Encyclopedia - Blood: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood - Physiology Of Blood
Blood - Production and degradation. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow; the process is termed hematopoiesis. The proteinaceous...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Pressure: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood Pressure - Physiology
The mean blood pressure in the arteries supplying the body is a result of the heart pumping blood from the veins back into the arteries. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Vessel: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood Vessel - Physiology
Blood vessels do not actively engage in the transport of the blood (they have no appreciable peristalsis), but arteries - and veins to a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood: Encyclopedia - Blood
Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets). Medical terms related t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Pressure: Encyclopedia - Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels. Unless indicated otherwise, blood pressure is unde...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Pressure: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood Pressure - Physiology
The mean blood pressure in the arteries supplying the body is a result of the heart pumping blood from the veins back into the arteries. ...   » Read the article

Article - Meditation: What Are The Physiological Effects Of Meditation?
What are the physiological effects of meditation? The most common physiological effects of meditation are reduced blood pressure, lower...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood-brain Barrier: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood-brain Barrier - Physiology
Throughout the body, the capillaries (the smallest of the blood vessels) are made up of endothelial cells separated by small gaps. This a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Vessel: Encyclopedia - Blood Vessel
The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. The most important types, arter...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood-brain Barrier: Encyclopedia - Blood-brain Barrier
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a membrane that controls the passage of substances from the blood into the central nervous system. It is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blushing: Encyclopedia - Blushing
To blush is to display a marked redness of one's face; the term is seldom applied except when the redness is construed as a result of emb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bilirubin: Encyclopedia - Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a yellow breakdown product of haem (heme in American English). Haem is a special ring-shaped molecule that is found in haemo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cardiology: Encyclopedia - Cardiology
Cardiology is the branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart and blood vessels. The field is commonly divided in the branches...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cardiac Cycle: Encyclopedia - Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac cycle is the term used to describe the sequence of events that occur as a heart works to pump blood through the body. Every singl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thyroid: Encyclopedia - Thyroid
The thyroid is one of the larger endocrine glands in the body. It is located in the neck and produces hormones, principally thyroxine and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liver: Encyclopedia - Liver
The liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. It plays a major role in metabolism and has a number of functions in the body inc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heart: Encyclopedia - Heart
The heart (Latin cor) is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The term...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thrombus: Encyclopedia - Thrombus
A thrombus or blood clot is the final product of blood coagulation, through the aggregation of platelets and the activation of the humora...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Corticosteroid: Encyclopedia - Corticosteroid
In physiology, corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vascular: Encyclopedia - Vascular
Vascular is an adjective for the word vessel and refers to tube-like structures. In zoology, more specifically anatomy and physiology, "...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biomarker: Encyclopedia - Biomarker
Biomarker is an occasionally-used synonym for biosignature, which is a term used in astrobiology to indicate "a measurable phenomenon tha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arousal: Encyclopedia - Arousal
Arousal is a physiological and psychological state involving the activation of the reticular activating system in the brain stem, the aut...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cortisol: Encyclopedia - Cortisol
Cortisol (hydrocortisone) Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone that is involved in the response to stress; it increases blood pressure ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Creatinine: Encyclopedia - Creatinine
Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body (dependi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Angiogenesis: Encyclopedia - Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis is the physiological process involving the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. Though there has been s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Pressure: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood Pressure - Measurement
Blood pressure (BP) is most accurately measured invasively by placing a cannula into a blood vessel and connecting it to an electronic pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Pressure: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood Pressure - Factors Influencing Blood Pressure
The physics of the circulatory system, as of any fluid system, are very complex. That said, there are many physical factors that influenc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Pressure: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood Pressure - Pathophysiology
Blood pressure - Effects of high blood pressure. See main page Hypertension Blood pressure exceeding normal values is called arterial h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Vessel: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood Vessel - Types
Blood vessels exist in varying calibers: Arteries Aorta (the largest artery, carries blood out of the heart) Branches of the aorta, suc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Vessel: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood Vessel - Anatomy
All blood vessels follow the same histological makeup. The inner lining is the endothelium, followed by subendothelial connective tissue....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Vessel: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood Vessel - Role In Disease
Blood vessels play a role in virtually every medical condition. Cancer, for example, cannot progress if the tumor does not cause angiogen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Pressure: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood Pressure - Measurement
Blood pressure-!!(BP) is most accurately measured invasively by placing a cannula into a blood vessel and connecting it to an electronic ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Pressure: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood Pressure - Factors Influencing Blood Pressure
The physics of the circulatory system, as of any fluid system, are very complex. That said, there are many physical factors that influenc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Pressure: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood Pressure - Pathophysiology
Blood pressure - Effects of high blood pressure. See main page Hypertension Blood pressure exceeding normal values is called arterial h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood Urea Nitrogen: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood Urea Nitrogen - Interpretation
The most common cause of an elevated BUN, azotemia, is due to renal failure. This can be due to a temporary condition such as dehydration...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood-brain Barrier: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood-brain Barrier - History
The existence of such a barrier was first noticed in experiments by Paul Ehrlich in the late 19th century. Ehrlich was a bacteriologist w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood-brain Barrier: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood-brain Barrier - History
The existence of such a barrier was first noticed in experiments by Paul Ehrlich in the late-19th century. Ehrlich was a bacteriologist w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood-brain Barrier: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood-brain Barrier - Drugs Targeting The Brain
A major challenge for treatment of most brain disorders is overcoming the difficulty of delivering therapeutic agents to specific regions...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blushing: Encyclopedia Ii - Blushing - Regulation Of Blood Flow In The Skin
Blood flow in the cutaneous resistance vessels and the subcutaneous venous plexus are both neurally and locally regulated. However, there...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blushing: Encyclopedia Ii - Blushing - Physiology Of Blushing
There is evidence that the blushing region is anatomically different in structure. The facial skin, for example, has more capillary loops...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Interstitial Fluid: Encyclopedia Ii - Interstitial Fluid - Production And Removal
Plasma and interstitial fluid are essentially identical except for location. Plasma, the major component in blood, communicates freely wi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bilirubin: Encyclopedia Ii - Bilirubin - Bilirubin Blood Tests
Bilirubin is broken down by light, and blood collection tubes (especially serum tubes) should therefore be protected from such exposure. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cardiology: Encyclopedia Ii - Cardiology - Anatomy & Physiology
Cardiology - Basic anatomy Structure of the heart. Epicardium Pericardium Myocardium Papillary muscle Endocardium Coronary circulation...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bilirubin: Encyclopedia Ii - Bilirubin - Physiology
Bilirubin is essentially a waste product, formed when red blood cells die and hemoglobin is broken down. Haemoglobin is broken down withi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bilirubin: Encyclopedia Ii - Bilirubin - Interpretation
The reference range for total bilirubin is 2 - 14 μmol/L or 0.3 - 1.9 mg/dL. For direct bilirubin, it is 0 - 4 μmol/L or 0 - 0.3 mg/dL....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bilirubin: Encyclopedia Ii - Bilirubin - Chemistry
Bilirubin consists of an open chain of four pyrroles (tetrapyrrole); by constrast, the haem molecule is a ring of four pyrroles, called p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liver: Encyclopedia Ii - Liver - Development
The liver develops as an endodermal outpocketing of the foregut called the hepatic diverticulum. Its initial blood supply is primarily fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liver: Encyclopedia Ii - Liver - Diseases Of The Liver
Many diseases of the liver are accompanied by jaundice caused by increased levels of bilirubin in the system. The bilirubin results from ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cardiac Cycle: Encyclopedia Ii - Cardiac Cycle - Atrial Systole
Atrial systole is the contraction of the heart muscle (myocardia) of the left and right atria. Both atria contract at the same time. As t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cardiac Cycle: Encyclopedia Ii - Cardiac Cycle - Ventricular Systole
Ventricular systole is the contraction of the muscles (myocardia) of the left and right ventricles. As the ventricles contract, the blood...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liver: Encyclopedia Ii - Liver - Anatomy
The adult human liver normally weighs between 1.0 - 2.5 kilograms, and is a soft, pinkish-brown "boomerang shaped" organ. It is the secon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liver: Encyclopedia Ii - Liver - Physiology
The various functions of the liver are carried out by the liver cells or hepatocytes. The liver produces and excretes bile required for ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liver: Encyclopedia Ii - Liver - Liver As Food
Mammal and bird livers are commonly eaten as food: products include liver paté, Leberwurst, Braunschweiger, foie gras, chopped liver and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liver: Encyclopedia Ii - Liver - Cultural Allusions
In Greek mythology, Prometheus was punished by the gods for revealing fire to humans by being chained to a rock where a vulture (or an ea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cardiac Cycle: Encyclopedia Ii - Cardiac Cycle - Complete Cardiac Diastole
Cardiac Diastole is the period of time when the heart relaxes after contraction in preparation for refilling with circulating blood. Vent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thyroid: Encyclopedia Ii - Thyroid - Diseases Of The Thyroid Gland
Hyper- and hypofunction: Hypothyroidism Hashimoto's thyroiditis / thyroiditis Ord's thyroiditis Postoperative hypothyroidism Postpartum...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thyroid: Encyclopedia Ii - Thyroid - Treatment
Thyroid - Medical treatment. Levothyroxine is a stereoisomer of thyroxine which is degraded much slower and can be administered once da...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heart: Encyclopedia Ii - Heart - The Hearts Of Other Animals
The heart of fish have only two chambers: one atrium and one ventricle. In fish, the system has only one circuit. The blood pumps through...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thyroid: Encyclopedia Ii - Thyroid - Physiology
The primary function of the thyroid is production of the hormones thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin. Up to 40% of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thyroid: Encyclopedia Ii - Thyroid - Diagnosis
The measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels is often used by doctors as a screening test. Elevated TSH levels can signify...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heart: Encyclopedia Ii - Heart - Diseases And Treatments
The study of diseases of the heart is known as cardiology. Important diseases of the heart include: Coronary heart disease is the lack o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hemostasis: Encyclopedia Ii - Hemostasis - Hemostasis In Physiology
Hemostasis may refer to the physiologic process whereby bleeding is halted. When a blood vessel is wounded, several steps occur to staunc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hemostasis: Encyclopedia Ii - Hemostasis - Hemostasis In Physiology
Hemostasis may refer to the physiologic process whereby bleeding is halted. When a blood vessel is wounded, several steps occur to staunc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Renal Physiology: Encyclopedia Ii - Renal Physiology - Functions Of The Kidney
Renal physiology - Filtering wastes from the bloodstream. Wastes are filtered out from the blood in the glomeruli which is enclosed by ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Renal Physiology: Encyclopedia Ii - Renal Physiology - Tubular Secretion
Tubular secretion is the transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to renal tubule lumen. This is one of the second steps in the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cardiac Cycle: Encyclopedia Ii - Cardiac Cycle - Regulation Of The Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac muscle is myogenic, which means that it is self-exciting. This is in contrast with skeletal muscle, which requires either conscio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cardiac Cycle: Encyclopedia Ii - Cardiac Cycle - Physiological Mechanism Of Systole
Systole, or contraction, of the heart is induced as the sarcolemma, or thin sheath, of the myocardial cells, or heart muscle cells, of th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thyroid: Encyclopedia Ii - Thyroid - Anatomy
Thyroid - Gross anatomy. The thyroid is situated on the front side of the neck at the level of C5 to T1 vertebral bodies, just below th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Endorphin: Encyclopedia Ii - Endorphin - Mechanism Of Action
Beta-endorphin is released into the blood (from the pituitary gland) and into the spinal cord and brain from hypothalamic neurons. The be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glycemia: Encyclopedia Ii - Glycemia - Measurement
For clinical evaluation purposes, there are two ways of measuring glycemia: Fasting glycemia: measured in a blood sample taken after 8 h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrolyte: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrolyte - Physiology
In physiology, the primary ions of electrolytes are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, and bicarbonate. All high...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cerebrospinal Fluid: Encyclopedia Ii - Cerebrospinal Fluid - Pathology
The cerebrospinal fluid has many putative roles including mechanical protection of the brain, distribution of neuroendocrine factors, and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Flushing Physiology: Encyclopedia Ii - Flushing Physiology - Sex Flush
Commonly referred to as the sex flush, vasocongestion (increased blood flow) of the skin can occur during all four phases of the human se...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heart: Encyclopedia Ii - Heart - The Human Heart
Heart - Structure. In the human body, the heart is normally situated slightly to the left of the middle of the thorax, underneath the s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heart: Encyclopedia Ii - Heart - First Aid
See cardiac arrest for emergencies involving the heart If a person is encountered in cardiac arrest (no heartbeat), cardiopulmonary resus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heart: Encyclopedia Ii - Heart - The Hearts Of Other Animals
Heart - Heartbeat. Smaller animals have faster heartbeats. This is evident within a species as well, as the young beat their hearts fas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heart: Encyclopedia Ii - Heart - The Human Heart
Heart - Early development. The human embryonic heart (EHR) begins beating at approximately 21 days after conception, or five weeks afte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Erection: Encyclopedia Ii - Erection - Mechanism
Physiologically, an erection is achieved by two mechanisms that play together: increased inflow of blood into the vessels of erectile ti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vomiting: Encyclopedia Ii - Vomiting - Content
As the stomach secretes acid, vomit contains a high concentration of hydronium ions and is thus strongly acidic. The potential physiologi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Platelet: Encyclopedia Ii - Platelet - Transfusion
Platelets are separated from donated blood using an apheresis blood separator. This is necessary because platelets will not survive at th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mitral Valve: Encyclopedia Ii - Mitral Valve - Normal Physiology
During left ventricular diastole, after the pressure drops in the left ventricle due to relaxation of the ventricular myocardium, the mit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cardiac Output: Encyclopedia Ii - Cardiac Output - Measuring Cardiac Output
There are many invasive and several non-invasive methods for measuring cardiac output in mammals. An extremely crude non-invasive method,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cardiac Output: Encyclopedia Ii - Cardiac Output - Measuring Cardiac Output
There are many invasive and several non-invasive methods for measuring cardiac output in mammals. An extremely crude non-invasive method,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glucagonoma: Encyclopedia Ii - Glucagonoma - Symptoms
The primary physiological effect of glucagonoma is an overproduction of the peptide hormone glucagon, which enhances blood glucose levels...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Resistin: Encyclopedia Ii - Resistin - Role In Disease
Evidence from the early studies suggested that there might be a correlation between blood glucose levels and resistin concentrations in m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1: Encyclopedia Ii - Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 - Function
PAI-1 is mainly produced by the endothelium (cells lining blood vessels), but is also secreted by other tissue types, such as adipose tis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcitonin: Encyclopedia Ii - Calcitonin - Physiology
The hormone participates in calcium and phosphorus metabolism and it was found in fish, reptiles, birds and mammals. Most evidence points...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alkaline Phosphatase: Encyclopedia Ii - Alkaline Phosphatase - Human
Alkaline phosphatase - Physiology. In humans, alkaline phosphatase is present in all tissues throughout the entire body, but is particu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Factor Vii: Encyclopedia Ii - Factor Vii - Physiology
The main role of factor VII (FVII) is to initiate the process of coagulation in conjunction with tissue factor (TF). Tissue factor is fou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Immunoglobulin E: Encyclopedia Ii - Immunoglobulin E - Role In Disease
Atopic individuals (people who suffer from true IgE-mediated allergies) can have up to 10 times the normal level of IgE in their blood (a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mast Cell: Encyclopedia Ii - Mast Cell - Origin And Classification
Mast cells were first described by Paul Ehrlich in 1878 on the basis of their unique staining characteristics and large granules. These g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Free-diving: Encyclopedia Ii - Free-diving - Physiology Of Free-diving
The human body has several adaptations under diving conditions, which stem from mammalian diving reflex. These adaptations enable the hum...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pde5 Inhibitor: Encyclopedia Ii - Pde5 Inhibitor - Mode Of Action
Part of the physiological process of erection involves the release of nitric oxide (NO) in vasculature of the corpus cavernosum. NO activ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Biofeedback: Alternative Medicine Dictionary On Biofeedback
Biofeedback: the process of furnishing an individual with information, usually in an auditory or visual mode, on the state of one or m...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Meaning Of Dreams About Blood: Dream Interpretation Dictionary - Blood
  Blood It is the life-giving, vital part of our physiology and it may symbolize our strengths and weaknesses and our physical an...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Biofeedback: Natural Medicine Dictionary On Biofeedback
Biofeedback: Using a biofeedback machine, practitioners teach patients how to control and change such autonomic body functions as bloo...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Biofeedback: Alternative Treatment Dictionary On Biofeedback
Biofeedback: Using a biofeedback machine, practitioners teach patients how to control and change such autonomic body functions as bloo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood - Anatomy Of Blood
Blood is composed of several kinds of corpuscles; these formed elements of the blood constitute about 45% of whole blood. The other 55% i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood - Mythology And Religion
Due to its importance to life, blood is associated with a large number of beliefs. One of the most basic is the use of blood as a symbol ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blood: Encyclopedia Ii - Blood - Health And Disease
Blood - Ancient medicine. Hippocratic medicine considered blood one of the four humors (together with phlegm, yellow bile and black bil...   » Read the article