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bismuth | A Wisdom Archive on bismuth | | bismuth A selection of articles related to bismuth | |
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bismuth, Bismuth, Bismuth - Applications, Bismuth - Crystals, Bismuth - History, Bismuth - Notable characteristics, Bismuth - Occurrence
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO bismuth | | | |  bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - Current methods which are in use
Nuclear reprocessing - PUREX.
This process can be used to recover weapon-grade materials from spent nuclear reactor fuel, and as such, its component chemicals are monitored. PUREX is an acronym standing for Plutonium and Uranium Recovery by EXtraction. The PUREX process is a liquid-liquid extraction method used to reprocess spent nuclear fuel, in order to extract uranium and ...
See also:Nuclear reprocessing, Nuclear reprocessing - History, Nuclear reprocessing - Spent nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - Old Methods which are no longer used, Nuclear reprocessing - Bismuth phosphate, Nuclear reprocessing - Hexone or Redox, Nuclear reprocessing - Butex ββ'-dibutyoxydiethyl ether, Nuclear reprocessing - Current methods which are in use, Nuclear reprocessing - PUREX, Nuclear reprocessing - Possible methods for future use, Nuclear reprocessing - Aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Non aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Economics of reprocessing nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - list of nuclear reprocessing sites Read more here: » Nuclear reprocessing: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - Current methods which are in use |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - Old Methods which are no longer used
Nuclear reprocessing - Bismuth phosphate.
The bismuth phosphate process is a very old process which adds lots of material to the final highly active waste, it was replaced by solvent extraction processes. The process was designed to extract plutonium from aluminium clad uranium metal fuel. The fuel was declad by boiling it in caustic soda, after decladding the uranium metal was dissolved in nitric acid. The plutonium at this point is in the +4 oxidation state, it was then precipitated by the addition of bi ...
See also:Nuclear reprocessing, Nuclear reprocessing - History, Nuclear reprocessing - Spent nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - Old Methods which are no longer used, Nuclear reprocessing - Bismuth phosphate, Nuclear reprocessing - Hexone or Redox, Nuclear reprocessing - Butex ββ'-dibutyoxydiethyl ether, Nuclear reprocessing - Current methods which are in use, Nuclear reprocessing - PUREX, Nuclear reprocessing - Possible methods for future use, Nuclear reprocessing - Aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Non aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Economics of reprocessing nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - list of nuclear reprocessing sites Read more here: » Nuclear reprocessing: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - Old Methods which are no longer used |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Poison - Biological poisoning Contact or absorption of poisons can cause rapid death or impairment. Agents that act on the nervous system can paralyze in seconds or less, and include both biologically derived neurotoxins and so-called nerve gases, which may be synthesized for warfare or industry. Inhaled or ingested cyanide as used as method of execution on US gas chambers almost instantly starves the body of energy by poisoning mitochondria and the synthesis of ATP. Intravenous injection of an unnaturally high concentration of potassium chloride, such as in the executio ...
See also:Poison, Poison - Biological poisoning, Poison - Poisoning in children, Poison - Background, Poison - Management, Poison - Types of poisons, Poison - T36-T50 Poisoning by drugs medicaments and biological substances, Poison - T51-T65 Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source, Poison - Related categories, Poison - Poisoning in history and art Read more here: » Poison: Encyclopedia II - Poison - Biological poisoning |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Radon - Applications In the United States and Europe there are a few "radon spas," where people sit for minutes or hours in a high-radon atmosphere in the belief that airborne radiation will invigorate or energize them. There is no scientific evidence for this belief, nor any known biological mechanism by which such an effect could occur.
Because of radon's rapid loss to air, radon is used in hydrologic research that studies the interaction between ground water, streams and rivers. Any significant concentration of radon in a stream or river is a good indicator that t ...
See also:Radon, Radon - Notable characteristics, Radon - Applications, Radon - History, Radon - Occurrence, Radon - Compounds, Radon - Isotopes, Radon - Precautions, Radon - Radon therapy Read more here: » Radon: Encyclopedia II - Radon - Applications |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Radon - Notable characteristics Essentially chemically inert, but radioactive, radon is the heaviest noble gas and one of the heaviest gases at room temperature. (The heaviest is Uranium hexafluoride, UF6.) At standard temperature and pressure radon is a colorless gas but when it is cooled below its freezing point it has a brilliant phosphorescence which turns yellow as the temperature is lowered and orange-red at the temperature air liquefies.
Natural radon concentrations in Earth's atmosphere are so low that natural waters in contact with the atmosphere ...
See also:Radon, Radon - Notable characteristics, Radon - Applications, Radon - History, Radon - Occurrence, Radon - Compounds, Radon - Isotopes, Radon - Precautions, Radon - Radon therapy Read more here: » Radon: Encyclopedia II - Radon - Notable characteristics |
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| | | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Radium - Radioactivity Radium is over one million times more radioactive than the same mass of uranium. Its decay occurs in at least seven stages; the successive main products have been studied and were called radium emanation or exradio (this is radon), radium A (polonium), radium B (lead), radium C (bismuth), etc. (The radon is a heavy gas, the later products are solids.) These products are themselves radioactive elements, each with an atomic weight a little lower than its predecessor.
Radium loses about 1% of its activity in 25 years, being transformed into elements of lower atomic weight with lead ...
See also:Radium, Radium - Notable characteristics, Radium - Applications, Radium - History, Radium - Occurrence, Radium - Compounds, Radium - Isotopes, Radium - Radioactivity, Radium - Precautions Read more here: » Radium: Encyclopedia II - Radium - Radioactivity |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Radon - History Radon (named for radium) was discovered in 1900 by Friedrich Ernst Dorn, who called it radium emanation. In 1908 William Ramsay and Robert Whytlaw-Gray, who named it niton (Latin nitens meaning "shining"; symbol Nt), isolated it, determined its density and that it was the heaviest known gas. It has been called radon since 1923.
The danger of radon exposure in dwellings was discovered in 1984 by Stanley Watras, an employee at the Limerick nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania. Mr. Watras set off the radiation alarms on his ...
See also:Radon, Radon - Notable characteristics, Radon - Applications, Radon - History, Radon - Occurrence, Radon - Compounds, Radon - Isotopes, Radon - Precautions, Radon - Radon therapy Read more here: » Radon: Encyclopedia II - Radon - History |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - Spent nuclear fuel Spent low enriched uranium fuel contains:
3% of the mass consists of fission products of 235U (also indirect products in the decay chain), nuclear poisons considered radioactive waste or separated further for various industrial and medical uses. The fission products include every element from zinc through to the lanthanides, much of the fission yield is concentrated in two peaks, one in the second transition row (Zr, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd) while the other is later in the periodic table (I, Xe, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd). Many o ...
See also:Nuclear reprocessing, Nuclear reprocessing - History, Nuclear reprocessing - Spent nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - Old Methods which are no longer used, Nuclear reprocessing - Bismuth phosphate, Nuclear reprocessing - Hexone or Redox, Nuclear reprocessing - Butex ββ'-dibutyoxydiethyl ether, Nuclear reprocessing - Current methods which are in use, Nuclear reprocessing - PUREX, Nuclear reprocessing - Possible methods for future use, Nuclear reprocessing - Aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Non aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Economics of reprocessing nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - list of nuclear reprocessing sites Read more here: » Nuclear reprocessing: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - Spent nuclear fuel |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Tin pest - The allotropic transformation At 13.2 degrees Celsius (about 56 degrees Fahrenheit) and below, pure tin transforms from the (silvery, ductile) allotrope of β-modification white tin to brittle, α-modification grey tin. Eventually it decomposes into powder, hence the name tin pest.
The decomposition will catalyze itself, which is why the reaction seems to speed up once it starts; the mere presence of tin pest leads to more tin pest. ...
See also:Tin pest, Tin pest - The allotropic transformation, Tin pest - Supposed historical examples, Tin pest - Scott expedition to Antarctica, Tin pest - Napoleon's buttons, Tin pest - Modern tin Read more here: » Tin pest: Encyclopedia II - Tin pest - The allotropic transformation |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Poison - Poisoning in children
Poison - Background.
Poisoning is the fourth most common cause of accidents in children. Children less than 5 years of age and adolescent are prone to poisoning. Accidental ingestions are most common in children less than 5 years old. Adolescent ingestions are more typically a result of suicidal attempts or experimentation with illicit drugs. 90% of all poisonings occur at home, the most common site being the kitchen and the bathroom. Accidental poisonings occur most frequently when routines are disrupted, for ex ...
See also:Poison, Poison - Biological poisoning, Poison - Poisoning in children, Poison - Background, Poison - Management, Poison - Types of poisons, Poison - T36-T50 Poisoning by drugs medicaments and biological substances, Poison - T51-T65 Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source, Poison - Related categories, Poison - Poisoning in history and art Read more here: » Poison: Encyclopedia II - Poison - Poisoning in children |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Radon - Occurrence On average, there is one atom of radon in 1 x 1021 molecules of air. Radon can be found in some spring waters and hot springs. The towns of Misasa, Japan, and Bad Kreuznach, Germany boast radium-rich springs which emit radon.
Radon exhausts naturally from the ground, particularly in certain regions, especially but not only regions with granitic soils. Not all granitic regions are prone to high emissions of radon. Depending on how houses are built and ventilated, radon may accumulate in basements and dwellings. The European ...
See also:Radon, Radon - Notable characteristics, Radon - Applications, Radon - History, Radon - Occurrence, Radon - Compounds, Radon - Isotopes, Radon - Precautions, Radon - Radon therapy Read more here: » Radon: Encyclopedia II - Radon - Occurrence |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Radon - Isotopes There are twenty known isotopes of radon. The most stable isotope is radon-222, which is a decay product (daughter product) of radium-226, has a half-life of 3.823 days and emits radioactive alpha particles. Radon-220 is a natural decay product of thorium and is called thoron. It has a half-life of 55.6 seconds and also emits alpha rays. Radon-219 is derived from actinium, is called actinon, is an alpha emitter an ...
See also:Radon, Radon - Notable characteristics, Radon - Applications, Radon - History, Radon - Occurrence, Radon - Compounds, Radon - Isotopes, Radon - Precautions, Radon - Radon therapy Read more here: » Radon: Encyclopedia II - Radon - Isotopes |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - History The first large-scale nuclear reactors were built during World War II. These reactors were designed for the production of plutonium for use in nuclear weapons. The only reprocessing required, therefore, was the extraction of the Plutonium, free from fission product contamination, from the spent natural uranium fuel. In 1943, several methods were proposed for separating the relatively small quantity of plutonium from the uranium and fission products. The first method selected, a precipitation process called the Bismuth Phosphate process, was developed and tested at ORNL in the 1943-1945 period to produce quantities of pluto ...
See also:Nuclear reprocessing, Nuclear reprocessing - History, Nuclear reprocessing - Spent nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - Old Methods which are no longer used, Nuclear reprocessing - Bismuth phosphate, Nuclear reprocessing - Hexone or Redox, Nuclear reprocessing - Butex ββ'-dibutyoxydiethyl ether, Nuclear reprocessing - Current methods which are in use, Nuclear reprocessing - PUREX, Nuclear reprocessing - Possible methods for future use, Nuclear reprocessing - Aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Non aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Economics of reprocessing nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - list of nuclear reprocessing sites Read more here: » Nuclear reprocessing: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - History |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - New Brunswick - People The Acadians are survivors of the Great Expulsion (1755) which drove several thousand French residents into exile in North America, the U.K. and France for refusing to take an oath of allegiance to George III of Great Britain during the French and Indian War. American Acadians, who wound up in Louisiana and other parts of the American South, are often referred to as Cajuns.
Many of the English-Canadian population of New Brunswick are descended from United Empire Loyalists who fled the American Revolution. This is commemorated in the p ...
See also:New Brunswick, New Brunswick - Geography, New Brunswick - History, New Brunswick - Early European settlement, New Brunswick - A British colony, New Brunswick - New Brunswick in Canada, New Brunswick - Cities, New Brunswick - Politics, New Brunswick - Economy, New Brunswick - Education, New Brunswick - People, New Brunswick - Media Outlets, New Brunswick - Demographics, New Brunswick - Facts, New Brunswick - Map, New Brunswick - Literature Read more here: » New Brunswick: Encyclopedia II - New Brunswick - People |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Production Economic gold extraction can be achieved from ore grades as little as 0.5 g/1000 kg (0.5 ppm) on average in large easily mined deposits, typical ore grades in open-pit mines are 1–5 g/1000 kg (1-5 ppm), ore grades in underground or hard rock mines are usually at least 3 g/1000 kg (3 ppm) on average. Ore grades of 30 g/1000 kg (30 ppm) are usually needed before gold is visible to the naked eye, therefore in most gold mines you will not see any gold. It is claimed, that all the gold that has been mined throughout the hi ...
See also:Gold, Gold - Notable characteristics, Gold - Applications, Gold - History, Gold - Value, Gold - Gold and the money supply, Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership, Gold - Return of a gold standard?, Gold - Gold in investment portfolios, Gold - Occurrence, Gold - Production, Gold - Compounds/isotopes, Gold - Precautions, Gold - Symbolism Read more here: » Gold: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Production |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Occurrence Due to its relative chemical inertness gold is usually found as the native metal or alloy. Occasionally large accumulations of native gold (also known as nuggets) occur but usually gold occurs as minute grains. These grains occur between mineral grain boundaries or as inclusions within minerals. Common gold associations are quartz often as veins and sulfide minerals. The most common sulfide associations are pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, stibnite and pyrrhotite. Rarer mineral associations are petzite, calaverite, sylvanite, mut ...
See also:Gold, Gold - Notable characteristics, Gold - Applications, Gold - History, Gold - Value, Gold - Gold and the money supply, Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership, Gold - Return of a gold standard?, Gold - Gold in investment portfolios, Gold - Occurrence, Gold - Production, Gold - Compounds/isotopes, Gold - Precautions, Gold - Symbolism Read more here: » Gold: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Occurrence |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Gold and the money supply In January 1959 US M3 money supply was $288.8 billion, and the official gold holdings of the United States was then 17,335.1 tonnes, or about 557 million ounces (there are 32,150.7 troy ounces in a tonne). That means that in 1959, there were $518 in circulation for every ounce of gold reserves held by the USA. Although the theoretical price should then have been $518 per ounce, the actual price, as fi ...
See also:Gold, Gold - Notable characteristics, Gold - Applications, Gold - History, Gold - Value, Gold - Gold and the money supply, Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership, Gold - Return of a gold standard?, Gold - Gold in investment portfolios, Gold - Occurrence, Gold - Production, Gold - Compounds/isotopes, Gold - Precautions, Gold - Symbolism Read more here: » Gold: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Gold and the money supply |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Gold - History Gold ( Sanskrit jval, Greek χρυσóς [khrisós], Latin aurum for "shining dawn", Anglo-Saxon gold, Chinese 金 [jīn],Japanese 金 [kin] ) has been known and highly valued since prehistoric times. It may have been the first metal used by humans and was valued for ornamentation and rituals. Egyptian hieroglyphs from as early as 2600 BC describe gold, which king Tushratta of the Mitanni claimed was as "common as dust" in Egypt. Egypt and Nubia had the resources to make them major gold-producing are ...
See also:Gold, Gold - Notable characteristics, Gold - Applications, Gold - History, Gold - Value, Gold - Gold and the money supply, Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership, Gold - Return of a gold standard?, Gold - Gold in investment portfolios, Gold - Occurrence, Gold - Production, Gold - Compounds/isotopes, Gold - Precautions, Gold - Symbolism Read more here: » Gold: Encyclopedia II - Gold - History |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Quern-stone - Manufacture of quern-stones The best type of stone to manufacture quern-stones from are igneous rocks such as basalt. These have naturally rough surfaces, but grains do not detach easily, so the material being ground does not become gritty. However, such rocks are not always available, meaning that quern-stones have been manufactured from a wide variety of rocks, including sandstone, quartzite and limestone.
Rutter (2003) was able to show, for the southern Levant, that basalt quern-stones were preferred to those manufactured from other rock types. Basalt quern-s ...
See also:Quern-stone, Quern-stone - Uses of quern-stones, Quern-stone - Manufacture of quern-stones, Quern-stone - Types of quern-stones, Quern-stone - Bibliography Read more here: » Quern-stone: Encyclopedia II - Quern-stone - Manufacture of quern-stones |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - New Brunswick - Education New Brunswick has a complete network of English and French language public schools serving from kindergarten to high school. There are also several private secondary schools having secular and religious affiliations such as the Rothesay Netherwood School near Saint John.
The New Brunswick Community College system has campuses in all regions of province. There is a comprehensive system of both French and English campuses offering basically parallel programs. Each campus however tends to have areas of concentration to allow for speciali ...
See also:New Brunswick, New Brunswick - Geography, New Brunswick - History, New Brunswick - Early European settlement, New Brunswick - A British colony, New Brunswick - New Brunswick in Canada, New Brunswick - Cities, New Brunswick - Politics, New Brunswick - Economy, New Brunswick - Education, New Brunswick - People, New Brunswick - Media Outlets, New Brunswick - Demographics, New Brunswick - Facts, New Brunswick - Map, New Brunswick - Literature Read more here: » New Brunswick: Encyclopedia II - New Brunswick - Education |
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