Boron is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol B and atomic number 5. A trivalent metalloid element, boron occurs abundantly in the ore borax. There are several allotropes of boron; amorphous boron is a brown powder, but metallic boron is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a bad conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature. Crystalline boron exists in many polymorphs. Two rhombohedral forms, α-boron and β-boron containing 12 and 106.7 atoms in the rhombohedral ...

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Boron - Notable characteristics Boron - Applications Boron - History Boron - Occurrence Boron - Isotopes
Boron - Depleted boron
Boron - Precautions

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Boron, Boron - Notable characteristics, Boron - Applications, Boron - History, Boron - Occurrence, Boron - Isotopes, Boron - Depleted boron, Boron - Precautions

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Boron has two naturally-occurring and stable isotopes, 11B (80.1%) and 10B (19.9%). The mass difference results in a wide range of δB-11 values in natural waters, ranging from -16 to +59. There are 13 known isotopes of boron, the shortest-lived isotope is 7B which decays through proton emission and alpha decay. It has a half-life of 3.26500x10-22 s. Isotopic fractionation of boron is controlled by the exchange reactions of the boron species B(OH)3 and B(OH)4. Boron isotopes a ...

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Boron, Boron - Notable characteristics, Boron - Applications, Boron - History, Boron - Occurrence, Boron - Isotopes, Boron - Depleted boron, Boron - Precautions

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Boron trifluoride (BF3, trifluoroborane) is a pungent colourless toxic gas. In moist air it forms white fumes. Boron trifluoride can be handled as a liquid in a Lewis acid-base adduct with diethyl ether. The molecule BF3 consists of boron and fluorine in a trigonal planar geometry. Boron is electron deficient and in chemical reactions BF3 is a Lewis acid, for example reacting with fluorides to form tetrafluoroborate ...

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Boron trifluoride - Uses

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The most economically important compounds of boron are: sodium tetraborate pentahydrate Na2B4O7 · 5H2O, which is used in large amounts in making insulating fibreglass and sodium perborate bleach, orthoboric acid H3BO3 or boric acid, used in the production of textile fibreglass and flat panel displays or eye drops, among many uses, and sodium tetraborate decahydrate Na2B4O7 · 10H2O or borax, used in the production of adhesives, in anti-corrosi ...

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Boron, Boron - Notable characteristics, Boron - Applications, Boron - History, Boron - Occurrence, Boron - Isotopes, Boron - Depleted boron, Boron - Precautions

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Compounds of boron (Arabic Buraq from Persian Burah) have been known of for thousands of years. In early Egypt, mummification depended upon an ore known as natron, which contained borates as well as some other common salts. Borax glazes were used in China from 300 AD, and boron compounds were used in glassmaking in ancient Rome. The element was not isolated until 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, and Louis Jacques Thénard, to about 50 percent purity. These men did not recognize the substance as an eleme ...

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Boron, Boron - Notable characteristics, Boron - Applications, Boron - History, Boron - Occurrence, Boron - Isotopes, Boron - Depleted boron, Boron - Precautions

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The United States and Turkey are the world's largest producers of boron. Boron does not appear in nature in elemental form but is found combined in borax, boric acid, colemanite, kernite, ulexite and borates. Boric acid is sometimes found in volcanic spring waters. Ulexite is a borate mineral that naturally has properties of fiber optics. Economically important sources are from the ore rasorite (kernite) and tincal (borax ore) which are both found in the Mojave Desert of California (with borax being the most important source there). Turkey is another place where ...

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Boron, Boron - Notable characteristics, Boron - Applications, Boron - History, Boron - Occurrence, Boron - Isotopes, Boron - Depleted boron, Boron - Precautions

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Disclaimer and references Boron nitride is a binary chemical compound, consisting of equal proportions of boron and nitrogen, with formula BN. Structurally, it is isoelectronic to carbon and takes on similar physical forms: a hexagonal, graphite-like one, and a cubic, diamond-like one. Cubic boron nitride is one of the hardest materials known, behind only diamond and ultrahard fullerite. It is widely used for grinding and as a material for tools in industry. This is in part because it does not dissolve in ...

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Boron nitride - Synthesis

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Crystallographic defects in the crystal lattice of diamond are common; they may be the result of extrinsic substitutional impurities, or intrinsic (interstitial and structural) anomalies. All diamonds possess crystal lattice defects of some sort; the defects themselves may be either anthropogenic or natural, epigenetic or syngenetic. The material properties of diamond are affected by these defects and determine to which type a diamond is assigned; the most dramatic effects are o ...

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Crystallographic defects in diamond - Extrinsic defects
Crystallographic defects in diamond - Nitrogen Crystallographic defects in diamond - Boron
Crystallographic defects in diamond - Intrinsic defects
Crystallographic defects in diamond - Vacancies Crystallographic defects in diamond - Dislocations
Crystallographic defects in diamond - Effects of HTHP on defects

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Ferrites are ferromagnetic ceramic materials, compounds of iron, boron and barium or strontium or molybdenum. Ferrites have a high magnetic permeability, which allows them to store stronger magnetic fields than iron, and are known as ceramic magnets. They are the most common ordinary household magnets. The magnetic field B is about 0.35 tesla and the magnetic field strength H is about 30 to ...

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Ferrite magnet - Uses

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Baleen (also called whalebone) is a substance made of keratin and is therefore stiff but somewhat elastic. Whalebone is a modification of the epidermis. A bony mineral, hydroxyapatite, is also present in baleen in small amounts, along with traces of manganese, copper, boron, iron, and calcium. Baleen makes up baleen plates, which are arranged in two parallel rows that look like combs of thick hair; they are attached to the upper jaws of baleen whales. Whales use these combs for filter feeding. Whales are the only ...

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Baleen - Evolution of Baleen Baleen - Baleen in Filter Feeding Baleen - Uses of Baleen

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In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily forms ions (cations) and has metallic bonds, and metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions (cations) in a cloud of electrons. The metals are one of the three groups of elements as distinguished by their ionisation and bonding properties, along with the metalloids and nonmetals. On the periodic table, a diagonal line drawn from boron (B) to polonium (Po) separates the metals from the nonmetals. Elements on this line are metalloids, sometimes called semi-metals; elements to the lower left are metals ...

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Metal - Alloys Metal - Physical properties Metal - Metal oxides Metal - Astronomy

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The tourmaline mineral group is chemically one of the most complicated groups of silicate minerals. It is a complex silicate of aluminium and boron, but because of isomorphous replacement (solid solution), its composition varies widely with sodium, calcium, iron, magnesium, lithium and other elements entering into the structure. Tourmaline belongs to the trigonal crystal system and occurs as long, slender to thick prismatic and columnar crystals that are usually triangular in cross-section. Interestingly, the style of terminati ...

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Borosilicate glass is a particular type of glass, better known under the brand names Pyrex and Kimax. It was first developed by German glassmaker Otto Schott in the late 19th century and sold under the brand name "Duran" in 1893. After Corning Glass Works developed Pyrex in 1924, it became a synonym for borosilicate glass in the English-speaking world. In addition to the quartz, sodium carbonate, and calcium carbonate traditionally used in glassmaking, boron is used in the manufacture of borosilicate glass. Typically, the resul ...

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Borosilicate glass - External link

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In Christian mythology, the Holy Grail was the dish, plate, cup or vessel used by Jesus at the Last Supper, said to possess miraculous powers. According to many versions of the story, Joseph of Arimathea used the Grail to catch Christ's blood while interring him and then took the object to Britain, where he founded a line of guardians to keep it safe. The quest for the Holy Grail makes up an important segment of the Arthurian cycle, appearing first in works by Chrétien de Troyes (Loomis 1991). The legend may combine Christian lore with a Celti ...

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Holy Grail - Origins of the Grail
Holy Grail - The Grail Holy Grail - Early forms of the Grail Holy Grail - Etymology of graal
Holy Grail - The beginnings of the Grail in literature
Holy Grail - Chrétien de Troyes Holy Grail - Robert de Boron Holy Grail - The Grail in other early literature
Holy Grail - Ideas of the Grail Holy Grail - The later legend
Holy Grail - Four medieval relics
Holy Grail - Modern interpretations
Holy Grail - Casual metaphor Holy Grail - Modern retellings

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The borate ion is BO33-. A borate is a compound of the borate ion with metallic elements. Boron found in nature is commonly as a borate mineral. Boron is also found combined with silicate to form complex borosilicate minerals such as the tourmalines. Borate exists in many forms. In acid conditions, as boric acid, H3BO3. In more basic conditions, it occurs as the dihydrogen borate ion, H2BO3-; the hydrogen borate ion, HBO32-; and fin ...

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Chobham armour is a composite armour developed at the British tank research centre on Chobham Common. Although the exact composition of Chobham armour remains a secret, it appears to be a combination of ceramic layered between armour steel plating, a combination that is excellent at defeating high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) rounds. Possible ceramics for such armours are: boron carbide, silicon carbide, aluminium oxide (sapphire or "alumina"), titanium boride or Syndie, a synthetic diamond composite. Of these boron carbide is the harde ...

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An abrasive is usually a material that is used to smooth, machine, or, in some cases, roughen another softer material through extensive rubbing. Some common examples of abrasive minerals and objects are: Coated abrasives Aluminum Oxide Zirconia Alumina Silicon Carbide Ceramic Borazon or Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) Diamond dust Emery (mineral) (impure corundum) Grinding wheel Powdered glass Pumice dust ...

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BN or bn may stand for: Bachelor of Nursing Barisan Nasional, a political coalition in Malaysia Barnes and Noble, a popular bookstore/coffeeshop Bengali language (ISO 639 alpha-2, bn) Benin, FIPS Pub 10-4 and obsolete NATO digram Boron nitride (BN) Brand New, an American emo/nu punk rock band Brighton: BN is the United Kingdom post code for the region in southern England which is served by Brighton postal sorting office. (See list o ...

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Boron is located at 35°0'55" North, 117°39'39" West (35.015177, -117.660799)GR1. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 35.9 km² (13.9 mi²). 35.9 km² (13.9 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. ...

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Boron California, Boron California - Geography, Boron California - Demographics, Boron California - Trivia

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