chem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Magnetic Dipoles
Normally, magnetic fields are seen as dipoles, having a "South pole" and a "North pole"; terms dating back to the use of magnets as compa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Statistical Mechanics: Encyclopedia Ii - Statistical Mechanics - Equivalence Between Descriptions At The Thermodynamic Limit
All the above descriptions differ in the way they allow the given system to fluctuate between its configurations. In the micro-canonical ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Speed Of Light: Encyclopedia Ii - Speed Of Light - Overview
According to standard modern physical theory, all electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, propagates (or moves) at a constant...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Speed Of Light: Encyclopedia Ii - Speed Of Light - Communications
The speed of light is of relevance to communications. For example, given that the equatorial circumference of the Earth is 40,075 km...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Statistical Mechanics: Encyclopedia Ii - Statistical Mechanics - Fundamental Postulate
The fundamental postulate in statistical mechanics (also known as the equal a priori probability postulate) is the following: Given an i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Statistical Mechanics: Encyclopedia Ii - Statistical Mechanics - Microcanonical Ensemble
Since the second law of thermodynamics applies to isolated systems, the first case investigated will correspond to this case. The Microca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Charged Particle In A Magnetic Field
When a charged particle moves through a magnetic field B, it feels a force F given by the cross product: where is the electric charg...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1995: Encyclopedia Ii - 1995 - Nobel Prizes
1995 - The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. Robert Lucas, Jr. ... See also:1995, 1995 - Events,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - University Of Otago: Encyclopedia Ii - University Of Otago - Faculties
Administratively, the university is divided into four divisions: Commerce, Health Sciences, Humanities, and Sciences. For external and ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - University Of Otago: Encyclopedia Ii - University Of Otago - Distinctions
Many Fellowships add to the diversity of the people associated with "Otago". They include: Robert Burns Fellowship (literature) Caroline...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - University Of Otago: Encyclopedia Ii - University Of Otago - Colleges And Halls
The vast majority of first year ('fresher') students at the University of Otago stay in one of the many Halls of Residence. These provide...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bose-einstein Condensate: Encyclopedia Ii - Bose-einstein Condensate - Current Research
Compared to more commonly-encountered states of matter Bose-Einstein condensates are extremely fragile. The slightest interaction with th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bose-einstein Condensate: Encyclopedia Ii - Bose-einstein Condensate - Discovery
In 1938, Pyotr Kapitsa, John Allen and Don Misener discovered that helium-4 became a new kind of fluid, now known as a superfluid, at tem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bose-einstein Condensate: Encyclopedia Ii - Bose-einstein Condensate - Unusual Characteristics
Further experimentation by the JILA team in 2000 uncovered a hitherto unknown property of Bose-Einstein condensate. Cornell, Wieman, and ...   » Read the article