AZT 3'-Azido-2'-deoxythymidine Zidovudine (INN) or azidothymidine (abbreviated to AZT) is an antiretroviral drug, the first antiviral treatment to be approved for use against HIV. It is also sold under the names Retrovir and Retrovis, and as an ingredient in Combivir and Trizivir. Zidovudine - History. Zidovudine was the first drug approved for the treatment of AIDS and HIV infection. Jerome Horowitz first synthesized AZT in 1964, under a US Nat ...

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Zidovudine - History Zidovudine - Treatment Zidovudine - Side effects Zidovudine - Mode of action Zidovudine - Patent Issues

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Cyclophosphamide - Uses Cyclophosphamide - Pharmacokinetics Cyclophosphamide - Mode of action Cyclophosphamide - Side-effects Cyclophosphamide - History Cyclophosphamide - Reference

Read more here: » Cyclophosphamide: Encyclopedia - Cyclophosphamide

BRCA2 is a human gene that is involved in the repair of chromosomal damage and belongs to a class of genes known as tumor suppressor genes. Tumor suppressor genes regulate the cycle of cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled way. Although the structures of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are very different, their functions appear to be similar. The proteins made by both genes are essential for repairing damaged DNA. The BRCA2 protein binds to and regulates the protein produced by the ...

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BRCA2 - Related conditions

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Azathioprine is a chemotherapy drug, now rarely used for chemotherapy but more for immunosuppression in organ transplantation and autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease or Crohn's disease. It is a pro-drug, converted in the body to the active metabolite 6-mercaptopurine. Azathioprine was first introduced into clinical practice by Sir Roy Calne, the British pioneer in transplantation. Following the work done by Sir Peter Medawar in discovering the immunological basis of rejection of transpl ...

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Azathioprine - Reference Azathioprine - External link

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Zidovudine was the first drug approved for the treatment of AIDS and HIV infection. Jerome Horowitz first synthesized AZT in 1964, under a US National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant. It was originally intended to treat cancer, but failed to show efficacy and had an unacceptably high side effect profile. The drug then faded from view until February 1985, when Samuel Broder, Hiroaki Mitsuya, and Robert Yarchoan, three scientists in the National Cancer Institute (NCI), collaborating with scientists in Burroughs Wellcome Co., started working o ...

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Zidovudine, Zidovudine - History, Zidovudine - Treatment, Zidovudine - Side effects, Zidovudine - Mode of action, Zidovudine - Controversy, Zidovudine - Patent issues, Zidovudine - Peter Duesberg's claims

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The main use of cyclophosphamide is together with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of lymphomas, some forms of leukemia and some solid tumors. In addition, its use is becoming more common in autoimmune diseases where disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have been ineffective. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with severe lupus nephritis, for example, may respond to pulsed cyclophosphamide. ...

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Cyclophosphamide, Cyclophosphamide - Uses, Cyclophosphamide - Pharmacokinetics, Cyclophosphamide - Mode of action, Cyclophosphamide - Side-effects, Cyclophosphamide - History, Cyclophosphamide - Reference

Read more here: » Cyclophosphamide: Encyclopedia II - Cyclophosphamide - Uses

Zidovudine was the first drug approved for the treatment of AIDS and HIV infection. Jerome Horowitz first synthesized AZT in 1964, under a US National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant. It was originally intended to treat cancer, but failed to show efficacy and had an unacceptably high side effect profile. The drug then faded from view until February 1985, when Samuel Broder, Hiroaki Mitsuya, and Robert Yarchoan, three scientists in the National Cancer Institute (NCI), collaborating with scientists in Burroughs Wellcome Co., started working o ...

See also:

Zidovudine, Zidovudine - History, Zidovudine - Treatment, Zidovudine - Side effects, Zidovudine - Mode of action, Zidovudine - Patent Issues

Read more here: » Zidovudine: Encyclopedia II - Zidovudine - History

Certain variations of the BRCA2 gene cause an increased risk for breast cancer. Researchers have identified about 450 mutations in the BRCA2 gene, many of which cause an increased risk of cancer. BRCA2 mutations are usually insertions or deletions of a small number of DNA base pairs (the building material of chromosomes) in the gene. As a result of these mutations, the protein product of the BRCA2 gene is abnormally short and does not function properly. Researchers believe that the defective BRCA2 protein is unable to help fix mutations that occur in other genes. As a result, mutations build up and can cause cells to div ...

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BRCA2, BRCA2 - Related conditions

Read more here: » BRCA2: Encyclopedia II - BRCA2 - Related conditions

Side-effects include chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), bone marrow suppression, alopecia (hair loss) and lethargy. Hemorrhagic cystitis is a frequent complication, but this is prevented by adequate fluid intake and mesna (sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate). Mesna is a sulfhydryl donor and binds acrolein. Cyclophosphamide is itself carcinogenic, potentially causing transitional cell carc ...

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Cyclophosphamide, Cyclophosphamide - Uses, Cyclophosphamide - Pharmacokinetics, Cyclophosphamide - Mode of action, Cyclophosphamide - Side-effects, Cyclophosphamide - History, Cyclophosphamide - Reference

Read more here: » Cyclophosphamide: Encyclopedia II - Cyclophosphamide - Side-effects

The main effect of cyclophosphamide is due to its metabolite phosphoramide mustard. This metabolite is only formed in cells which have low levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase. Phosphoramide mustard forms DNA crosslinks between and within DNA strands. This leads to cell death. Cyclophosphamide has relatively little typical chemotherapy toxicity, as ALDH is present in relatively large concentrations in bone marrow stem cells, liver and intestinal epithelium, prot ...

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Cyclophosphamide, Cyclophosphamide - Uses, Cyclophosphamide - Pharmacokinetics, Cyclophosphamide - Mode of action, Cyclophosphamide - Side-effects, Cyclophosphamide - History, Cyclophosphamide - Reference

Read more here: » Cyclophosphamide: Encyclopedia II - Cyclophosphamide - Mode of action