Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623–August 19, 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. Pascal was a child prodigy, who was educated by his father. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences, where he made important contributions to the construction of mechanical calculators and the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by expanding the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also w ...

Including:

• Blaise Pascal - Early life and education
• Blaise Pascal - Contributions to mathematics
• Blaise Pascal - Philosophy of mathematics
• Blaise Pascal - Contributions to the physical sciences
• Blaise Pascal - Mature life religion philosophy and literature
• Blaise Pascal - Religious conversion
• Blaise Pascal - Upon brink of death
• Blaise Pascal - The Provincial Letters
• Blaise Pascal - Miracle
• Blaise Pascal - The Pensées
• Blaise Pascal - Last works and death
• Blaise Pascal - Legacy
• Blaise Pascal - Works
• Blaise Pascal - Notes

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Blaise Pascal, Blaise Pascal - Early life and education, Blaise Pascal - Contributions to mathematics, Blaise Pascal - Philosophy of mathematics, Blaise Pascal - Contributions to the physical sciences, Blaise Pascal - Mature life religion philosophy and literature, Blaise Pascal - Religious conversion, Blaise Pascal - Upon brink of death, Blaise Pascal - The Provincial Letters, Blaise Pascal - Miracle, Blaise Pascal - The Pensées, Blaise Pascal - Last works and death, Blaise Pascal - Legacy, Blaise Pascal - Works, Blaise Pascal - Notes

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In honor of his scientific contributions, the name Pascal has been given to the SI unit of pressure, to a programming language, and Pascal's law (an important principle of hydrostatics), and as mentioned above, Pascal's triangle and Pascal's wager still bear his name. In Canada, there is an annual math contest named in his honour. The Pascal Contest is open to any student in Canada that is 14 ye ...

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Blaise Pascal, Blaise Pascal - Early life and education, Blaise Pascal - Contributions to mathematics, Blaise Pascal - Philosophy of mathematics, Blaise Pascal - Contributions to the physical sciences, Blaise Pascal - Mature life religion philosophy and literature, Blaise Pascal - Religious conversion, Blaise Pascal - Upon brink of death, Blaise Pascal - The Provincial Letters, Blaise Pascal - Miracle, Blaise Pascal - The Pensées, Blaise Pascal - Last works and death, Blaise Pascal - Legacy, Blaise Pascal - Works, Blaise Pascal - Notes

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Blaise Pascal - Religious conversion. Biographically, we can say that two basic influences led him to his conversion: sickness and Jansenism. As early as his eighteenth year he suffered from a nervous ailment that left him hardly a day without pain. In 1647 a paralytic attack so disabled him that he could not move without crutches. His head ached, his bowels burned, his legs and feet were continually cold, and required wearisome aids to circulation of the blood; he wore stockings steeped in brandy to warm his fee ...

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Blaise Pascal, Blaise Pascal - Early life and education, Blaise Pascal - Contributions to mathematics, Blaise Pascal - Philosophy of mathematics, Blaise Pascal - Contributions to the physical sciences, Blaise Pascal - Mature life, religion, philosophy, and literature, Blaise Pascal - Religious conversion, Blaise Pascal - Upon brink of death, Blaise Pascal - The Provincial Letters, Blaise Pascal - Miracle, Blaise Pascal - The Pensées, Blaise Pascal - Last works and death, Blaise Pascal - Legacy, Blaise Pascal - Works, Blaise Pascal - Notes

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UCSD Pascal was a specific implementation of the programming language Pascal which used the p-Code machine architecture. Notable was the introduction of separately compilable Units and a String type. Both of which influenced the design of the Ada programming language. The UCSD Pascal compiler was distributed as part of a portable operating system, the p-System. There were four versions of UCSD p-Code engine (p-Code incompatible) each with several revisions of the p-System (and UCSD Pascal); represent ...

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In the philosophy of mathematics, constructivism asserts that it is necessary to find (or "construct") a mathematical object to prove that it exists. When one assumes that an object does not exist and derives a contradiction from that assumption, one still has not found the object and therefore not proved its existence, according to constructivists. See constructive proof. Constructivism is often confused with intuitionism, but in fact, intuitionism is only one kind of constructivism. Intuitionism maintains that the foundations ...

Including:

• Constructivism mathematics - Constructivist mathematics
• Constructivism mathematics - Example from real analysis
• Constructivism mathematics - Cardinality
• Constructivism mathematics - Attitude of mathematicians
• Constructivism mathematics - Mathematicians who have contributed to constructivism
• Constructivism mathematics - Branches

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Mathematics is often defined as the study of topics such as quantity, structure, space, and change. Another view, held by many mathematicians, is that mathematics is the body of knowledge justified by deductive reasoning, starting from axioms and definitions. Practical mathematics, in nearly every society, is used for such purposes as accounting, measuring land, or predicting astronomical events. Mathematical discovery or research often involves discovering and cataloging patterns, without regard for application. Today, the natural sciences, engineering, economics, and medici ...

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• Mathematics - History
• Mathematics - Inspiration pure and applied mathematics and aesthetics
• Mathematics - Notation language and rigor
• Mathematics - Is mathematics a science?
• Mathematics - Overview of fields of mathematics
• Mathematics - Major themes in mathematics
• Mathematics - Quantity
• Mathematics - Structure
• Mathematics - Space
• Mathematics - Change
• Mathematics - Foundations and methods
• Mathematics - Discrete mathematics
• Mathematics - Applied mathematics
• Mathematics - Important theorems
• Mathematics - Important conjectures
• Mathematics - History and the world of mathematicians
• Mathematics - Mathematics and other fields
• Mathematics - Common misconceptions

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This is an (partial) overview of individuals that contributed to the development of liberal theory on a worldwide scale and therefore are strongly associated with the liberal tradition and instrumental in the exposition of political liberalism as a philosophy. The contributors are listed in approximately chronological order, beginning from the roots of realism, rationalism and humanism in the Renaissance, all movements which were influential in the creation of what is thought of as liberal political theory. These include Desiderius Erasmus, ...

Including:

• Contributions to liberal theory - Niccolò Machiavelli
• Contributions to liberal theory - Desiderius Erasmus
• Contributions to liberal theory - Hugo Grotius
• Contributions to liberal theory - Thomas Hobbes
• Contributions to liberal theory - Baruch Spinoza
• Contributions to liberal theory - John Locke
• Contributions to liberal theory - John Trenchard
• Contributions to liberal theory - Charles de Montesquieu
• Contributions to liberal theory - Thomas Gordon
• Contributions to liberal theory - François Quesnay
• Contributions to liberal theory - Voltaire
• Contributions to liberal theory - Benjamin Franklin
• Contributions to liberal theory - David Hume
• Contributions to liberal theory - Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• Contributions to liberal theory - Denis Diderot
• Contributions to liberal theory - Jean le Rond d'Alembert
• Contributions to liberal theory - Samuel Adams
• Contributions to liberal theory - Richard Price
• Contributions to liberal theory - Anders Chydenius
• Contributions to liberal theory - Adam Smith
• Contributions to liberal theory - William Blackstone
• Contributions to liberal theory - Immanuel Kant
• Contributions to liberal theory - Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
• Contributions to liberal theory - Edmund Burke
• Contributions to liberal theory - Joseph Priestley
• Contributions to liberal theory - August Ludwig von Schlözer
• Contributions to liberal theory - Patrick Henry
• Contributions to liberal theory - Thomas Paine
• Contributions to liberal theory - Thomas Jefferson
• Contributions to liberal theory - Marquis de Condorcet
• Contributions to liberal theory - Jeremy Bentham
• Contributions to liberal theory - Emmanuel Sieyès
• Contributions to liberal theory - James Madison
• Contributions to liberal theory - Alexander Hamilton
• Contributions to liberal theory - Anne Louise Germaine de Staël
• Contributions to liberal theory - Benjamin Constant
• Contributions to liberal theory - Jean-Baptiste Say
• Contributions to liberal theory - Wilhelm von Humboldt
• Contributions to liberal theory - David Ricardo
• Contributions to liberal theory - James Mill
• Contributions to liberal theory - Friedrich List
• Contributions to liberal theory - Johan Rudolf Thorbecke
• Contributions to liberal theory - Frédéric Bastiat
• Contributions to liberal theory - Harriet Martineau
• Contributions to liberal theory - Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Contributions to liberal theory - Alexis de Tocqueville
• Contributions to liberal theory - William Lloyd Garrison
• Contributions to liberal theory - John Stuart Mill
• Contributions to liberal theory - Abraham Lincoln
• Contributions to liberal theory - Juan Bautista Alberdi
• Contributions to liberal theory - Henry David Thoreau
• Contributions to liberal theory - Jakob Burkhardt
• Contributions to liberal theory - Herbert Spencer
• Contributions to liberal theory - Thomas Hill Green
• Contributions to liberal theory - Carl Menger
• Contributions to liberal theory - William Graham Sumner
• Contributions to liberal theory - Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
• Contributions to liberal theory - Lujo Brentano
• Contributions to liberal theory - Tomás Masaryk
• Contributions to liberal theory - Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk
• Contributions to liberal theory - Louis Brandeis
• Contributions to liberal theory - Thorstein Veblen
• Contributions to liberal theory - John Dewey
• Contributions to liberal theory - Friedrich Naumann
• Contributions to liberal theory - Max Weber
• Contributions to liberal theory - Leonard Hobhouse
• Contributions to liberal theory - Benedetto Croce
• Contributions to liberal theory - Walther Rathenau
• Contributions to liberal theory - William Beveridge
• Contributions to liberal theory - Ludwig von Mises
• Contributions to liberal theory - John Maynard Keynes
• Contributions to liberal theory - José Ortega y Gasset
• Contributions to liberal theory - Salvador de Madariaga
• Contributions to liberal theory - Upton Sinclair
• Contributions to liberal theory - Will Durant
• Contributions to liberal theory - Adolf Berle
• Contributions to liberal theory - Wilhelm Röpke
• Contributions to liberal theory - Bertil Ohlin
• Contributions to liberal theory - Friedrich Hayek
• Contributions to liberal theory - Karl Popper
• Contributions to liberal theory - Alan Paton
• Contributions to liberal theory - John Hicks
• Contributions to liberal theory - Raymond Aron
• Contributions to liberal theory - Simone de Beauvoir
• Contributions to liberal theory - John Kenneth Galbraith
• Contributions to liberal theory - Isaiah Berlin
• Contributions to liberal theory - Milton Friedman
• Contributions to liberal theory - Arthur Schlesinger Jr.
• Contributions to liberal theory - James Buchanan
• Contributions to liberal theory - John Rawls
• Contributions to liberal theory - Murray Newton Rothbard
• Contributions to liberal theory - Gore Vidal
• Contributions to liberal theory - Noam Chomsky
• Contributions to liberal theory - Ralf Dahrendorf
• Contributions to liberal theory - Karl-Hermann Flach
• Contributions to liberal theory - Joseph Raz
• Contributions to liberal theory - Ronald Dworkin
• Contributions to liberal theory - Richard Rorty
• Contributions to liberal theory - Amartya Sen
• Contributions to liberal theory - Robert Nozick
• Contributions to liberal theory - Hernando de Soto
• Contributions to liberal theory - Bruce Ackerman
• Contributions to liberal theory - Joseph Stiglitz
• Contributions to liberal theory - Martha Nussbaum
• Contributions to liberal theory - Francis Fukuyama
• Contributions to liberal theory - Dirk Verhofstadt
• Contributions to liberal theory - Will Kymlicka

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Contribution margin analysis is a technique used in brand marketing and product management to help a company decide what product(s) to add to its product portfolio. The manager asks what will happen to profits if a new product is added or an existing product is discontinued. Calculations take into account additional revenues, additional costs, effects on other products in the portfolio (referred to as cannibalization), and competitors' reactions.

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Chess and mathematics have been pursued intellectually for centuries by many researchers and scientists, especially mathematicians. Naturally, the logic and symmetries in chess appeal to mathematicians. The following mathematicians either played or studied chess in their life: George Airy Adolf Anderssen George Atwood Harry Bateman Jacob Bronowski Max Black Jerome Cardan Lewis Carroll Henry Dudeney Albert Einstein Noam Elkies

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Both C and Pascal use keywords, or words reserved for use by the language itself. Examples are "if", "while", "const", "for" and "goto", which are also keywords that happen to be in common to both languages. Pascal is often said to be "wordy" compared to C. In Pascal, blocks begin and end with "begin" and "end". C uses "{" and "}", respectively. In Pascal, a function must begin with the keyword "function", a type with "type". In C, both ...

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Pascal and C, Pascal and C - C vs Pascal: A language comparison, Pascal and C - Identifiers, Pascal and C - Keywords, Pascal and C - Syntax, Pascal and C - Simple types, Pascal and C - Character types, Pascal and C - Boolean types, Pascal and C - Real/floating point types, Pascal and C - Array types, Pascal and C - Strings, Pascal and C - Record types, Pascal and C - Pointers, Pascal and C - Statements, Pascal and C - Functions/Procedures, Pascal and C - Preprocessor, Pascal and C - Type escapes, Pascal and C - Files, Pascal and C - Blue Sky Pascal, Pascal and C - Epilogue

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Bing's mathematician research was almost exclusively in 3-manifold theory and in particular, the geometric topology of . The term Bing-type topology was coined to describe style of methods used by Bing. Bing established his reputation early on in 1946, soon after completing his Ph.D. dissertation, by solving the Kline sphere characterization problem. In 1948 Bing proved that the pseudo-arc is homogeneous, contradicting a published but erroneous 'proof' to the contrary. In 1951 he proved results regarding metrizability of topological spaces, including what ...

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RH Bing, RH Bing - Mathematical contributions, RH Bing - Notable examples, RH Bing - Service and educational contributions, RH Bing - Awards and honors, RH Bing - What does RH stand for?, RH Bing - Published works

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Some simple patterns are immediately apparent in Pascal's triangle: The diagonals going along the left and right edges contain only 1s. The diagonals next to the edge diagonals contain the natural numbers in order. Moving inwards, the next pair of diagonals contain the triangle numbers in order. The next pair of diagonals contain the tetrahedral numbers in order, and the next pair give pentatope numbers. In general, each next pair of diagonals contains the next higher dimensional "d-triangle" numbers, whic ...

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Pascal's triangle, Pascal's triangle - The triangle, Pascal's triangle - Uses of Pascal's triangle, Pascal's triangle - Properties of Pascal's triangle, Pascal's triangle - Geometric properties of Pascal's triangle, Pascal's triangle - Pascal's triangle and the matrix exponential, Pascal's triangle - History

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Pascal's triangle has many uses in binomial expansions. For example (x + 1)2 = 1x2 + 2x + 12. Notice the coefficients are the third row of Pascal's triangle: 1, 2, 1. In general, when a binomial is raised to a positive integer power we have: (x + y)n = a0xn + a1xn−1y + a2xn−2y< ...

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Pascal's triangle, Pascal's triangle - The triangle, Pascal's triangle - Uses of Pascal's triangle, Pascal's triangle - Properties of Pascal's triangle, Pascal's triangle - Geometric properties of Pascal's triangle, Pascal's triangle - Pascal's triangle and the matrix exponential, Pascal's triangle - History

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His contributions include a proof of the Smale conjecture and important results in the theory of surfaces and 3-manifolds. Allen Hatcher - 3-manifolds. Perhaps among his most recognized results in 3-manifolds concern the classification of incompressible surfaces in certain 3-manifolds and their boundary slopes. Bill Floyd and Hatcher classified all the incompressible surfaces in punctured-torus bundles over the circle. Bill Thurston and Hatcher classified the incompressible surfaces in 2-bridge knot comple ...

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Allen Hatcher, Allen Hatcher - Mathematical contributions, Allen Hatcher - 3-manifolds, Allen Hatcher - Surfaces, Allen Hatcher - Selected publications, Allen Hatcher - Papers, Allen Hatcher - Books

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Pascal's triangle can be used as a lookup table for the number of arbitrarily dimensioned elements within a single arbitrarily dimensioned version of a triangle (known as a simplex). For example, consider the 3rd line of the triangle, with values 1, 3, 3, 1. A 2-dimensional triangle has one 2-dimensional element (itself), 3 1-dimensional elements (lines, or edges), and 3 0-dimensional elements (vertices, or corners). The meaning of the final number (1) is more difficult to explain (but see below). Continuing with our example, a tetrah ...

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Pascal's triangle, Pascal's triangle - The triangle, Pascal's triangle - Uses of Pascal's triangle, Pascal's triangle - Properties of Pascal's triangle, Pascal's triangle - Geometric properties of Pascal's triangle, Pascal's triangle - Pascal's triangle and the matrix exponential, Pascal's triangle - History

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In 1945 a nameless girl escaped from a prison camp in Karylos, Greece. She did not remember anything from her short past. She wandered through post-WW2 Mediterranean and Arabia. During these years she learned to survive the hard way. She befriended another wandering refugee, a Hungarian scholar named Lob who gave her an education and a name: Modesty Blaise. Eventually she took control of a criminal gang in Tangier and expanded it ...

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Modesty Blaise, Modesty Blaise - Premise, Modesty Blaise - The comic strip, Modesty Blaise - Reprints, Modesty Blaise - Story list, Modesty Blaise - The movies, Modesty Blaise - The books, Modesty Blaise - In comic books, Modesty Blaise - Other adaptations, Modesty Blaise - Future of the character, Modesty Blaise - Trivia

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In 1994, DC Comics released a graphic novel adaptation of Modesty Blaise (the novel), with art by Dick Giordano. In Sweden, the strip has been in continuous distribution since 1969 in a monthly comic adventure magazine called "Agent X9" (after the existing Modesty comic magazine "Agent" was merged with the "X9" magazine). Many of O'Donnell's stories actually premiered here (translated into Swedish), and the magazine continues to run a Modesty Blaise story every month, from the archives. Sweden is also an ongoing source for in-p ...

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Modesty Blaise, Modesty Blaise - Premise, Modesty Blaise - The comic strip, Modesty Blaise - Reprints, Modesty Blaise - Story list, Modesty Blaise - The movies, Modesty Blaise - The books, Modesty Blaise - In comic books, Modesty Blaise - Other adaptations, Modesty Blaise - Future of the character, Modesty Blaise - Trivia

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Peter O'Donnell was invited to write a novel to tie in with the film. The novel, called simply Modesty Blaise and based on his original screenplay for the movie, fared considerably better than the movie itself did (it was also released a year before the movie). During the following decades, he would write a total of eleven Modesty Blaise novels and two collections of short stories. Several of the short stories either adapt comic strip stories, or would later be adapted as comic strips themselves, and there was frequent crossover of ch ...

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Modesty Blaise, Modesty Blaise - Premise, Modesty Blaise - The comic strip, Modesty Blaise - Reprints, Modesty Blaise - Story list, Modesty Blaise - The movies, Modesty Blaise - The books, Modesty Blaise - In comic books, Modesty Blaise - Other adaptations, Modesty Blaise - Future of the character, Modesty Blaise - Trivia

Read more here: » Modesty Blaise: Encyclopedia II - Modesty Blaise - The books

Pascal is based on the ALGOL programming language and named in honor of mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal. Wirth also developed Modula-2 and Oberon, languages similar to Pascal. Oberon also supports object-oriented programming. Initially, Pascal was a language intended to teach students structured programming, and generations of students have "cut their teeth" on Pascal as an introductory language in undergraduate courses. Variants of Pascal are still widely ...

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Pascal programming language, Pascal programming language - History, Pascal programming language - Implementations, Pascal programming language - Syntax, Pascal programming language - Hello world, Pascal programming language - Data structures, Pascal programming language - Control structures, Pascal programming language - Procedures and functions, Pascal programming language - Resources, Pascal programming language - Compilers, Pascal programming language - Standards, Pascal programming language - Divisions, Pascal programming language - Criticism

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