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bismuth | A Wisdom Archive on bismuth | | bismuth A selection of articles related to bismuth | |
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bismuth, Bismuth, Bismuth - Applications, Bismuth - Crystals, Bismuth - History, Bismuth - Notable characteristics, Bismuth - Occurrence
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO bismuth | | | | | |  bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Poison - Types of poisonsThe majority of this section is sorted by ICD-10 code, which classifies poisons based upon the nature of the poison itself. However, it is also possible to classify poisons based upon the effect the poison has (for example, "Metabolic poisons" such as Antimycin, Malonate, and 2,4-Dinitrophenol act by adversely disrupting the normal metabolism of an organism.)
Poison - T36-T50 Poisoning by drugs medicaments and biological substances.
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See also:Poison, Poison - Biological poisoning, Poison - Poisoning in children, Poison - Background, Poison - Management, Poison - Types of poisons, Poison - T36-T50 Poisoning by drugs medicaments and biological substances, Poison - T51-T65 Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source, Poison - Related categories, Poison - Poisoning in history and art Read more here: » Poison: Encyclopedia II - Poison - Types of poisons |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Shotgun shell - Construction of a typical shotshell Modern shotshells typically consist of a plastic case, with the base covered in a thin brass covering. Paper shells used to be common, and are still made, as are solid brass shells. Some companies have produced what appear to be all-plastic shells, although in these there is a small metal ring cast into the rim of the shell to provide strength. Often the more powerful loads will use "high brass" shells, with the brass extended up further along the sides of the shell, while light loads will use "low brass" shells. The brass does not actually ...
See also:Shotgun shell, Shotgun shell - Construction of a typical shotshell, Shotgun shell - Shotshell sizes, Shotgun shell - Shot sizes, Shotgun shell - Birdshot, Shotgun shell - Birdshot selection, Shotgun shell - Buckshot, Shotgun shell - Shotshells and patterning, Shotgun shell - Narrower patterns, Shotgun shell - Wider patterns Read more here: » Shotgun shell: Encyclopedia II - Shotgun shell - Construction of a typical shotshell |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Clostridium difficile - Bacteriology
Clostridium difficile - Characteristics.
Clostridia are motile bacteria that are ubiquitous in nature and are especially prevalent in soil. Under the microscope after Gram staining, they appear as long drumsticks with a bulge located at their terminal ends. Clostridium difficile cells are Gram positive, while its spores are Gram negative. Clostridium shows optimum growth when plated on blood agar at human body temperatures. When the environment becomes stressed, however, the bacteria produce spores ...
See also:Clostridium difficile, Clostridium difficile - Bacteriology, Clostridium difficile - Characteristics, Clostridium difficile - Toxins, Clostridium difficile - Role in disease, Clostridium difficile - Diagnosis and treatment, Clostridium difficile - Pharmacotherapy, Clostridium difficile - Recurrence, Clostridium difficile - Notable outbreaks, Clostridium difficile - Cracking of the genetic code of the Quebec strain, Clostridium difficile - External link Read more here: » Clostridium difficile: Encyclopedia II - Clostridium difficile - Bacteriology |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - Possible methods for future use
Nuclear reprocessing - Aqueous methods.
The PUREX process can be modified to make a UREX (URanium EXtraction) process which could be used to save space inside high level nuclear waste disposal sites, such as Yucca Mountain, by removing the uranium which makes up the vast majority of the mass and volume of used fuel.
The UREX process is a PUREX process which has been modified to prevent the plutonium being extracted. This can be done by adding a plutonium reductant before the fi ...
See also:Nuclear reprocessing, Nuclear reprocessing - History, Nuclear reprocessing - Spent nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - Old Methods which are no longer used, Nuclear reprocessing - Bismuth phosphate, Nuclear reprocessing - Hexone or Redox, Nuclear reprocessing - Butex ββ'-dibutyoxydiethyl ether, Nuclear reprocessing - Current methods which are in use, Nuclear reprocessing - PUREX, Nuclear reprocessing - Possible methods for future use, Nuclear reprocessing - Aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Non aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Economics of reprocessing nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - list of nuclear reprocessing sites Read more here: » Nuclear reprocessing: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - Possible methods for future use |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Notable characteristics Gold is a metallic element with a characteristic yellow color, but can also be black or ruby when finely divided, while colloidal solutions are intensely colored and often purple. These colors are the result of gold's plasmon frequency lying in the visible range, which causes red and yellow light to be reflected, and blue light to be absorbed. Only silver colloids exhibit the same interactions with light, albeit at a shorter fr ...
See also:Gold, Gold - Notable characteristics, Gold - Applications, Gold - History, Gold - Value, Gold - Gold and the money supply, Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership, Gold - Return of a gold standard?, Gold - Gold in investment portfolios, Gold - Occurrence, Gold - Production, Gold - Compounds/isotopes, Gold - Precautions, Gold - Symbolism Read more here: » Gold: Encyclopedia II - Gold - Notable characteristics |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear power - Risks Opponents of nuclear power, such as Greenpeace, argue against its use due to issues like the long term problems of storing radioactive waste, the potential for severe radioactive contamination by an accident, and the possibility that its use will lead to the proliferation of nuclear weapons. They point to the nuclear accidents.
According to a 1978 finding by the Supreme Court of the United States, comprehensive testing and study had not yet removed the risk of a major nuclear accident [47]. In the 1980s and 1990s each US nuclear plant ...
See also:Nuclear power, Nuclear power - History, Nuclear power - Origins, Nuclear power - Early years, Nuclear power - Development, Nuclear power - Current and planned use, Nuclear power - Reactor Types, Nuclear power - Current Technology, Nuclear power - Experimental Technologies, Nuclear power - Life cycle, Nuclear power - Fuel resources, Nuclear power - Reprocessing, Nuclear power - Solid waste, Nuclear power - Economy, Nuclear power - Capital costs, Nuclear power - Operating costs, Nuclear power - Subsidies, Nuclear power - Other economic issues, Nuclear power - Risks, Nuclear power - Accident or attack, Nuclear power - Air pollution, Nuclear power - Waste heat in water systems, Nuclear power - Health effect on population near nuclear plants, Nuclear power - Nuclear proliferation, Nuclear power - List of atomic energy groups, Nuclear power - USAEC/USNRC studies of risk at nuclear power plants Read more here: » Nuclear power: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear power - Risks |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Cobalt - Applications Co-60 is useful as a gamma ray source partially because it can be produced - in known quantity, and very large amounts - by simply exposing natural cobalt to neutrons in a reactor for a given time.
Cobalt - Use in medicine.
Cobalt-60 (Co-60 or 60Co) is a radioactive metal that is used in radiotherapy. It produces two gamma rays with energies of 1.17 MeV and 1.33 MeV. The 60Co source is about 2 cm in diameter and as a result produces a geometric penumbra, making the edge of the radiati ...
See also:Cobalt, Cobalt - Notable characteristics, Cobalt - Applications, Cobalt - Use in medicine, Cobalt - History, Cobalt - Biological role, Cobalt - Occurrence, Cobalt - Compounds, Cobalt - Isotopes, Cobalt - Precautions Read more here: » Cobalt: Encyclopedia II - Cobalt - Applications |
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| | | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - E-waste - Definition of e-waste E-waste includes computers, entertainment electronics, mobile phones and other items that have been discarded by their original users. While there is no generally accepted definition of e-waste, in most cases e-waste consists of expensive and more or less durable products used for data processing, telecommunications or entertainment in private households and businesses.
In 1991 the first e-waste recycling system was implemented in Switzerland beginning with the collection of refrigerators. Over the years, all other electric and electr ...
See also:E-waste, E-waste - Definition of e-waste, E-waste - Problems caused by e-waste, E-waste - Trends in e-waste recycling, E-waste - Chemical elements contained in e-waste, E-waste - Heavy metals, E-waste - Elements in trace amounts, E-waste - Other, E-waste - List of examples of devices containing these elements Read more here: » E-waste: Encyclopedia II - E-waste - Definition of e-waste |
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| | | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Tin pest - Supposed historical examples
Tin pest - Scott expedition to Antarctica.
In 1910 British polar explorer Robert Scott hoped to be the first to reach the South Pole, but was beaten by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen. On foot, the expedition trudged through the frozen deserts of the Antarctic, making for caches of food and kerosene deposited on the way in. In early 1912, at the first cache, there was no kerosene; the cans — soldered with tin — were empty. Members of the expedition later died in the cold and blizz ...
See also:Tin pest, Tin pest - The allotropic transformation, Tin pest - Supposed historical examples, Tin pest - Scott expedition to Antarctica, Tin pest - Napoleon's buttons, Tin pest - Modern tin Read more here: » Tin pest: Encyclopedia II - Tin pest - Supposed historical examples |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Trail British Columbia - Smelter and Children Lead Monitoring Teck Cominco, starting operations in Trail in 1902, operates a smelter, producing zinc, lead, copper, gold, silver, cadmium, bismuth and other metals, as well a a number of industrial chemicals, and it is the largest private employer in Trail.
The original lead smelter, used until 1995, emitted a large number of contaminants into the atmosphere. Children living in Trail were monitored for lead content in their blood from 1987 to 2001, after studies showed elevated soil lead concentration and house dust lead concentration. The monitori ...
See also:Trail British Columbia, Trail British Columbia - Geography, Trail British Columbia - Smelter and Children Lead Monitoring, Trail British Columbia - Demographics, Trail British Columbia - Famous natives Read more here: » Trail British Columbia: Encyclopedia II - Trail British Columbia - Smelter and Children Lead Monitoring |
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| | | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Poison - Biological poisoning Contact or absorption of poisons can cause rapid death or impairment. Agents that act on the nervous system can paralyze in seconds or less, and include both biologically derived neurotoxins and so-called nerve gases, which may be synthesized for warfare or industry. Inhaled or ingested cyanide as used as method of execution on US gas chambers almost instantly starves the body of energy by poisoning mitochondria and the synthesis of ATP. Intravenous injection of an unnaturally high concentration of potassium chloride, such as in the executio ...
See also:Poison, Poison - Biological poisoning, Poison - Poisoning in children, Poison - Background, Poison - Management, Poison - By mechanism, Poison - Corrosives T54, Poison - Metabolic poisons energy, Poison - Neurotoxins T44, Poison - Teratogens birth defects, Poison - Mutagens DNA damage, Poison - Carcinogens cancer, Poison - By source, Poison - Non-radioactive inorganic poisons, Poison - Organic poisons, Poison - Naturally produced poisons and toxins, Poison - Famous poisonings, Poison - Confirmed poisonings, Poison - Suspected or rumoured poisonings, Poison - Poisons in crime fiction, Poison - Novels, Poison - Plays, Poison - Films, Poison - Poison in other literary works, Poison - Novels Read more here: » Poison: Encyclopedia II - Poison - Biological poisoning |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Cobalt - Notable characteristics Cobalt is a hard ferromagnetic silver-white element. The Curie temperature is of 1388 K with 1.6~1.7 Bohr magnetons per atom. It is frequently associated with nickel, and both are characteristic ingredients of meteoric iron. Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of cobalt, is an important radioactive tracer and cancer-treatment agent. Cobalt has a relative permeability two thirds that of iron. Metallic cobalt commonly presents a mixture of two crystallographic structures hcp and fcc with a transition temperature hcp→fcc of 722 K.
Common oxidation states of ...
See also:Cobalt, Cobalt - Notable characteristics, Cobalt - Applications, Cobalt - Use in medicine, Cobalt - History, Cobalt - Biological role, Cobalt - Occurrence, Cobalt - Compounds, Cobalt - Isotopes, Cobalt - Precautions Read more here: » Cobalt: Encyclopedia II - Cobalt - Notable characteristics |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Cobalt - Precautions Powdered cobalt in metal form is a fire hazard. Cobalt compounds should be handled with care due to cobalt's slight toxicity.
Cobalt-60 is a powerful gamma ray emitter and exposure to 60Co is therefore a cancer risk. Ingestion of 60Co will lead to incorporation of some cobalt into tissues, which is released very slowly. Cobalt-60 is a risk factor in a nuclear confrontation because neutron emissions will convert iron into this isotope. Some nuclear weapon designs could intentionally increase the amount of Cobalt-6 ...
See also:Cobalt, Cobalt - Notable characteristics, Cobalt - Applications, Cobalt - Use in medicine, Cobalt - History, Cobalt - Biological role, Cobalt - Occurrence, Cobalt - Compounds, Cobalt - Isotopes, Cobalt - Precautions Read more here: » Cobalt: Encyclopedia II - Cobalt - Precautions |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Cobalt - Isotopes Naturally occurring cobalt is composed of 1 stable isotope, 59-Co (59Co). 22 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 60Co with a half-life of 5.2714 years, 57-Co (57Co) with a half-life of 271.79 days, and 56-Co (56Co) with a half-life of 77.27 days, and 58-Co (58Co) with a half life of 70.86 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 18 hours and the majority of these have half lives that are less than 1 second. This element also has 4 meta states, all of which ha ...
See also:Cobalt, Cobalt - Notable characteristics, Cobalt - Applications, Cobalt - Use in medicine, Cobalt - History, Cobalt - Biological role, Cobalt - Occurrence, Cobalt - Compounds, Cobalt - Isotopes, Cobalt - Precautions Read more here: » Cobalt: Encyclopedia II - Cobalt - Isotopes |
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| | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - Current methods which are in use
Nuclear reprocessing - PUREX.
PUREX is an acronym standing for Plutonium and Uranium Recovery by EXtraction. The PUREX process is a liquid-liquid extraction method used to reprocess spent nuclear fuel, in order to extract uranium and plutonium, independent of each other, from the fission products.
The irradiated fuel is first dissolved into nitric acid. After the dissolution step it is normal to remove the fine insoluble solids because otherwise they will disturb the solv ...
See also:Nuclear reprocessing, Nuclear reprocessing - History, Nuclear reprocessing - Spent nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - Old Methods which are no longer used, Nuclear reprocessing - Bismuth phosphate, Nuclear reprocessing - Hexone or Redox, Nuclear reprocessing - Butex ββ'-dibutyoxydiethyl ether, Nuclear reprocessing - Current methods which are in use, Nuclear reprocessing - PUREX, Nuclear reprocessing - Possible methods for future use, Nuclear reprocessing - Aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Non aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Economics of reprocessing nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - list of nuclear reprocessing sites Read more here: » Nuclear reprocessing: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - Current methods which are in use |
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| | | | | | bismuth: Encyclopedia II - Shotgun shell - Shot sizes Shotshells (shotgun shells loaded with shot) are loaded with different sizes of shot depending on the target. For skeet shooting, a small shot such as a #9 would be used, because range is short and a high density pattern is desirable. Trap shooting requires longer shots, and so a larger shot, up to #7½ would be desired. For hunting game, the range and the penetration needed to assure a clean kill must both be considered. Shot loses its velocity very quickly due to its low sectional density (see external ballistics). Small shot, like that us ...
See also:Shotgun shell, Shotgun shell - Construction of a typical shotshell, Shotgun shell - Shotshell sizes, Shotgun shell - Shot sizes, Shotgun shell - Birdshot, Shotgun shell - Birdshot selection, Shotgun shell - Buckshot, Shotgun shell - Shotshells and patterning, Shotgun shell - Narrower patterns, Shotgun shell - Wider patterns Read more here: » Shotgun shell: Encyclopedia II - Shotgun shell - Shot sizes |
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