A Bose-Einstein condensate is a phase of matter formed by bosons cooled to temperatures very near to absolute zero. The first such condensate was produced by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman in 1995 at the University of Colorado at Boulder, using a gas of rubidium atoms cooled to 170 nanokelvins (nK). Under such conditions, a large fraction of the atoms collapse into the lowest quantum state. Bose-Einstein condensate - Introduction. Bose-Einstein condensates are best known to laymen as extremely low temperature ...

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Bose-Einstein condensate - Introduction Bose-Einstein condensate - Theory Bose-Einstein condensate - Discovery Bose-Einstein condensate - Unusual characteristics Bose-Einstein condensate - Current research

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Bose-Einstein condensate, Bose-Einstein condensate - Introduction, Bose-Einstein condensate - Theory, Bose-Einstein condensate - Discovery, Bose-Einstein condensate - Unusual characteristics, Bose-Einstein condensate - Current research

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Matter is commonly referred to as the substance of which physical objects are composed. It constitutes the observable Universe. According to the theory of relativity there is no distinction between matter and energy, because matter can be converted to energy (see annihilation), and vice versa (see matter creation). Philosophically, matter constitutes the formless substratum of all things, which exists only potentially and from which reality is produced. In the sense of cont ...

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Matter - Matter in Science

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The superfluid transition is displayed by quantum liquids below a characteristic transition temperature. The phase change to the superfluid state is referred to as the lambda transition, because the shape of the specific heat curve vs. temperature resembles the greek letter lambda(Λ). Helium-4, the most abundant isotope of helium, becomes superfluid at temperatures below 2.17 K (−270.98 °C). The less abundant isotope Helium-3 becomes superfluid at a much lower temperature of 2.6 mK, only a few tho ...

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Superfluid, Superfluid - Background, Superfluid - Applications, Superfluid - Recent discoveries, Superfluid - Books

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The total number of particles is found from the grand potential by The polylogarithm term must remain real and positive, and the maximum value it can possibly have is at z=1 where it is equal to ζ(α) where ζ is the Riemann zeta function. For a fixed N , the largest possible value that β can have is a critical value βc  where This corresponds to a critical temperature Tc=1/kβc below which the Thomas-Fermi approximation breaks down. The above equation can be ...

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Bose gas, Bose gas - The Thomas-Fermi approximation, Bose gas - Inclusion of the ground state, Bose gas - Thermodynamics

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1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. It was the first year of the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People (1995-2005): http://www.unesco.org/culture/indigenous/ 1995 - Events. 1995 - January. January 1 - Austria, Finland and Sweden enter the European Union January 1 - Fred West, accused of mass murder, hangs himself in Winson Green Prison, Birmingham January 1 - World Trade Organization ...

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1995 - Events
1995 - January 1995 - February 1995 - March 1995 - April 1995 - May 1995 - June 1995 - July 1995 - August 1995 - September 1995 - October 1995 - November 1995 - December 1995 - Unknown dates
1995 - Births 1995 - Deaths
1995 - January-February 1995 - March-June 1995 - July-December 1995 - Unknown date
1995 - Nobel Prizes
1995 - The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
1995 - Templeton Prize 1995 - Right Livelihood Award

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In physics, magnetism is one of the phenomena by which materials exert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials. Magnetism - Magnetic materials. Some well known materials that exhibit easily detectable magnetic properties are iron, some steels, and the mineral lodestone; however, all materials are influenced to one degree or another by the presence of a magnetic field, although in most cases the influence is too small to detect without special equipment.

Bose or Bosé may refer to: People: (Bose is a Bengali, German, or Italian surname) Amar Bose, MIT professor; founder of the Bose Corporation Jagdish Chandra Bose, Indian physicist Rahul Bose, Indian actor Satyendra Nath Bose, 20th century physicist Subhash Chandra Bose (aka Netaji), a leader of the Indian independence movement and founder of the Indian National Army. Lucia Bosé, Italian actress that married the Spanish bullfighter Luis Miguel Domin ...

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2005 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- → August 2005 - Deaths in August. August 31: Michael Sheard August 26: Lord Fitt August 24: Jack Slipper August 24: Maurice Cowling August 24: Dr. Tom Pashby August 23: Brock Peters August 22: Lord Lane August 21: Robert Moog August 19: Mo Mowlam August 18: Gao Xiumin August 16: Frère Roger August ...

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August 2005 - 31 August 2005 Wednesday August 2005 - 30 August 2005 Tuesday August 2005 - 29 August 2005 Monday August 2005 - August 28 2005 Sunday August 2005 - August 27 2005 Saturday August 2005 - August 26 2005 Friday August 2005 - August 25 2005 Thursday August 2005 - August 24 2005 Wednesday August 2005 - August 23 2005 Tuesday August 2005 - August 22 2005 Monday August 2005 - August 21 2005 Sunday August 2005 - August 20 2005 Saturday August 2005 - August 19 2005 Friday August 2005 - August 18 2005 Thursday August 2005 - August 17 2005 Wednesday August 2005 - August 16 2005 Tuesday August 2005 - August 15 2005 Monday August 2005 - August 14 2005 Sunday August 2005 - August 13 2005 Saturday August 2005 - August 12 2005 Friday August 2005 - August 11 2005 Thursday August 2005 - August 10 2005 Wednesday August 2005 - August 9 2005 Tuesday August 2005 - August 8 2005 Monday August 2005 - August 7 2005 Sunday August 2005 - August 6 2005 Saturday August 2005 - August 5 2005 Friday August 2005 - August 4 2005 Thursday August 2005 - August 3 2005 Wednesday August 2005 - August 2 2005 Tuesday August 2005 - August 1 2005 Monday August 2005 - Events by month August 2005 - News collections and sources

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The axion is a hypothetical exotic particle postulated by Peccei-Quinn theory to resolve the strong-CP problem in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The naïve first principles formulation of QCD without axions predicts that some strong interactions will violate CP-symmetry. This is never observed in practice, and the axion was postulated to be a particle (specifically a pseudo-Goldstone boson) associated with a new broken symmetry of nature, whose conservation is constructed to exclude all CP-violating terms from QCD. Axions are pr ...

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Carl Edwin Wieman (born March 26, 1951) is an American physicist of the University of Colorado at Boulder who (with Eric Allin Cornell), in 1995, produced a Bose-Einstein condensate. In a Time magazine article (April 10, 2000), Wieman was quoted, "We get to within a billionth of a degree of absolute zero." Wieman was born in Corvallis, Oregon. Wieman earned his B.S. in 1973 from MIT and his PhD. from Stanford University in 1977; he was also given a Doctorate of Science (Honorary) from the University of Chicago awarded in ...

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The University of Otago in Dunedin is New Zealand's oldest university. It is the South Island's largest employer and claims to have the world's 2nd longest continuously running annual student revue (the Capping Show) and New Zealand's oldest ballet company (the Selwyn Ballet). Founded in 1869, the university opened in July 1871. Its motto is "Sapere aude" ("Dare to be wise"). (The University of New Zealand subsequently adopted the same motto.) The University of Otago Students' Association an ...

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University of Otago - Faculties University of Otago - Distinctions University of Otago - Colleges and Halls University of Otago - Possible Merger with Dunedin College of Education University of Otago - Notable alumni and alumnae
University of Otago - Rhodes Scholars from the University of Otago University of Otago - External links

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Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is concerned with the "condensed" phases that appear whenever the number of constituents in a system is extremely large and the interactions between the constituents are strong. The most familiar examples of condensed phases are solids and liquids, which arise from the electric force between atoms. More exotic condensed phases include the superfluid and the Bose-Einstein condensate found in certain atomic s ...

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Condensed matter physics - Topics in condensed matter physics

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In quantum mechanics a coherent state is a specific kind of quantum state of the quantum harmonic oscillator whose dynamics most closely resemble the oscillating behaviour of a classical harmonic oscillator system. It was the first example of quantum dynamics when Erwin Schrödinger derived it in 1926 while searching for solutions of the Schrödinger equation that satisfy the correspondence principle. The quantum harmonic oscillator and hence, the coherent state, arise in the quantum theory of a wide range of physical systems. For ins ...

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Coherent state - Coherent states in quantum optics Coherent state - Quantum mechanical definition Coherent state - Mathematical characteristics Coherent state - Coherent states of Bose-Einstein condensates Coherent state - Generalizations

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Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879–April 18, 1955) was a Jewish theoretical physicist, born in Ulm, Germany, who is widely regarded as the greatest scientist of the 20th century. He proposed the theory of relativity and also made major contributions to the development of quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and cosmology. He was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect in 1905 (his "miracle ...

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In statistical mechanics, Bose-Einstein statistics (or more colloquially B-E statistics) determines the statistical distribution of identical indistinguishable bosons over the energy states in thermal equilibrium. Bose-Einstein statistics are closely related to Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics (M-B) and Fermi-Dirac statistics (F-D). While F-D statistics holds for fermions, M-B statistics holds for classical particles, i.e. identical but distinguishable particles, and represents the classical or high-temperature limit ...

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Bose-Einstein statistics - Derivation of the Bose-Einstein distribution
Bose-Einstein statistics - History

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Adding the ground state to the equation for the particle number corresponds to adding the equivalent ground state term to the grand potential: All thermodynamic properties may now be computed from the grand potential. The following table lists various thermodynamic quantities calculated in the limit of low temperature and high temperature, and in the limit of infinite particle number. An equal sign (=) indicates an exact result, while an approximation symbol indicates that only the first few terms of a series in See also:

Bose gas, Bose gas - The Thomas-Fermi approximation, Bose gas - Inclusion of the ground state, Bose gas - Thermodynamics

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Physicists at MIT in Cambridge recently discovered a new form of matter, a superfluid gas of atoms. They used the lithium-6 isotope and cooled it to about 50 billionths of a kelvin above absolute zero. Additionally, supersolids have also been discovered in 2004 by physicists at Penn State University. When Helium-4 is cooled below about 2K under high pressures the superfluid transitions into a supersolid, which can also flow with zero viscosity [1]. This has a ...

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Superfluid, Superfluid - Background, Superfluid - Applications, Superfluid - Recent discoveries, Superfluid - Books

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June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. June 5 - Events. 70 - Titus and his Roman legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem. 1305 - Pope Clement V is elected. 1783 - The Montgolfier brothers publicly demonstrate their montgolfière (hot air balloon). 1798 - Battle of New Ross: The attempt to spread United Irish Rebellion into Munster is defeated. 1817 - Firs ...

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Physicists at MIT in Cambridge recently created a new form of matter, a superfluid gas of atoms. They used the lithium-6 isotope and cooled it to about 50 billionths of a kelvin above absolute zero. Additionally, supersolids have also been discovered in 2004 by physicists at Penn State University. When Helium-4 is cooled below about 2K under high pressures the superfluid transitions into a supersolid, which can also flow with zero viscosity [1]. This has a ...

See also:

Superfluid, Superfluid - Background, Superfluid - Applications, Superfluid - Recent discoveries, Superfluid - Books

Read more here: » Superfluid: Encyclopedia II - Superfluid - Recent discoveries