Bishop of Mainz

The title of Bishop of Mainz was created in 1802 with the abolition of the old Archbishopric of Mainz: Bishop of Mainz - Bishops of Mainz 1802-present. Joseph Ludwig Colmar 1802-1818 Joseph Vitus Burg 1829-1833 Johann Jakob Humann 1833-1834 Petrus Leopold Kaiser 1834-1848 Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler 1850-1877 Paul Leopold Haffner 1886-1899 Heinrich Brück 1900-1903 Georg Heinrich Kirstein 1903-1921 Ludwig Maria ...

Including:

• Bishop of Mainz - Bishops of Mainz 1802-present

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Between 780–82 and 1802 the Archbishop of Mainz was an influential ecclesiastic and secular prince in the Holy Roman Empire. His see was established in ancient Roman times, in the city of Mainz, which had been a Roman provincial capital called Moguntiacum, but the office really came to prominence upon its elevation to an archdiocese in 780/82. The first bishops before the 4th century have legendary names, beginning with Crescens. The first verifiable Bishop of Mainz was Mar(t)inus in 343. The ecclesiastical and secular importance of ...

Including:

• Archbishopric of Mainz - Bishops of Moguntiacum 80-745
• Archbishopric of Mainz - Archbishops of Mainz 745-1251
• Archbishopric of Mainz - Archbishops-Electors of Mainz 1251-1803

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The Sacred College of Cardinals is the body of all Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church. The body plays two roles for the church: participating in papal elections when the Holy See is vacant, and advising the Pope about Church matters when he summons them to a consistory. Historically, they were also the clergy of the city of Rome serving the Pope as the Bishop of Rome and were assigned duties in parishes of the city. The College has no ruling power except during the sede vacante period, where its powers are still extr ...

Including:

• College of Cardinals - Choosing the pope
• College of Cardinals - Members of the College of Cardinals
• College of Cardinals - Cardinals of the Order of Bishops
• College of Cardinals - Cardinals of the Order of Priests
• College of Cardinals - Cardinals of the Order of Deacons

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Rhine - Switzerland. The Rhine's origins are in the Swiss Alps in the canton of Graubünden, where its two main initial tributaries are called Vorderrhein and Hinterrhein. The Vorderrhein (anterior Rhine) springs from Lake Tuma near the Oberalp Pass and passes the impressive Ruinaulta (the Swiss Grand Canyon). The Hinterrhein (posterior Rhine) starts from the Paradies glacier near the Rheinquellhorn at the southern border of Switzerland. Both tributaries meet near Reichenau, still in Graubünden. Fr ...

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Rhine, Rhine - Geography, Rhine - Switzerland, Rhine - Germany and France, Rhine - the Netherlands, Rhine - Large cities, Rhine - Smaller cities, Rhine - Railway bridges, Rhine - Tributaries, Rhine - Distributaries, Rhine - Canals include, Rhine - Geologic History, Rhine - Alpine Orogeny, Rhine - Stream Capture, Rhine - Ice Age, Rhine - Prehistory, Rhine - The Palaeolithic, Rhine - The Mesolithic, Rhine - The Neolithic, Rhine - Chalcolithic, Rhine - The Bronze Age, Rhine - The Iron Age, Rhine - Historic and Military Relevance

Read more here: » Rhine: Encyclopedia II - Rhine - Geography

Rhine - Switzerland. The Rhine's origins are in the Swiss Alps in the canton of Graubünden, where its two main initial tributaries are called Vorderrhein and Hinterrhein. The Vorderrhein (anterior Rhine) springs from Lake Tuma near the Oberalp Pass and passes the impressive Ruinaulta (the Swiss Grand Canyon). The Hinterrhein (posterior Rhine) starts from the Paradies glacier near the Rheinquellhorn at the southern border of Switzerland. Both tributaries meet near Reichenau, still in Graubünden.

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Rhine, Rhine - Geography, Rhine - Switzerland, Rhine - Germany and France, Rhine - the Netherlands, Rhine - Large cities, Rhine - Smaller cities, Rhine - Railway bridges, Rhine - Tributaries, Rhine - Distributaries, Rhine - Canals include, Rhine - Geologic History, Rhine - Alpine Orogeny, Rhine - Stream Capture, Rhine - Ice Age, Rhine - Prehistory, Rhine - The Palaeolithic, Rhine - The Mesolithic, Rhine - The Neolithic, Rhine - Chalcolithic, Rhine - The Bronze Age, Rhine - The Iron Age, Rhine - Historic and Military Relevance

Read more here: » Rhine: Encyclopedia II - Rhine - Geography

Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy. The Holy Roman Empire is usually considered to have been founded at the latest in 962 by Otto I the Great. Although some date the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire from the coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans in 800, Charlemagne himself more typically used the title king of the Franks. This title also makes clearer that the Frankish Kingdom covered an area that included modern-day France and Ge ...

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Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs

Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Chronology

The following is the list of Cardinals as of December 2005. Cardinals are shown in order of precedence, based on seniority by date of appointment. Stephen Cardinal Kim Sou-hwan is considered the most senior member of the College by length of service, as he was listed first of those surviving from the 1969 consistory. However, Angelo Cardinal Sodano, as dean of the College of Cardinals, has the highest precedence as a Cardinal Bishop. Cardinals aged over 80 are indicated with an asterisk (*), and no others will turn 80 before February ...

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College of Cardinals, College of Cardinals - Choosing the pope, College of Cardinals - Members of the College of Cardinals, College of Cardinals - Cardinals of the Order of Bishops, College of Cardinals - Cardinals of the Order of Priests, College of Cardinals - Cardinals of the Order of Deacons

Read more here: » College of Cardinals: Encyclopedia II - College of Cardinals - Members of the College of Cardinals

The Holy Roman Empire was an attempt to resurrect the Western Roman Empire in western Europe, which was established in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, though the empire and the imperial office did not become formalized for some decades. Charlemagne went on to adopt the title 'Augustus' from earlier Roman times. The name of the Empire, in various languages spoken within its confines: German: Heiliges Römisches Reich ...

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Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs

Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire

Since January 1, 1971, cardinals over the age of 80 have not had a vote in papal election, under the terms of Pope Paul VI's motu proprio Ingravescentem Aetatem. The rules for the election of the pope are now those stated in Universi Dominici Gregis, published by Pope John Paul II on 22 February 1996. It now states that cardinals over the age of 80 at the day the see become vacant do not have a vote in the papal election. Although the rules of the Conclave explicitly say the Pope need not be chosen from amo ...

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College of Cardinals, College of Cardinals - Choosing the pope, College of Cardinals - Members of the College of Cardinals, College of Cardinals - Cardinals of the Order of Bishops, College of Cardinals - Cardinals of the Order of Priests, College of Cardinals - Cardinals of the Order of Deacons

Read more here: » College of Cardinals: Encyclopedia II - College of Cardinals - Choosing the pope

The Holy Roman Empire was an institution unique in world history and therefore difficult to grasp. To understand what it was, it might be helpful to assess first what it was not. It was never a nation state. Despite the German ethnicity of most of its rulers and subjects, from the very beginning many ethnicities constituted the Holy Roman Empire. Many of its most important noble families and appointed officials came from outside the German-speaking communities. At the height of the empire it contained most of the territory of to ...

See also:

Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs

Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire

Rhine - The Palaeolithic. During the Middle Palaeolithic, ca 100,000-30,000 BP (the dates vary a geat deal) western Europe, including the Rhine and Danube Valleys, was occupied by Neanderthal Man, to which belonged the Mousterian culture of stone tools. Mousterian sites are not considered intrusive. It is believed that the Neanderthals may have evolved from the preceding Homo erectus in the vicinity of the glaciers, but the question has by ...

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Rhine, Rhine - Geography, Rhine - Switzerland, Rhine - Germany and France, Rhine - the Netherlands, Rhine - Large cities, Rhine - Smaller cities, Rhine - Railway bridges, Rhine - Tributaries, Rhine - Distributaries, Rhine - Canals include, Rhine - Geologic History, Rhine - Alpine Orogeny, Rhine - Stream Capture, Rhine - Ice Age, Rhine - Prehistory, Rhine - The Palaeolithic, Rhine - The Mesolithic, Rhine - The Neolithic, Rhine - Chalcolithic, Rhine - The Bronze Age, Rhine - The Iron Age, Rhine - Historic and Military Relevance

Read more here: » Rhine: Encyclopedia II - Rhine - Prehistory

The Holy Roman Empire was an attempt to resurrect the Western Roman Empire in western Europe, which was established in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, though the empire and the imperial office did not become formalized for some decades. Charlemagne went on to adopt the title 'Augustus' from earlier Roman times. The name of the Empire in different languages: German: Heiliges Römisches Reich listen ▶ See also:

Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs

Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire

The Holy Roman Empire was an institution that is unique in world history and therefore difficult to grasp. To understand what it was, it might be helpful to assess first what it was not. It was never a nation state. Despite the German ethnicity of most of its rulers and subjects, from the very beginning many ethnicities constituted the Holy Roman Empire. Many of its most important noble families and appointed officials came from outside the German-speaking communities. At the height of the empire it contained most of the territo ...

See also:

Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs

Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire

Rhine - Alpine Orogeny. Since the Rhine flows from the Alps, a precondition of its existence is the uplifting of the Alps, which began in the Alpine Orogeny. The stage was set in the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, with the opening of Tethys Sea between the Eurasian and the African plates, between about 240 MBP and 220 MBP. The Mediterranean descends from this somewhat larger Tethys sea. At about 180 MBP, in the Jurassic Period, the two plates reversed direction and began to compress Tethys floor, cau ...

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Rhine, Rhine - Geography, Rhine - Switzerland, Rhine - Germany and France, Rhine - the Netherlands, Rhine - Large cities, Rhine - Smaller cities, Rhine - Railway bridges, Rhine - Tributaries, Rhine - Distributaries, Rhine - Canals include, Rhine - Geologic History, Rhine - Alpine Orogeny, Rhine - Stream Capture, Rhine - Ice Age, Rhine - Prehistory, Rhine - The Palaeolithic, Rhine - The Mesolithic, Rhine - The Neolithic, Rhine - Chalcolithic, Rhine - The Bronze Age, Rhine - The Iron Age, Rhine - Historic and Military Relevance

Read more here: » Rhine: Encyclopedia II - Rhine - Geologic History

From the High Middle Ages onwards, the Reich was stamped by a most peculiar coexistence of the Empire with the struggle of the dukes of the local territories to take power away from it. As opposed to the rulers of the West Frankish lands, which later became France, the Emperor never managed to gain much control over the lands that he formally owned. Instead, the Emperor was forced to grant more and more powers to the individual dukes in their respective territories. This process began in the 12th century and was more or less concluded with the 1648 Peace of Westphalia. Several attempts were made to reverse ...

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Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs

Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions