Bologna

Artemisia Gentileschi (July 8, 1593 - 1653) is today considered one of the most accomplished Early Baroque painters in the generation influenced by Caravaggio (the "Caravaggisti"). In an era when women painters were not easily accepted by the artistic community, she was the first female painter to become a member of the Accademia dell' Arte del Disegno in Florence. She was also one of the first female artists to paint historical and religious paintings, at a time when such heroic themes were considered beyond a woman's reach.Including:

• Artemisia Gentileschi - Biography
• Artemisia Gentileschi - The Roman Beginning
• Artemisia Gentileschi - The Florentine Period 1614-1620
• Artemisia Gentileschi - Again in Rome and after in Venezia 1621-1630
• Artemisia Gentileschi - Naples and the English period 1630-1653
• Artemisia Gentileschi - Artistic profile
• Artemisia Gentileschi - Works
• Artemisia Gentileschi - Artemesia and contemporary female painters
• Artemisia Gentileschi - Artemisia in Popular Culture
• Artemisia Gentileschi - Related Links

Read more here: » Artemisia Gentileschi: Encyclopedia - Artemisia Gentileschi

August 2 is the 214th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (215th in leap years), with 151 days remaining. August 2 - Events. 338 BC - Rise of Macedon: Philip II of Macedon crushes Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea. 216 BC - Punic Wars: In the Battle of Cannae, Hannibal destroys the Roman army of Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro in what is considered one of the great masterpieces of the tactical art. 461 - Majorian resig ...

Including:

• August 2 - Events
• August 2 - Births
• August 2 - Deaths
• August 2 - Holidays and observances

Read more here: » August 2: Encyclopedia - August 2

The Apennine Mountains (Greek: Απεννινος; Latin: Appenninus--in both cases used in the singular; Italian: Appennini) is a mountain range stretching 1000 km from the north to the south of Italy along its east coast, traversing the entire peninsula, and forming, as it were, the backbone of the country. The name is probably derived from the Celtic pen, a mountain top: it originally belonged to the northern portion of the chain, from the Maritime Alps to Ancona; and Polybius is probably the first write ...

Including:

• Apennine Mountains - Divisions
• Apennine Mountains - Northern Apennines
• Apennine Mountains - Central Apennines
• Apennine Mountains - Southern Apennines
• Apennine Mountains - Character
• Apennine Mountains - Geology
• Apennine Mountains - Mountains in the Appennine Range
• Apennine Mountains - Historical Significance

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1240s 1250s 1260s - 1270s - 1280s 1290s 1300s 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 The 1280s is the decade starting January 1, 1280 and ending December 31, 1289. Europe in the 1280s was marked by naval warfare on the Mediterranean Sea and consolidation of power by the major states. Ongoing struggles over the control of Sicily provoked lengthy naval warfare: after the Sicilian Vespers rebellion, the French Angevins struggled against Aragon for control of the island. King Rudolph I of G ...

Including:

• 1280s - War and politics
• 1280s - Europe
• 1280s - The Mongol Empire sphere of influence
• 1280s - The Mamluk Sultanate sphere of influence: the Middle East
• 1280s - Culture
• 1280s - Natural events
• 1280s - Science literature and industry
• 1280s - Civic laws and institutions
• 1280s - Art and architecture
• 1280s - Cities and institutions
• 1280s - Religion
• 1280s - Births
• 1280s - Deaths

Read more here: » 1280s: Encyclopedia - 1280s

An emperor is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress is the feminine form and can either be the wife of an emperor or a woman being an imperial monarch herself. Emperors are generally recognised to be above kings in honour and rank. Emperor Akihito of Japan is the world's only reigning emperor. the last imperial monarch in europe was the King-Emperor George VI who ruled as Emperor of India Emperor - Distinction between Emperor and other types of ...

Including:

• Emperor - Distinction between Emperor and other types of monarch
• Emperor - Imperium maius
• Emperor - Historical development
• Emperor - Europe
• Emperor - The Americas
• Emperor - Africa
• Emperor - Asia
• Emperor - Persian tradition
• Emperor - Pre-Columbian American traditions
• Emperor - Other traditions
• Emperor - Lists of emperors
• Emperor - Emperors of traditional empires
• Emperor - Emperors of short-lived 'empires'
• Emperor - Self-proclaimed emperors
• Emperor - Fictional emperors
• Emperor - Notes
• Emperor - Trivia

Read more here: » Emperor: Encyclopedia - Emperor

The postal system is a system by which written documents typically enclosed in envelopes, and also small packages containing other matter, are delivered to destinations around the world. Anything sent through the postal system is called mail or post. In principle, a postal service can be private or official. Restrictions are generally placed on private systems by governments. Since the 19th century, national postal systems have generally been established as government monopolies with a fee on the article prepaid, ...

Including:

• Mail - Early postal systems
• Mail - Persia
• Mail - China
• Mail - Rome
• Mail - Other systems
• Mail - Modern mail
• Mail - Organization
• Mail - Payment
• Mail - Rules and etiquette
• Mail - Rise of electronic correspondence
• Mail - Collecting
• Mail - Deregulation
• Mail - Types of mail
• Mail - Letters
• Mail - Postal cards and postcards
• Mail - Other
• Mail - Famous letters
• Mail - List of national postal services

Read more here: » Mail: Encyclopedia - Mail

The 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles was originally a regiment of the British Indian Army. Following India's independence, the regiment was one of four to be transferred to the British Army. 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles - The Beginning. At the end of the third Burma War in 1887, it was decided to withdraw the regular army battalions and replace them with a freshly recruited military police force. Recruited in India, it was intended that the military police would be a temporary force which wo ...

Including:

• 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles - The Beginning
• 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles - First World War
• 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles - Second World War
• 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles - Middle East & Italy
• 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles - Far East
• 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles - Post-War
• 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles - Titles of the Regiment and its Predecessors
• 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles - Battle Honours

Read more here: » 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles: Encyclopedia - 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles

The Sacred College of Cardinals is the body of all Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church. The body plays two roles for the church: participating in papal elections when the Holy See is vacant, and advising the Pope about Church matters when he summons them to a consistory. Historically, they were also the clergy of the city of Rome serving the Pope as the Bishop of Rome and were assigned duties in parishes of the city. The College has no ruling power except during the sede vacante period, where its powers are still extr ...

Including:

• College of Cardinals - Choosing the pope
• College of Cardinals - Members of the College of Cardinals
• College of Cardinals - Cardinals of the Order of Bishops
• College of Cardinals - Cardinals of the Order of Priests
• College of Cardinals - Cardinals of the Order of Deacons

Read more here: » College of Cardinals: Encyclopedia - College of Cardinals

This article describes the positions of world governments prior to the actual initiation of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and not their current positions as they may have changed since then. Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Background. In 2002, the United States began to campaign for the overthrow of Iraq's dictatorial president, Saddam Hussein. The United States, under the administration of George W. Bush, argued that Saddam Hussein was a threat to global peace, a vicious tyrant, and a sponsor of i ...

Including:

• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Background
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Varying levels of support
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Countries supporting the U.S. position
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Europe
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Asia
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Australia
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Opposing U.S. Position
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Europe
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Americas
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Africa
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Asia
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - New Zealand
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Neutral unclear
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Ireland
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Taiwan
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Solomon Islands

Read more here: » Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq: Encyclopedia - Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq

An atlas is a collection of maps, traditionally bound into book form, but also found in multimedia formats, such as on CD-ROM. As well as geographic features and political boundaries, many often feature geopolitical, social, religious and economic statistics. Atlas - Atlases throughout history. The earliest atlases were not called by that name at the time of their publication. The first book that could be called an atlas was constructed from the calculations of Claudius Ptolemy, a geographer working ...

Including:

• Atlas - Atlases throughout history
• Atlas - Present-Day Atlases
• Atlas - Origin of the term atlas
• Atlas - Selected modern comprehensive atlases

Read more here: » Atlas: Encyclopedia - Atlas

Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman on 24 May 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota) is an American singer-songwriter, musician and poet. He is one of America's most highly regarded songwriters, whose enduring contributions to American music are comparable to those of Stephen Foster, Irving Berlin, Woody Guthrie, and Hank Williams. Much of Dylan's best known work is from the 1960s, when he became an informal documentarian and reluctant figurehead of American unrest. Many involved in the anti-war and civil rights movements found a ...

Including:

• Bob Dylan - Musical career and personal life
• Bob Dylan - Beginnings
• Bob Dylan - Protest and another side
• Bob Dylan - Creative height crash
• Bob Dylan - The 1970s
• Bob Dylan - Hard-working elder statesman
• Bob Dylan - Fan base
• Bob Dylan - Chronicles Vol. 1
• Bob Dylan - Discography/Film/Books
• Bob Dylan - Band
• Bob Dylan - Known pseudonyms

Read more here: » Bob Dylan: Encyclopedia - Bob Dylan

The purpose of the Bologna process is to create the European higher education area by harmonising academic degree standards and quality assurance standards throughout Europe for each faculty and its development. The name is based on the fact that the process was proposed at the University of Bologna with the signing, in 1999, of the Bologna declaration by ministers of education from 29 European countries in the Italian city of Bologna. This was opened up to other countries, and further governmental meetings have been held in Prague (2001), Berlin (2003) and Bergen (2005); the ...

Including:

• Bologna process - Framework
• Bologna process - Effects
• Bologna process - Austria
• Bologna process - Belgium
• Bologna process - Denmark
• Bologna process - Estonia
• Bologna process - France
• Bologna process - Germany
• Bologna process - Italy
• Bologna process - Ireland
• Bologna process - Spain
• Bologna process - Sweden
• Bologna process - United Kingdom
• Bologna process - Russia
• Bologna process - Signatories

Read more here: » Bologna process: Encyclopedia - Bologna process

For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century. 1282 - Events. 1282 - War and politics. March 30 - The Sicilian rebellion known as the Sicilian Vespers begins against the rule of Angevin King Charles I of Sicily; over the next six weeks, thousands of French are killed. The rebellion forces Charles to abandon the Ninth Crusade while still en route to the target city of Constantinople, and allows King Peter III of Aragon to take over rule of the island from Charl ...

Including:

• 1282 - Events
• 1282 - War and politics
• 1282 - Culture and natural disasters
• 1282 - Births
• 1282 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1282: Encyclopedia - 1282

Albertus Magnus (1193? – November 15, 1280), also known as Saint Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, was a Dominican friar who became famous for his universal knowledge and advocacy for the peaceful coexistence of science and religion. He is considered to be the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages. He was the first medieval scholar to apply Aristotle's philosophy to Christian thought at the time. Catholicism honors him as a Doctor of the Church, one of only 33 men and women with that honor ...

Including:

• Albertus Magnus - Biography
• Albertus Magnus - Writings
• Albertus Magnus - Albertus as scientist
• Albertus Magnus - Music
• Albertus Magnus - Quotes
• Albertus Magnus - See Also

Read more here: » Albertus Magnus: Encyclopedia - Albertus Magnus

Alessandro Piccinini (1566-1638), Italian lutenist and composer. Born in Bologna, Piccinini was taught to play the lute by his father, Leonardo Maria Piccinini. He held appointments at the Este court in Ferrara and with Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini. Piccinini is best known for his two volumes of lute music: Intavolatura di Liuto et di Chitarrone, libro primo (Bologna, 1632) and "Intavolaturo di Liuto" (Bologna, 1639), the latter ...

Read more here: » Alessandro Piccinini: Encyclopedia - Alessandro Piccinini

Alessandro Stradella (October 1, 1644 - February 25, 1682) was an Italian composer of the middle Baroque. He was born in Rome, and was murdered in Genoa. Not much is known about his early life, but he was from an aristocratic family, educated at Bologna, and was already making a name for himself as a composer at the age of 20, being commissioned by Christina, the Queen of Sweden. In 1667 he moved to Rome where he composed copiously, mostly sacred music, and began to live a dissolute life. With a friend he attempted to embezzle ...

Read more here: » Alessandro Stradella: Encyclopedia - Alessandro Stradella

Air Dolomiti is a regional airline based in Verona in Italy. The airline's name derives from a section of the Alps known as The Dolomites. It is part of Lufthansa Regional connecting medium-size Italian airports to other European cities through Lufthansa's Munich, Frankfurt and Vienna hubs. The airline employs some 550 people and although most Lufthansa regional subsidiaries operate under their parent's name and colours, Air Dolomiti retains its own identity. Air Dolomiti - Code Data. IATA Code: EN ...

Including:

• Air Dolomiti - Code Data
• Air Dolomiti - History
• Air Dolomiti - Services
• Air Dolomiti - Fleet

Read more here: » Air Dolomiti: Encyclopedia - Air Dolomiti

Aegean civilization is the general term for the prehistoric civilizations in Greece and the Aegean. It was formerly called "Mycenaean" because its existence was first brought to popular notice by Heinrich Schliemann's excavations at Mycenae starting in 1876. However, subsequent discoveries have made it clear that Mycenae was not the chief center of Aegean civilization in its earlier stages (or perhaps at any period), and accordingly it is more usual now to use the more general geographical title. Aegean civilization - Di ...

Including:

• Aegean civilization - Distinctive features
• Aegean civilization - Indigenous script
• Aegean civilization - Art
• Aegean civilization - Architecture
• Aegean civilization - History of Aegean Civilization
• Aegean civilization - Origin and continuity
• Aegean civilization - Chronology.
• Aegean civilization - Annals
• Aegean civilization - Political Organization
• Aegean civilization - Religion
• Aegean civilization - Social Organization
• Aegean civilization - Commerce
• Aegean civilization - Treatment of the Dead
• Aegean civilization - Artistic Production
• Aegean civilization - Evidence of Aegean civilization
• Aegean civilization - The discovery of Aegean civiliation
• Aegean civilization - External link

Read more here: » Aegean civilization: Encyclopedia - Aegean civilization

Academia is a collective term for the scientific and cultural community engaged in higher education and research, taken as a whole. The word comes from the akademeia just outside ancient Athens, where the gymnasium was made famous by Plato as a center of learning. The sacred space had formerly been an olive grove, hence the expression "the groves of Academe". By extension Academia has come to connote the cultural accumulation of knowledge, its development and transmission across generations and its practitioners a ...

Including:

• Academia - Structure
• Academia - Qualifications
• Academia - Academic conferences
• Academia - Conflicting goals
• Academia - History
• Academia - Ancient times
• Academia - Early development
• Academia - Rise of academic societies
• Academia - Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
• Academia - Recent economic changes
• Academia - Academic publishing
• Academia - History of academic journals
• Academia - Current status and development
• Academia - Academic dress

Read more here: » Academia: Encyclopedia - Academia

Adria is a town in the province of Rovigo in the Veneto region of Northern Italy, situated between the mouths of the rivers Adige and Po. It is the seat of a diocese. The Etruscan city of Atria (or Adria) underlies the modern city, three to four meters below the current level. Atria (or "Hat") gave its name at any early period to the Adriatic Sea, to which it was connected through channels. Atria and Spina were the Etruscan ports and depots for Felsina (Bologna). The Etruscan-controlled area of the Po Valle ...

Read more here: » Adria: Encyclopedia - Adria

Alexander V (also Peter of Candia or Peter Philarges, ca. 1339 - May 3, 1410) was Pope or Antipope during the Western Schism. He reigned from June 26, 1409 to his death in 1410 and is now officially regarded by the Catholic Church as an antipope. He was born in Crete of unknown parents and entered the Franciscan order. His abilities were such that he was sent to study at the universities of Oxford and Paris. While he was in Paris the Western Schism (1378-1417) occurred; Philarges supported Urban VI. He settled in ...

Read more here: » Pope Alexander V: Encyclopedia - Pope Alexander V