blow molding

Polyethylene terephthalate (aka. PET, PETE, PETP) is a thermoplastic resin of the polyester family that is used to make beverage, food and other liquid containers, synthetic fibers, as well as for some other thermoforming applications. It is also one of the most important raw materials used in man-made fibers. Depending on its processing and thermal history, it may exist both as an amorphous (transparent) and as a semi-crystalline (opaque and white) material. It can be synthesized by a transesterification reaction ...

Including:

• Polyethylene terephthalate - Uses
• Polyethylene terephthalate - Intrinsic viscosity
• Polyethylene terephthalate - Drying
• Polyethylene terephthalate - Copolymers
• Polyethylene terephthalate - Crystals
• Polyethylene terephthalate - Degradation
• Polyethylene terephthalate - Re-crystallization experiment
• Polyethylene terephthalate - Processing Equipment

Read more here: » Polyethylene terephthalate: Encyclopedia - Polyethylene terephthalate

A bottle is a small container with a neck that is narrower than the body and a "mouth." Bottles are often made of glass, plastic or aluminum, and typically used to store liquids. e.g. water, milk, soft drinks, beer, wine, oil for cooking and as fuel, medicine, liquid soap, shampoo, ink, etc. For some bottles a deposit is paid, which is returned after returning the bottle to the retailer. For other glass bottles there is often separate garbage collection for recycling. A device used to close ...

Including:

• Bottle - Use for wine
• Bottle - Codd-neck bottles
• Bottle - Plastic bottles

Read more here: » Bottle: Encyclopedia - Bottle

The word shuttle can have several meanings. In general, it is something which travels back and forth between places in a regular and relatively frequent manner. Shuttle, a component for a loom. This is the original meaning. A spindle-shaped device holding the thread in tatting or knotting The Space Shuttle program, A public transport system operating at frequent intervals on a short route, such as a bus, train, or air shuttle, or a hybrid vehicle for hire service that combines features of a bus

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In 1834, Mothes and Dublanc were granted a patent for a method to produce a single-piece gelatin capsule that was sealed with a drop of gelatin solution. They used individual iron moulds for their process, filling the capsules individually with a medicine dropper. Later on, methods were developed that used sets of plates with pockets to form the capsules. Although some companies still use this method, the equipment is not produced commercially any more. All modern soft-gel encapsulation uses variations of a process developed by R.P. Scherer ...

See also:

Encapsulation pharmacology, Encapsulation pharmacology - Soft gel encapsulation, Encapsulation pharmacology - Two-part gel capsules

Read more here: » Encapsulation pharmacology: Encyclopedia II - Encapsulation pharmacology - Soft gel encapsulation

Punching in metal fabrication is the process of using a machine to press a shape through a sheet of metal and into a die to create that shape in the metal. This is most commonly done by use of a turret, a computer numerical controlled machine that houses tools and their corresponding dies in a revolving indexed turret. These machines use either hydraulic, pneumatic, or electrical power to press the shape with enough force to cut the metal. A misconception about punching is that the shape does the cutting, when in fact the shape presses the material into a die that cuts the metal. The die is also given a tolerance that i ...

See also:

Punching, Punching - Metals, Punching - Plastics

Read more here: » Punching: Encyclopedia II - Punching - Metals

Reciprocating Screw blow molding machines are characterized by the use of a reciprocating screw extruder, as is used in injection molding. As the screw melts the resin, the screw moves backward, allowing the melted plastic to accumulate in the end of the barrel. When the screw pushes forward under hydraulic pressure, the plastic is pushed out of the barrel, extruded through a flowhead and die, to form a plastic parison. Unlike shuttle machinery or rotary wheel machinery, which are characterized by continuous extrusion, reciprocating s ...

See also:

Reciprocating screw machinery, Reciprocating screw machinery - Description, Reciprocating screw machinery - Lightweight Bottle Machinery, Reciprocating screw machinery - Water Bottle Machinery, Reciprocating screw machinery - Sequence of Operation, Reciprocating screw machinery - Advantages and Disadvantages of Reciprocating Screw Machinery, Reciprocating screw machinery - Advantages, Reciprocating screw machinery - Disadvantages, Reciprocating screw machinery - History, Reciprocating screw machinery - Major Suppliers

Read more here: » Reciprocating screw machinery: Encyclopedia II - Reciprocating screw machinery - Description

Rotary blow molding “wheels” are targeted to the high output production of containers. They are used to produce containers from one to seven layers. View stripe and In Mold Labeling (IML) options are available in some configurations. Rotary wheels, which may contain from six to thirty molds, feature continuously extruded parisons. Revolving sets of blow molds capture the parison or parisons as they pass over the extrusion head. ...

See also:

Rotary wheel blow molding systems, Rotary wheel blow molding systems - Description, Rotary wheel blow molding systems - Advantages of Rotary Wheel Blow Molding, Rotary wheel blow molding systems - Disdvantages of Rotary Wheel Blow Molding, Rotary wheel blow molding systems - Applications, Rotary wheel blow molding systems - Suppliers

Read more here: » Rotary wheel blow molding systems: Encyclopedia II - Rotary wheel blow molding systems - Description

Main article: Wine bottle The glass bottle was an important development in the history of wine, because, when combined with a high-quality stopper such as a cork, it allowed long-term aging of wine. Glass has all qualities required for long-term storage (see above). It also eventually gave rise to "château bottling," the practice where an estate's wine is put in bottle at the source, rather than by a merchant. Prior to this, wine would be sold by the barrel (and before that, the amphora) and put into bottles only at the mercha ...

See also:

Bottle, Bottle - Use for wine, Bottle - Codd-neck bottles, Bottle - Plastic bottles

Read more here: » Bottle: Encyclopedia II - Bottle - Use for wine

The main virtue of PET is that it is fully recyclable. Unlike other plastics, its polymer chains can be recovered for additional use. PET has a resin identification code of 1. PET can be semi-rigid to rigid, depending on its thickness, and is very lightweight. It makes a good gas and fair moisture barrier, as well as a good barrier to alcohol (requires additional "Barrier" treatment) and solvents. It is strong and impact-re ...

See also:

Polyethylene terephthalate, Polyethylene terephthalate - Uses, Polyethylene terephthalate - Intrinsic viscosity, Polyethylene terephthalate - Drying, Polyethylene terephthalate - Copolymers, Polyethylene terephthalate - Crystals, Polyethylene terephthalate - Degradation, Polyethylene terephthalate - Re-crystallization experiment, Polyethylene terephthalate - Processing Equipment

Read more here: » Polyethylene terephthalate: Encyclopedia II - Polyethylene terephthalate - Uses

Very tight weight and dimensional tolerances can be obtained on wheel equipment, as the parison is captured on both ends. It is pinched in the preceding mold on the leading end, and positioned by the stationary flowhead die on the other end. In shuttle machinery and reciprocating screw machinery multiple parisons are extruded and are free hanging. Because there is always some variation in the parison length on these machi ...

See also:

Rotary wheel blow molding systems, Rotary wheel blow molding systems - Description, Rotary wheel blow molding systems - Advantages of Rotary Wheel Blow Molding, Rotary wheel blow molding systems - Disdvantages of Rotary Wheel Blow Molding, Rotary wheel blow molding systems - Applications, Rotary wheel blow molding systems - Suppliers

Read more here: » Rotary wheel blow molding systems: Encyclopedia II - Rotary wheel blow molding systems - Advantages of Rotary Wheel Blow Molding

PET is hygroscopic, meaning that it naturally absorbs water from its surroundings. However when this 'damp' PET is then heated a chemical reaction known as hydrolysis takes place between the water and the PET which reduces its molecular weight (IV) and its physical properties. This means that before the resin can be processed in a molding machine, as much moisture as possible must be removed from th ...

See also:

Polyethylene terephthalate, Polyethylene terephthalate - Uses, Polyethylene terephthalate - Intrinsic viscosity, Polyethylene terephthalate - Drying, Polyethylene terephthalate - Copolymers, Polyethylene terephthalate - Crystals, Polyethylene terephthalate - Degradation, Polyethylene terephthalate - Re-crystallization experiment, Polyethylene terephthalate - Processing Equipment

Read more here: » Polyethylene terephthalate: Encyclopedia II - Polyethylene terephthalate - Drying

One of the most important characteristics of PET is referred to as I.V.(Intrinsic Viscosity) The IV of the material, measured in dl/g (deci liters/gram) is dependent upon the length of its polymer chains. The longer the chains, the stiffer the material, and therefore the higher the IV. The average chain length of a particular batch of resin can be controlled during polymerization. An IV of about: 0.60 - would be appropriate for fiber 0.65 - ...

See also:

Polyethylene terephthalate, Polyethylene terephthalate - Uses, Polyethylene terephthalate - Intrinsic viscosity, Polyethylene terephthalate - Drying, Polyethylene terephthalate - Copolymers, Polyethylene terephthalate - Crystals, Polyethylene terephthalate - Degradation, Polyethylene terephthalate - Re-crystallization experiment, Polyethylene terephthalate - Processing Equipment

Read more here: » Polyethylene terephthalate: Encyclopedia II - Polyethylene terephthalate - Intrinsic viscosity

There are two basic molding methods, one-step and two-step. In two-step molding, two separate machines are used, one for injection molding the perform, the second for stretch-blow molding it into the final container shape. In one-step machines, the entire process from raw material to finished container is conducted within one machine, making it especially suitable for molding non-standard shapes (custom molding), including jars, flat oval, flask shapes etc. Its greatest merit is the reduction in space, product handling and energy, and far higher visual quality than can be achieved by the two-step system. Sin ...

See also:

Polyethylene terephthalate, Polyethylene terephthalate - Uses, Polyethylene terephthalate - Intrinsic viscosity, Polyethylene terephthalate - Drying, Polyethylene terephthalate - Copolymers, Polyethylene terephthalate - Crystals, Polyethylene terephthalate - Degradation, Polyethylene terephthalate - Re-crystallization experiment, Polyethylene terephthalate - Processing Equipment

Read more here: » Polyethylene terephthalate: Encyclopedia II - Polyethylene terephthalate - Processing Equipment

In addition to pure (homopolymer) PET, PET modified by copolymerization is also available. In some cases, the modified properties of copolymer are more desirable for a particular application. For example, cyclohexane dimethanol (CHDM) can be added to the polymer backbone in place of ethylene glycol. Since this building block is much larger (6 additional carbon atoms) than the ethylene glycol unit it replaces, it does not fit in with the neighboring chains the way an ethylene glycol unit would. This interferes with crys ...

See also:

Polyethylene terephthalate, Polyethylene terephthalate - Uses, Polyethylene terephthalate - Intrinsic viscosity, Polyethylene terephthalate - Drying, Polyethylene terephthalate - Copolymers, Polyethylene terephthalate - Crystals, Polyethylene terephthalate - Degradation, Polyethylene terephthalate - Re-crystallization experiment, Polyethylene terephthalate - Processing Equipment

Read more here: » Polyethylene terephthalate: Encyclopedia II - Polyethylene terephthalate - Copolymers

Reciprocating screw machinery - Advantages. Very efficient container production, with fast cycle times Machines are mechanically simple and easy to operate - the clamps do not shuttle, and the flowheads do not require bobbing Moderate initial capital investment Reciprocating screw machinery - Disadvantages. Limited to monolayer production Integration of parison programming is expensive, as each head utilizes a separate parison control system

There are two basic molding methods, one-step and two-step. In two-step molding, two separate machines are used, one for injection molding the preform, the second for stretch-blow molding it into the final container shape. In one-step machines, the entire process from raw material to finished container is conducted within one machine, making it especially suitable for molding non-standard shapes (custom molding), including jars, flat oval, flask shapes etc. Its greatest merit is the reduction in space, product handling and energy, and far higher visual quality than can be achieved by the two-step system. Sin ...

See also:

Polyethylene terephthalate, Polyethylene terephthalate - Uses, Polyethylene terephthalate - Intrinsic viscosity, Polyethylene terephthalate - Drying, Polyethylene terephthalate - Copolymers, Polyethylene terephthalate - Crystals, Polyethylene terephthalate - Degradation, Polyethylene terephthalate - Re-crystallization experiment, Polyethylene terephthalate - Processing Equipment

Read more here: » Polyethylene terephthalate: Encyclopedia II - Polyethylene terephthalate - Processing Equipment

Plastic soft drink bottles (two-liter, one-liter, etc) can withstand typical internal carbonation pressures of 2-4 bar (30 - 60 psi.), because the plastic is strain oriented in the stretch blow molding manufacturing process. Plastic bottles and other hollow plastic containers are manufactured utilzing the blow molding process. One use of this property is the water rocket. ...

See also:

Bottle, Bottle - Use for wine, Bottle - Codd-neck bottles, Bottle - Plastic bottles

Read more here: » Bottle: Encyclopedia II - Bottle - Plastic bottles

In 1872, British soft drink maker Hiram Codd designed and patented a bottle designed specifically for carbonated drinks. The Codd-neck bottle, as it was called, was designed and manufactured to enclose a marble and a rubber washer/gasket in the neck. The bottles were filled upside down, and pressure of the gas in the bottle forced the marble against the washer, sealing in the carbonation. The bottle was pinched into a special shape, as can be seen in the photo at right, to provide a chamber into which the marble was pushed to open the bottle. This prevented the marble fr ...

See also:

Bottle, Bottle - Use for wine, Bottle - Codd-neck bottles, Bottle - Plastic bottles

Read more here: » Bottle: Encyclopedia II - Bottle - Codd-neck bottles

One of the most important characteristics of PET is refered to as I.V.(Intrinsic Viscosity) The IV of the material is dependent upon the length of its polymer chains. The longer the chains, the stiffer the material, and therefore the higher the IV. The average chain length of a particular batch of resin can be controlled during polymerization. An IV of about: 0.6 - would be appropriate for fiber 0 ...

See also:

Polyethylene terephthalate, Polyethylene terephthalate - Uses, Polyethylene terephthalate - Intrinsic viscosity, Polyethylene terephthalate - Drying, Polyethylene terephthalate - Copolymers, Polyethylene terephthalate - Crystals, Polyethylene terephthalate - Degradation, Polyethylene terephthalate - Re-crystallization experiment, Polyethylene terephthalate - Processing Equipment

Read more here: » Polyethylene terephthalate: Encyclopedia II - Polyethylene terephthalate - Intrinsic viscosity

PET is hygroscopic, meaning that it naturally absorbs water from its surroundings. However, before the resin can be processed in a molding machine, all moisture must be removed from the resin. This is achieved through the use of a dryer. Inside the dryer, the air is run through an after cooler, because it is easier to remove moisture from cold air than hot air. The air is then dispersed into a dessicant bed. The air leaving the dessicant bed is cool and dry. The air then flows through a process heater. After that hot dry air is pumped ...

See also:

Polyethylene terephthalate, Polyethylene terephthalate - Uses, Polyethylene terephthalate - Intrinsic viscosity, Polyethylene terephthalate - Drying, Polyethylene terephthalate - Copolymers, Polyethylene terephthalate - Crystals, Polyethylene terephthalate - Degradation, Polyethylene terephthalate - Re-crystallization experiment, Polyethylene terephthalate - Processing Equipment

Read more here: » Polyethylene terephthalate: Encyclopedia II - Polyethylene terephthalate - Drying