Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmel'nyts'kyi (Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький in Ukrainian, commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky; known in Polish as Bohdan Zenobi Chmielnicki; in Russian as Bogdan Khmel'nitsky) (c. 1595 – August 6, 1657) was a Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth noble of Polish or Ruthenian origin, leader of the Zaporozhian Cossack Hetmanate, hetman of Ukraine, noted for his revolt against Poland (1648 – 1654) and the Treaty of Pereyaslavl which even ...

Including:

• Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Biography
• Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Early life
• Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Cossack leader
• Bohdan Khmelnytsky - The Uprising
• Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Khmelnytsky in Fiction
• Bohdan Khmelnytsky - External link

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Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Early life. Khmelnytsky was probably born in Chyhyryn, in Ukraine; it is unclear whether to a family of Ruthenian nobility or to Polish nobility of Abdank Coat of Arms who had immigrated to Ukraine from Masovia. Khmelnytsky was educated by the Jesuits in Lviv. Unlike many of their other pupils, he did not embrace Roman Catholicism but early in life became indifferent to the faith. Later he seemed to belong to the Greek Orthodox faith, to which most of the Cossacks and the Ruthenian peasants b ...

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Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Biography, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Early life, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Cossack leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - The Uprising, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Khmelnytsky in Fiction, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - External link

Read more here: » Bohdan Khmelnytsky: Encyclopedia II - Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Biography

Khmelnytskyi Uprising (also Chmielnicki Uprising or Chmielnicki Rebellion) is the name of a civil war in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the years 1648–1654. It was waged between the forces loyal to the Commonwealth and Ukrainian Cossacks led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky. In the end, the Commonwealth not only lost parts of its territory to the Russian Empire, but was weakened at the moment of invasion by Sweden: The Deluge. Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Background. For centuries after the creation ...

Including:

• Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Background
• Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Chmielnicki's role
• Khmelnytskyi Uprising - The uprising
• Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Jews and the Uprising
• Khmelnytskyi Uprising - The aftermath

Read more here: » Khmelnytskyi Uprising: Encyclopedia - Khmelnytskyi Uprising

The Zaporozhian Host or Zaporozhian Voisko (Ukrainian: Запорозьке Войсько, Zaporoz’ke Vois’ko, sometimes translated as Zaporozhian Cossack Army), also called Zaporizhian Sich after its fortified capital, was a political, social, and military organization of Ukrainian (Ruthenian) Cossacks, from the 16th to the 18th centuries. It was established in the central Ukrainian territory called Zaporizhzhia, below the rapids of the Dnieper river. Its appearance chall ...

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Ukraine (Ukrainian: Україна, Ukrayina, /ukraˈjina/) is a country in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the northeast, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest and the Black Sea to the south. The territory of present-day Ukraine was a key centre of East Slavic culture in the Middle Ages, before being divided between a variety of powers, notably Russia, Poland, Lithuania, Austrian Empire, Romania and the Ott ...

Including:

• Ukraine - Name
• Ukraine - History
• Ukraine - Government and Politics
• Ukraine - Subdivisions
• Ukraine - Geography
• Ukraine - Economy
• Ukraine - Demographics
• Ukraine - Religion
• Ukraine - Culture
• Ukraine - Miscellaneous topics

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The Hetmanate was a semiautonomous Cossack suzerainty in Left-bank Ukraine, owing fealty to the tsar of Muscovy. It was established as a result of the Treaty of Pereyaslav (Pereyaslavs'ka Rada) in 1654, and its boundaries set following the Treaty of Andrusovo (Andrusiv) of 1667, which gave Right-bank Ukraine to Poland and retained Left-bank Ukraine for Russia (at the time Muscovy). The Hetmanate's first hetman was Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Its capital was at Chyhyryn, and later at Baturyn and Hlukhiv. ...

Read more here: » Cossack Hetmanate: Encyclopedia - Cossack Hetmanate

Battle of Cecora (also known as Battle of Ţuţora) was a battle between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (assisted by Moldavian troops) and Ottoman forces (backed by Tatars), fought from September 17 to October 7, 1620 in Moldavia, near the Prut river. Battle of Cecora - Prelude to battle. Following the failure of Commonwealth diplomatic mission to Istanbul, and violations of the Treaty of Busza by both sides (as Cossacks and Tatars continued their raids across the borders), relations between the ...

Including:

• Battle of Cecora - Prelude to battle
• Battle of Cecora - The battle
• Battle of Cecora - Notes

Read more here: » Battle of Cecora: Encyclopedia - Battle of Cecora

In 1430, Great Knight of Lithuania Vitautas (великий князь литовский Витовт) granted the rights over the area to Kalinik, the procurator (наместник) of Putyvl and Zvenigorod, and it is believed that his servant named Berdich founded a khutor (remote settlement) there, however the etymology of the name Berdychiv is not known. In 1483, Crimean Tatars destroyed the settlement. During the 1546 partition between Lithuania and Poland, the region was listed as a property of Lithuanian magnate Tyshkevich. According to the Treaty of Lublin (1569), Volhynia formed a province o ...

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Berdychiv, Berdychiv - History, Berdychiv - Jewish history, Berdychiv - Demographics, Berdychiv - People, Berdychiv - Berdyschiv on stage, Berdychiv - Footnotes, Berdychiv - Resources

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Whatever the nature of the treaty, the consequences were more clear over time. Major consequences of the treaty included the separation of Ukraine from formerly dominant Catholic Poland, the re-strengthening of Orthodoxy in the historic center of Ukraine, and the eventual domination of Ukraine by neighboring Orthodox Russia. In the long run, the consequences for Ukraine were pivotal. Polish colonization and Polonization of the upper class soon became replaced by a systematic process of Russification, culminating in the Ems Ukaz, which ...

See also:

Treaty of Pereyaslav, Treaty of Pereyaslav - Historical consequences

Read more here: » Treaty of Pereyaslav: Encyclopedia II - Treaty of Pereyaslav - Historical consequences

Historian Jacob Rader Marcus summarizes the situation as follows: "In 1654 neighboring Russia turned against Poland, a year later the Swedes poured in from the north, and all these groups, including the native Poles, ravaged and massacred defenseless Jewish victims throughout the land" (The Jew in the Medieval World, 1896). The Eyewitness Chronicle detailes: "Wherever they found the szlachta, royal officials or Jews, they [Cossacks] killed them all, sparing neither women nor chi ...

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Khmelnytskyi Uprising, Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Background, Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Chmielnicki's role, Khmelnytskyi Uprising - The uprising, Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Jews and the Uprising, Khmelnytskyi Uprising - The aftermath

Read more here: » Khmelnytskyi Uprising: Encyclopedia II - Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Jews and the Uprising

After Bohdan Khmelnytsky's rebellion, when Russia acquired parts of Eastern Ukraine from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, some cossacks stayed in the south east of the Commonwealth. Their leader, Petro Doroshenko, wanted to connect the rest of Ukraine with the Ottoman Empire, starting a rebellion against hetman (Polish army commander) Jan Sobieski. The Sultan Mohamed IV, who knew that the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was weak due to internal conflicts, attacked Kamieniec Podolski, a big city on the border. A small Polish army was defeated by a larger Ottoman one. The Poles agreed to surrender Kamieniec Podolski and the adjacent ...

See also:

Great Turkish War, Great Turkish War - 1667–1683, Great Turkish War - 1683–1699

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Town was founded in 1023 by Yaroslaw the Wise, the Grand Duke of Kyiv. Since 1363 it belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and since 1569 to the Crown of the Polish Kingdom. A peace treaty between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Ukrainian Cossacks rebels under Bohdan Khmelnytsky was signed here in 1651. After Third Partition of Poland in 1795 Bila Tserkva came into Imperial Russia. It was a significant market place in 19th century. During the soviet times it became a large industrial cente ...

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Bila Tserkva, Bila Tserkva - Activites, Bila Tserkva - History, Bila Tserkva - Famous people

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In the first half of the 16th century, Chyhyryn is first mentioned as a fortified Cossack winter station. In 1592, after becoming the center of Chyhyryn county, the city was granted the Magdeburg rights. In 1638, Bohdan Khmelnytsky became its starosta (regional leader), and in 1648 became the newly elected hetman's residence and the capital of the Cossack state, the Zaporozhian Host. In 1660, the capital was moved to Baturyn, and after Chyhyryn was raided by the Turks in 1678 it gradually lost its significance. It remained the center of the Chyhyryn regiment until 1712 and upon incorporation into the Russian Empire (1793 ...

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Chyhyryn, Chyhyryn - Geography, Chyhyryn - History, Chyhyryn - Other

Read more here: » Chyhyryn: Encyclopedia II - Chyhyryn - History

When the Mongols invaded the lands of Kievan Rus', Moscow was an insignificant trading outpost in the principality of Vladimir-Suzdal'. Though Mongols burnt down Moscow in the winter 1238 and pillaged it in 1293, the outpost's remote, forested location offered some security from Mongol attack and occupation, and a number of rivers provided access to the Baltic and Black Seas and to the Caucasus region. More important to Moscow's development in what became the state of Muscovy, however, was its rule by a series of princes who were ambitious, ...

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Muscovy, Muscovy - Rise of Muscovy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Autocracy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Aristocracy, Muscovy - Ivan IV, Muscovy - Time of Troubles, Muscovy - Romanovs, Muscovy - Expansion, Muscovy - Western European knowledge of Muscovy, Muscovy - Early Imperial Russia

Read more here: » Muscovy: Encyclopedia II - Muscovy - Rise of Muscovy

Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi played a significant role in the history of Ukraine. It was mentioned for the first time in the text of the Rus' treaty with the Byzantine Empire (911) as Pereyaslav-Russki, to distinguish it from Pereyaslavets in Bulgaria. Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev built here in 992 the large fortress to protect the southern limits of Kievan Rus' from raids of nomads from steppes of currently Southern Ukraine. It was a capital of the Principality of Pereyaslav from the middle of the 11th century until its demolition by Tatars ...

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Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi, Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi - History, Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi - Tourist attractions, Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi - Famous residents

Read more here: » Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi: Encyclopedia II - Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi - History

History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385. The first Jews arrived in the territory of modern Poland in the 10th century. Travelling along the trade routes leading eastwards to Kiev and Bukhara, the Jewish merchants also crossed the areas of Silesia. One of them, a diplomat and merchant from the Moorish town of Tortosa in Al-Andalus, known under his Arabic name of Ibrahim ibn Jakub, was the first chronicler to mention the Polish state under the rule of prince Mieszko I. The first actual mention of ...

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History of the Jews in Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385, History of the Jews in Poland - The early Jagiellon era: 1385–1505, History of the Jews in Poland - Center of the Jewish world: 1505–72, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572–1795, History of the Jews in Poland - The Warsaw Confederation, History of the Jews in Poland - Increasing isolation, History of the Jews in Poland - The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge, History of the Jews in Poland - Decline under the Saxon Dynasty, History of the Jews in Poland - The Partitions, History of the Jews in Poland - The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish learning, History of the Jews in Poland - The rise of Hasidism, History of the Jews in Poland - Jews of Poland within the Russian Empire 1795–1918, History of the Jews in Poland - Pogroms, History of the Jews in Poland - Haskalah and Halakha, History of the Jews in Poland - Politics in Polish Territory, History of the Jews in Poland - Interwar period 1918–39, History of the Jews in Poland - Independence and Polish Jews, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish and Polish culture, History of the Jews in Poland - Growing anti-Semitism, History of the Jews in Poland - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939–45, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish September campaign, History of the Jews in Poland - Soviet-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Communist rule: 1945–89, History of the Jews in Poland - Postwar, History of the Jews in Poland - 1967–1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Since 1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Notes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572

List of Ukrainians - Actors. Elina Bystritskaya George Dzundza Lyudmila Gurchenko Milla Jovovich Roman Kartsev Mila Kunis Vasily Lanovoy Ana Layevska Paul Muni Ivan Mykolaychuk Alla Nazimova Zhanna Prokhorenko Ada Rohovtseva Yakov Smirnoff John Spencer B ...

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List of Ukrainians, List of Ukrainians - Athletes, List of Ukrainians - Artists, List of Ukrainians - Actors, List of Ukrainians - Composers, List of Ukrainians - Film and theater directors, List of Ukrainians - Musicians, List of Ukrainians - Painters, List of Ukrainians - Poets, List of Ukrainians - Sculptors, List of Ukrainians - Writers, List of Ukrainians - Other performing artists, List of Ukrainians - Business, List of Ukrainians - Cosmonauts, List of Ukrainians - Cossack Hetmans, List of Ukrainians - Academics, List of Ukrainians - Biologists/Physicians, List of Ukrainians - Chemists, List of Ukrainians - Computer scientists, List of Ukrainians - Economists, List of Ukrainians - Engineers, List of Ukrainians - Historians, List of Ukrainians - Mathematicians, List of Ukrainians - Physicists, List of Ukrainians - Other academics, List of Ukrainians - Politicians, List of Ukrainians - Ukrainian politicians, List of Ukrainians - Zionists and Israeli politicians, List of Ukrainians - Bolsheviks and Soviet politicians, List of Ukrainians - Soviet dissidents, List of Ukrainians - Russian politicians, List of Ukrainians - Polish politicians, List of Ukrainians - Military Figures, List of Ukrainians - Religious leaders and theologists, List of Ukrainians - Orthodox Christian and Greek Catholic, List of Ukrainians - Jewish, List of Ukrainians - Other, List of Ukrainians - Other, List of Ukrainians - Parents born in Ukraine, List of Ukrainians - See Also

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Following the failure of Commonwealth diplomatic mission to Istanbul, and violations of the Treaty of Busza by both sides (as Cossacks and Tatars continued their raids across the borders), relations between the Ottomans and the Commonwealth plummeted in early 1620. Both sides began preparing for war, with neither being ready at the moment. The Ottomans planned for a war in 1621, while Commonwealth Sejm denied most funds the hetmans had asked for. The Senate's secret council finally decided, convinced by the Habsburg's representative, to send ...

See also:

Battle of Cecora, Battle of Cecora - Prelude to battle, Battle of Cecora - The battle, Battle of Cecora - Notes

Read more here: » Battle of Cecora: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Cecora - Prelude to battle

In the past century, more or less systematic sprees of deliberate large-scale killings of entire groups of people have occurred in what is now the countries of Turkey, Namibia, Congo, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, China, Cambodia, Rwanda and Sudan. In a wider historical perspective, genocide, has been common throughout history, the annihilation of entire peoples, such as the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean and Patagonia, by Europeans, either directly or indirectly by making survival or procreation impossible, is usually considered to be genocide.
See also:

Genocides in history, Genocides in history - Ancient/medieval genocides, Genocides in history - Biblical genocides, Genocides in history - Scythian slaughter of Cimmerians, Genocides in history - Roman Empire, Genocides in history - France, Genocides in history - Genghis Khan and his sons, Genocides in history - Islamic conquest of South Asia, Genocides in history - Genocides from 1500 to 1950, Genocides in history - The Americas, Genocides in history - Canada, Genocides in history - The Congo, Genocides in history - Croatia, Genocides in history - Germany, Genocides in history - German South-West Africa, Genocides in history - Paraguay, Genocides in history - Philippines, Genocides in history - The Commonwealth of Poland - Lithuania, Genocides in history - Turkey, Genocides in history - United States, Genocides in history - USSR, Genocides in history - Genocides from 1951 to 1990, Genocides in history - Algeria, Genocides in history - Australia, Genocides in history - Bangladesh Liberation War, Genocides in history - Cambodia, Genocides in history - Guatemala, Genocides in history - Iraq, Genocides in history - Kashmir and Jammu, Genocides in history - China & Tibet, Genocides in history - Genocides since 1991, Genocides in history - Bosnia, Genocides in history - Rwanda, Genocides in history - Sudan, Genocides in history - Notes

Read more here: » Genocides in history: Encyclopedia II - Genocides in history - Genocides from 1500 to 1950

History of Poland 1569–1795 - Zygmunt III Waza 1587–1632. The first few years of Sigismund's reign, until 1598 saw Poland and Sweden united in a personal union that made the Baltic sea an internal lake. However, the rebellion in Sweden started the chain of events that would involve Commonwealth in more than a century of warfare with Sweden. In the end, Sigismund III Waza failed to strengthen the Commonwealth nor to solve its internal problems; instead he concentrated on a futile attempt to regain his former Swedish throne. His ...

See also:

History of Poland 1569–1795, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Founding of The Elective Monarchy, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Henryk II Walezy 1572–1573, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Stefan Batory 1576–1586, History of Poland 1569–1795 - House of Vasa, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Zygmunt III Waza 1587–1632, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Polish-Sweden-Muscovy Wars, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Władysław IV Waza 1632-1648, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Jan Kazimierz Vasa 1648–1668, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Decay of the Commonwealth, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki King 1669–1673, History of Poland 1569–1795 - John III Sobieski King 1674–1696, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Augustus II the Strong Wettin King 1697–1706 1709–1733, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Stanislaw Leszczynski King 1706–1709 1733–1736, History of Poland 1569–1795 - August III Wettin King 1733–1763, History of Poland 1569–1795 - The Three Partitions 1764-1795, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Stanisław August Poniatowski King 1764–1795, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Reference

Read more here: » History of Poland 1569–1795: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland 1569–1795 - House of Vasa