Blanche of Castile

1188 - Events. Saladin unsuccessfully besieges the Hospitaller fortress of Krak des Chevaliers in modern Syria. Newgate Prison is built. Richard Lionheart allies with Philip II of France against his father, Henry II of England. Giraldus Cambrensis and Baldwin of Exeter travel through Wales attempting to recruit men for the Third Crusade. The "Saladin tithe" is levied in England. Alfonso IX of Castile becomes king of Leon. Queen Tamar of Georgia marries D ...

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• 1188 - Events
• 1188 - Births
• 1188 - Deaths

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Alfonso VIII (November 11, 1155 – October 5, 1214); called the Noble or, in Spanish, de las Navas; was the king of Castile and grandson of Alfonso VII. He led the coalition of Christian princes and foreign crusaders who broke the power of the Almohades at the battle of the Navas de Tolosa in 1212. His early life resembled that of other medieval kings. He succeeded to the throne, in infancy, on the death of his father, Sancho. Though proclaimed king, he was regarded as a mere name by the unruly nobles to w ...

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Cîteaux Abbey (French: abbaye de Cîteaux) is a Catholic abbey located in Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux, south of Dijon, France. Today it belongs to the Order of the Trappists, the Cistercians of the Strict Observance; the Cistercian order takes its name from this mother house of Cisteaux, near Nuits-Saint-Georges. The abbey has about 35 members. Citeaux Abbey - History. Main article: Cistercians. The abbey of Cîteaux was founded in 1098 by Saint Robert of Mo ...

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• Citeaux Abbey - History
• Citeaux Abbey - Current activities
• Citeaux Abbey - Related links

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For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. 1252 - Events. 1252 - Europe. May 15 - Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull ad extirpanda, which authorizes the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition. Torture quickly gains widespread usage across Catholic Europe. The first European gold coins are minted in the Italian city of Florence, and are known as florins. The Polish land of Lebus is incorporated into German state of Bran ...

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• 1252 - Events
• 1252 - Europe
• 1252 - Asia
• 1252 - Births
• 1252 - Deaths

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Charles of Anjou (1227–1285), also Charles I of Sicily. He was King of Sicily 1262–1282 (and under that title, King of Naples 1282–1285), King of Albania 1272–1285, King of Jerusalem 1277–1285, Prince of Achaea 1278–1285, Count of Provence and Forcalquier 1246–1285, and Count of Anjou and Maine 1247–1285. He was the posthumous son of Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile, and hence brother to Louis IX of France and Alphonse of Toulouse. He conquered the Kingdom of Sicily from the Hohenstaufen in 1266 and began to ...

Including:

• Charles I of Sicily - Biography
• Charles I of Sicily - Early Life
• Charles I of Sicily - Marriage and Children
• Charles I of Sicily - Accession in Provence
• Charles I of Sicily - Seventh Crusade and Return
• Charles I of Sicily - Wider Ambitions
• Charles I of Sicily - Conquest of Sicily
• Charles I of Sicily - Ambitions in the Latin Empire
• Charles I of Sicily - Eighth Crusade
• Charles I of Sicily - Conquest of Albania and Genoese War
• Charles I of Sicily - Breakdown of the Union
• Charles I of Sicily - Sicilian Vespers
• Charles I of Sicily - War with Aragon
• Charles I of Sicily - Death and legacy

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The Albigensian Crusade (1209-1229) was a brutal 20-year military campaign initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the religion practiced by the Cathars of Languedoc, which the Roman Catholic hierarchy considered heretical. It is historically significant for a number of reasons: the violence inflicted was extreme even by medieval standards; the church offered legally sanctioned dominion over conquered lands to northern French nobles and the King of France, acting as essentially Catholic mercenaries, who then nearly doubled ...

Including:

• Albigensian Crusade - Origin
• Albigensian Crusade - Crusades
• Albigensian Crusade - Initial success 1209 to 1215
• Albigensian Crusade - Revolts and reverses 1216 to 1225
• Albigensian Crusade - French King intervenes
• Albigensian Crusade - Inquisition

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List of French monarchs - Main Branch 1328-1498. Louis I of Anjou (regent for Charles VI) 1380-1382 Anne de Beaujeu (regent for Charles VIII) 1483-1484 List of French monarchs - Valois-Orléans Branch 1498-1515. List of French monarchs - Valois-Angoulême Branch 1515-1589. < ...

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List of French monarchs, List of French monarchs - Carolingian Dynasty 843 to 987, List of French monarchs - Capetian Dynasty 987 to 1328, List of French monarchs - Valois Dynasty 1328-1589, List of French monarchs - Main Branch 1328-1498, List of French monarchs - Valois-Orléans Branch 1498-1515, List of French monarchs - Valois-Angoulême Branch 1515-1589, List of French monarchs - Bourbon Dynasty 1589-1792, List of French monarchs - First Republic 1792-1804, List of French monarchs - Bonaparte Dynasty - First Empire 1804-1814, List of French monarchs - Bourbon Dynasty Restored 1814-1830, List of French monarchs - Bourbon-Orléans The Monarchy of July 1830-1848, List of French monarchs - Second Republic 1848-1852, List of French monarchs - Bonaparte Dynasty Restored Second Empire 1852-1870

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1252 - Europe. May 15 - Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull ad extirpanda, which authorizes the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition. Torture quickly gains widespread usage across Catholic Europe. The first European gold coins are minted in the Italian city of Florence, and are known as florins. The Polish land of Lebus is incorporated into German state of Brandenburg, marking the start of Brandenburg's expansion into previously Polish areas (Neumark). The Swe ...

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1252, 1252 - Events, 1252 - Europe, 1252 - Asia, 1252 - Births, 1252 - Deaths

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The following former queen consorts became queen mothers, though not all chose to use that style. Queen Alexandra (1844–1925) — widow of Edward VII and mother of George V. Queen Mary (1867–1953) — widow of George V and mother of kings Edward VIII and George VI. When her granddaughter Elizabeth II became monarch in 1952, Queen Mary became Queen Mother Dowager. However, on the death of her husband in 1936, she expressed a preference to continue to be referred to as 'Queen Mary'. That style was us ...

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Queen Mother, Queen Mother - Recent British Queen Mothers, Queen Mother - Other Queen Mothers, Queen Mother - Exceptional cases, Queen Mother - Footnote

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Shortly after Prince Edward's birth, however, there was a falling out. Simon de Montfort owed a great sum of money to Thomas II of Savoy, the uncle of Henry's queen, and named Henry as security for his repayment. King Henry had evidently not been told of this, and when he discovered that Montfort had used his name, he was enraged. On August 9, 1239 Henry confronted Montfort, called him an excommunicant and threatened to imprison him in the Tower of London. "You seduced my sister," King Henry said, "and when I discovered this, I gave her to y ...

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Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Family roots, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Royal marriage, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Crusade and turning against the king, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - War against the king, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Death, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Sources, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - External link

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In March 1229, on Shrove Tuesday, Paris's pre-Lenten carnival began. This was similar to a Mardi Gras where one wore masks and generally let loose. The students often drank heavily and were rowdy, and in the suburban quarter of Saint Marcel a dispute broke out between a band of students and a tavern proprietor over a bill which led to a physical fight. The students were beaten up and thrown into the streets. The next day, seeking revenge, the students returned in larger numbers armed with wooden clubs, broke into the tavern, beat the offenders and destroyed the establishment. Other shops we ...

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University of Paris strike of 1229, University of Paris strike of 1229 - Background, University of Paris strike of 1229 - The riot, University of Paris strike of 1229 - The strike, University of Paris strike of 1229 - Bibliography

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The military campaigns of the Crusade can be divided into a number of periods, the first from 1209 to 1215 was a series of great success for the crusaders in Languedoc. The captured lands however were largely lost between 1215 and 1225 in a series of revolts and reverses. The situation turned again following the intervention of the French king, Louis VIII, in 1226. He died in November of that year, but the efforts continued under Louis IX; the area was reconquered by 1229 and main protagonists made peace. From 1233 the efforts of the Inquisi ...

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Albigensian Crusade, Albigensian Crusade - Origin, Albigensian Crusade - Crusades, Albigensian Crusade - Initial success 1209 to 1215, Albigensian Crusade - Revolts and reverses 1216 to 1225, Albigensian Crusade - French King intervenes, Albigensian Crusade - Inquisition

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In 1249, Saint Louis IX of France was away on crusade, and had been defeated and captured at Cairo in Egypt. When news of this reached France the next year, both nobles and peasants were deeply distressed; the king was well-loved and it was inconceivable that such a pious man could be defeated by heathens. One of the outpourings of support took the form of a peasant movement in northern France, led by a man known only as "Le Maître de Hongrie," "the Master of Hungary." ...

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Shepherds' Crusade, Shepherds' Crusade - Shepherds' Crusade 1251, Shepherds' Crusade - Shepherd's Crusade 1320, Shepherds' Crusade - Sources, Shepherds' Crusade - 1251, Shepherds' Crusade - 1320

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Charles I of Sicily - Early Life. Charles was born in 1227, shortly after the death of his father, King Louis VIII. In his will, his father had left to him (should he be male), the Counties of Anjou and Maine, with which he was invested in 1247. The affection of his mother Blanche seems largely to have been bestowed upon his brother Louis; and Louis tended to favor his elder brothers Robert of Artois and Alphonse. The self-reliance this engendered in Charles may account for the tremendous drive and ambition he showed in his later life. Ch ...

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Charles I of Sicily, Charles I of Sicily - Biography, Charles I of Sicily - Early Life, Charles I of Sicily - Marriage and Children, Charles I of Sicily - Accession in Provence, Charles I of Sicily - Seventh Crusade and Return, Charles I of Sicily - Wider Ambitions, Charles I of Sicily - Conquest of Sicily, Charles I of Sicily - Ambitions in the Latin Empire, Charles I of Sicily - Eighth Crusade, Charles I of Sicily - Conquest of Albania and Genoese War, Charles I of Sicily - Breakdown of the Union, Charles I of Sicily - Sicilian Vespers, Charles I of Sicily - War with Aragon, Charles I of Sicily - Death and legacy

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The abbey of Cîteaux was founded in 1098 by Saint Robert of Molesme, who became the first abbot, under the rule of Saint Benedict. Saint Bernard, a monk of Cîteaux Abbey, left it to found Clairvaux Abbey in 1115, of which he was the first abbot. His influence in the Cistercian order and beyond is of prime importance, and he is probably the best known personality in the Cistercian Order. He reaffirmed the importance of strict observance to the rules of Saint Benedict. The great church of ...

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Citeaux Abbey, Citeaux Abbey - History, Citeaux Abbey - Current activities, Citeaux Abbey - Related links

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Much of what we know of Louis' life comes from Jean de Joinville's famous biography of Louis, Life of Saint Louis. Joinville was a close friend, confidant, and counselor to the king, and also participated as a witness in the papal inquest into Louis' life that ended with his canonization in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII. Louis was eleven years old when his father died in 1226. He was crowned king the same year in the cathedral at Reims. Because of Louis' youth, his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled France as regent until 1234, when Louis was deemed of age to rule himself. She continued as an important counsellor to the ...

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Louis IX of France, Louis IX of France - Life, Louis IX of France - Patron of arts and arbiter of Europe, Louis IX of France - Religious zeal, Louis IX of France - Veneration as a saint, Louis IX of France - Children, Louis IX of France - Places named after Saint Louis, Louis IX of France - Bibliography

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Louis' patronage of the arts drove much innovation in Gothic art and architecture, and the style of his court radiated throughout Europe by both the purchase of art objects from Parisian masters for export and by the marriage of the king's many daughters to foreign husbands and their subsequent introduction of Parisian models elsewhere. Louis' personal chapel, the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, was copied more than once by his descendants elsewhere. Louis most likely orde ...

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Louis IX of France, Louis IX of France - Life, Louis IX of France - Patron of arts and arbiter of Europe, Louis IX of France - Religious zeal, Louis IX of France - Veneration as a saint, Louis IX of France - Children, Louis IX of France - Places named after Saint Louis, Louis IX of France - Bibliography

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The response from the university was to immediately go on strike. Classes were closed and striking students either went to other universities such as Rheims, Oxford or Toulouse, or returned home or found employment elsewhere. Faculty ceased to teach. After two years of negotiations, Pope Gregory IX, an alumnus of Paris himself, on April 13, 1231 decreed the Parens Scientarum ("The Mother of Sciences"), which has been called the Magna Carta of the University of Paris because it guaranteed ...

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University of Paris strike of 1229, University of Paris strike of 1229 - Background, University of Paris strike of 1229 - The riot, University of Paris strike of 1229 - The strike, University of Paris strike of 1229 - Bibliography

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Simon de Montfort returned in 1263, at the invitation of the barons, who were now convinced of the king's hostility to all reform; and raised a rebellion with the avowed object of restoring the form of government which the Provisions had ordained. For a few weeks it seemed as though the royalists were at his mercy; but he made the mistake of accepting Henry's offer to abide by the arbitration of Louis IX of France. At Amiens, in January 1264, the French king decided that the Provisions were unlawful and invalid. Montfort, who had remained in ...

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Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Family roots, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Royal marriage, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Crusade and turning against the king, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - War against the king, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Death, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Sources, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - External link

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Matthew Paris reports that the bishop of Lincoln, Robert Grosseteste, once said to Simon's eldest son, "My beloved child, both you and your father will meet your deaths on one day, and by one kind of death, but it will be in the name of justice and truth." When Simon de Montfort faced the army of his nephew Prince Edward, and saw the skill with which it was organized, he declared, "By St. James' arm, they are approaching with wisdom, and they learned this method from me, not from themselves. Let ...

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Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Family roots, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Royal marriage, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Crusade and turning against the king, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - War against the king, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Death, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Sources, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - External link

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