Birthday paradox

The birthday paradox states that if there are 23 or more people in a room then there is a chance of more than 50% that at least two of them will have the same birthday. This means that in a typically-sized school class where the 'paradox' is often cited, an even higher probability often applies. For 60 or more people, the probability is already greater than 99%. This is not a paradox in the sense of leading to a logical contradiction; it is a paradox in the sense that it is a mathematical truth that contradicts common intuition. Most ...

Including:

• Birthday paradox - Understanding the paradox
• Birthday paradox - Calculating the probability
• Birthday paradox - Approximations
• Birthday paradox - Same birthday as you
• Birthday paradox - Reverse problem
• Birthday paradox - Sample calculations
• Birthday paradox - Generalization
• Birthday paradox - Applications
• Birthday paradox - An upper bound and a different perspective
• Birthday paradox - Empirical test
• Birthday paradox - Near matches
• Birthday paradox - Collision counting
• Birthday paradox - Notes

Read more here: » Birthday paradox: Encyclopedia - Birthday paradox

To compute the approximate probability that in a room of n people, at least two have the same birthday, we disregard variations in the distribution, such as leap years, twins, seasonal or weekday variations, and assume that the 365 possible birthdays are equally likely. Real-life birthday distributions are not uniform since not all dates are equally likely.1 The trick is to first calculate the probability p(n) that all n ...

See also:

Birthday paradox, Birthday paradox - Understanding the paradox, Birthday paradox - Calculating the probability, Birthday paradox - Approximations, Birthday paradox - Same birthday as you, Birthday paradox - Reverse problem, Birthday paradox - Sample calculations, Birthday paradox - Generalization, Birthday paradox - Applications, Birthday paradox - An upper bound and a different perspective, Birthday paradox - Empirical test, Birthday paradox - Near matches, Birthday paradox - Collision counting, Birthday paradox - Notes

Read more here: » Birthday paradox: Encyclopedia II - Birthday paradox - Calculating the probability

A birthday is the date on which a person was born. It is customary in many cultures to celebrate the anniversary of one's birthday in some way, for example by having a birthday party with friends in which gifts are given. It is also customary to treat someone especially well and generally accede to their wishes on their birthday. Birthday - Western birthday traditions. Birthday - Festive. In most English-speaking countries it is traditional to sing the song Happy Birthday to ...

Including:

• Birthday - Western birthday traditions
• Birthday - Festive
• Birthday - Testing
• Birthday - Astrology
• Birthday - Special birthdays
• Birthday - Official/Alternative birthdays and name day
• Birthday - History of celebration of birthdays in the West
• Birthday - Birthday gift symbolism
• Birthday - Birthstones
• Birthday - Zodiac stones
• Birthday - Birthday stones
• Birthday - Links

Read more here: » Birthday: Encyclopedia - Birthday

Birthday - Festive. In most English-speaking countries it is traditional to sing the song Happy Birthday to You to the honored person celebrating their birthday. Similar songs exist in other languages, such as "Lang zal hij/zij leven" in Dutch or "Sto lat" in Polish. This happens traditionally at a birthday party while someone brings a birthday cake into the (often darkened) room. The birthday cake is traditionally a highly decorated cake, and is typically covered with lit candles when present ...

See also:

Birthday, Birthday - Western birthday traditions, Birthday - Festive, Birthday - Testing, Birthday - Astrology, Birthday - Special birthdays, Birthday - Official/Alternative birthdays and name day, Birthday - History of celebration of birthdays in the West, Birthday - Birthday gift symbolism, Birthday - Birthstones, Birthday - Zodiac stones, Birthday - Birthday stones

Read more here: » Birthday: Encyclopedia II - Birthday - Western birthday traditions

Birthday - Festive. In most English-speaking countries it is traditional to sing the song Happy Birthday to You to the honored person celebrating their birthday. Similar songs exist in other languages, such as "Lang zal hij/zij leven" in Dutch. This happens traditionally at a birthday party while someone brings a birthday cake into the (often darkened) room. The birthday cake is traditionally a highly decorated cake, and is typically covered with lit candles when presented; the number of candl ...

See also:

Birthday, Birthday - Western birthday traditions, Birthday - Festive, Birthday - Testing, Birthday - Astrology, Birthday - Special birthdays, Birthday - Official/Alternative birthdays and name day, Birthday - History of celebration of birthdays in the West, Birthday - Birthday gift symbolism, Birthday - Birthstones, Birthday - Zodiac stones, Birthday - Birthday stones, Birthday - Links

Read more here: » Birthday: Encyclopedia II - Birthday - Western birthday traditions

Intuition has many related meanings, including: Quick and ready insight seemingly independent of previous experiences or empirical knowledge Immediate apprehension or cognition, that is, knowledge or conviction without consideration, thought, or inference. Understanding without apparent effort Intuition (MBTI) is one of the four axes of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, opposite "Sensing". Intuition (game) - "The Game You Already Know" was a board game produced in Toronto Canada for a few years in the early 1990s by the company "Applied In ...

Including:

• Intuition - Intuition as form of knowledge
• Intuition - Intuition in philosophy

Read more here: » Intuition: Encyclopedia - Intuition

Notable birthdays can include: When the most significant digit changes, for example one's 1st, 10th, 20th, 50th, or 100th birthdays. One's golden birthday is the day when the age one turns and the date of birth coincide (e.g. someone turning 20 on September 20th celebrates his golden birthday). In most legal systems, one becomes a legal adult on a particular birthday, and at different ages gain different rights and responsibilities -- voting, certain drug use (e.g. alcohol, tobacco), eligibility for military dr ...

See also:

Birthday, Birthday - Western birthday traditions, Birthday - Festive, Birthday - Testing, Birthday - Astrology, Birthday - Special birthdays, Birthday - Official/Alternative birthdays and name day, Birthday - History of celebration of birthdays in the West, Birthday - Birthday gift symbolism, Birthday - Birthstones, Birthday - Zodiac stones, Birthday - Birthday stones, Birthday - Links

Read more here: » Birthday: Encyclopedia II - Birthday - Special birthdays

Some notables, particularly monarchs such as Queen Elizabeth II have "official birthdays" which do not match their actual birthday, but on which celebrations are held. In cases where an historical figure's actual birthday is unknown, e.g. Jesus, it is common for a particular date to be substituted. Children who are born on the leap day 29th of February, which only occurs during leap years, o ...

See also:

Birthday, Birthday - Western birthday traditions, Birthday - Festive, Birthday - Testing, Birthday - Astrology, Birthday - Special birthdays, Birthday - Official/Alternative birthdays and name day, Birthday - History of celebration of birthdays in the West, Birthday - Birthday gift symbolism, Birthday - Birthstones, Birthday - Zodiac stones, Birthday - Birthday stones, Birthday - Links

Read more here: » Birthday: Encyclopedia II - Birthday - Official/Alternative birthdays and name day

Coincidence literally describes two or more events or entities occupying the same point in space or time, but colloquially means two or more events or entities possessing unexpected parallels, such as thinking about someone and then receiving an unexpected phone call from that person, when it is clear that there is no ordinary causal connection. The index of coincidence can be used to analyze whether two events are related. A coincidence does not prove a relationship, but related events may be expected to have a higher index of ...

Including:

• Coincidence - Types of Coincidences
• Coincidence - Examples
• Coincidence - Separated twins and coincidences
• Coincidence - Coincidences and Conspiracies

Read more here: » Coincidence: Encyclopedia - Coincidence

Birthday - Birthstones. A birthstone is a gift of a precious material (jewelry, mainly gemstones; themselves traditionally associated with various qualities) that symbolizes the month of birth (in the Gregorian Calendar) of the birthday boy or girl. It is sometimes also called birthday stone (cfr. infra; but that word is, confusingly, sometimes used as a synonym for an anniversary gift, which is ...

See also:

Birthday, Birthday - Western birthday traditions, Birthday - Festive, Birthday - Testing, Birthday - Astrology, Birthday - Special birthdays, Birthday - Official/Alternative birthdays and name day, Birthday - History of celebration of birthdays in the West, Birthday - Birthday gift symbolism, Birthday - Birthstones, Birthday - Zodiac stones, Birthday - Birthday stones

Read more here: » Birthday: Encyclopedia II - Birthday - Birthday gift symbolism

It is thought that the large scale celebration of birthdays in Europe was due to Mithraism in the Roman Empire, and that prior to this it was not so common. Mithraism had a large influence throughout the empire, due to being taken up by many Roman soldiers, until it was supplanted by Christianity. Birthday celebrations were much rarer during the Middle Ages, but saw a resurgence with the advent of the Reformation, when they were seen as a good way to transfer customs from the saint's ...

See also:

Birthday, Birthday - Western birthday traditions, Birthday - Festive, Birthday - Testing, Birthday - Astrology, Birthday - Special birthdays, Birthday - Official/Alternative birthdays and name day, Birthday - History of celebration of birthdays in the West, Birthday - Birthday gift symbolism, Birthday - Birthstones, Birthday - Zodiac stones, Birthday - Birthday stones, Birthday - Links

Read more here: » Birthday: Encyclopedia II - Birthday - History of celebration of birthdays in the West

Birthday - Birthstones. A birthstone is a gift of a precious material (jewelry, mainly gemstones; themselves traditionally associated with various qualities) that symbolizes the month of birth (in the Gregorian Calendar) of the birthday boy or girl. It is sometimes also called birthday stone (cfr. infra; but that word is, confusingly, sometimes used as a synonym for an anniversary gift, which is ...

See also:

Birthday, Birthday - Western birthday traditions, Birthday - Festive, Birthday - Testing, Birthday - Astrology, Birthday - Special birthdays, Birthday - Official/Alternative birthdays and name day, Birthday - History of celebration of birthdays in the West, Birthday - Birthday gift symbolism, Birthday - Birthstones, Birthday - Zodiac stones, Birthday - Birthday stones, Birthday - Links

Read more here: » Birthday: Encyclopedia II - Birthday - Birthday gift symbolism

Some notables, particularly monarchs such as Queen Elizabeth II have "official birthdays" which do not match their actual birthday, but on which celebrations are held. In cases where a historical figure's actual birthday is unknown, e.g. Jesus, it is common for a particular date to be substituted. Children who are born on the leap day 29th of February, which only occurs during leap years, o ...

See also:

Birthday, Birthday - Western birthday traditions, Birthday - Festive, Birthday - Testing, Birthday - Astrology, Birthday - Special birthdays, Birthday - Official/Alternative birthdays and name day, Birthday - History of celebration of birthdays in the West, Birthday - Birthday gift symbolism, Birthday - Birthstones, Birthday - Zodiac stones, Birthday - Birthday stones

Read more here: » Birthday: Encyclopedia II - Birthday - Official/Alternative birthdays and name day

It is thought that the large scale celebration of birthdays in Europe was due to Mithraism in the Roman Empire, and that prior to this it was not so common. Mithraism had a large influence throughout the empire, due to being taken up by many Roman soldiers, until it was supplanted by Christianity. Birthday celebrations were much rarer during the Middle Ages, but saw a resurgence with the advent of the Reformation, when they were seen as a good way to transfer customs from the saint's ...

See also:

Birthday, Birthday - Western birthday traditions, Birthday - Festive, Birthday - Testing, Birthday - Astrology, Birthday - Special birthdays, Birthday - Official/Alternative birthdays and name day, Birthday - History of celebration of birthdays in the West, Birthday - Birthday gift symbolism, Birthday - Birthstones, Birthday - Zodiac stones, Birthday - Birthday stones

Read more here: » Birthday: Encyclopedia II - Birthday - History of celebration of birthdays in the West

List of paradoxes - Semantic paradoxes. These form a well-known (and well-studied) class having in common that any permissible assignment of semantic value (truth, reference) to an expression immediately implies the assignment of a different value. Berry paradox: What is "The first number not nameable in under ten words"? (And has it not just been named in nine?) Curry's paradox: "If this sentence is true, the world will end in a week." Epimenides paradox: A Cretan says "All Cretans ...

See also:

List of paradoxes, List of paradoxes - Logical except mathematical, List of paradoxes - Semantic paradoxes, List of paradoxes - Vagueness, List of paradoxes - Mathematical and statistical, List of paradoxes - Infinity, List of paradoxes - Geometry and topology, List of paradoxes - Psychological and rational, List of paradoxes - Physical, List of paradoxes - Philosophical, List of paradoxes - Economic

Read more here: » List of paradoxes: Encyclopedia II - List of paradoxes - Logical except mathematical

Intuition is an unconscious form of knowledge. It is immediate and often not open to rational/analytical thought processes. Rationalisation of an intuition and the development of a chain of logic to demonstrate more structurally why it is valid may follow later. Intuition differs from an opinion since the latter is based on experience, while an intuition is held to be affected by previous experiences only unconsciously. Intuition is also said to differ from instinct, which does not have the experience element at all. A person w ...

See also:

Intuition, Intuition - Intuition as form of knowledge, Intuition - Intuition in philosophy

Read more here: » Intuition: Encyclopedia II - Intuition - Intuition as form of knowledge

Coincidence - Separated twins and coincidences. A particular coincidental phenomenon relates to separated (usually identical) twins: a pair of twins are put up for adoption and are separated; they then follow parallel lives - names of family members, jobs taken, equipment owned (cars in particular). Upon finally meeting they discover the similarities and the story appears in the media. It is unclear what proportion of the total twins so separated belong to this category. ...

See also:

Coincidence, Coincidence - Types of Coincidences, Coincidence - Examples, Coincidence - Separated twins and coincidences, Coincidence - Coincidences and Conspiracies

Read more here: » Coincidence: Encyclopedia II - Coincidence - Examples

List of paradoxes - Infinity. Burali-Forti paradox: If the ordinal numbers formed a set, it would be an ordinal number which is smaller than itself. Galileo's paradox: Though most numbers are not squares, there are no more numbers than squares. (See also Cantor, Diagonal Argument) Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel: If a hotel with infinitely many rooms is full, it can still take in more guests. Monty Hell problem: Positive daily profits yield zero assets in the (infinite) limit ...

See also:

List of paradoxes, List of paradoxes - Logical except mathematical, List of paradoxes - Semantic paradoxes, List of paradoxes - Vagueness, List of paradoxes - Mathematical and statistical, List of paradoxes - Infinity, List of paradoxes - Geometry and topology, List of paradoxes - Psychological and rational, List of paradoxes - Physical, List of paradoxes - Philosophical, List of paradoxes - Economic

Read more here: » List of paradoxes: Encyclopedia II - List of paradoxes - Mathematical and statistical

In the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, intuition is one of the basic cognitive faculties, equivalent to what might loosely be called perception. Kant held that our mind casts all of our external intuitions in the form of space, and all of our internal intuitions (memory, thought) in the form of time. Intuitionism is a position in philosophy of mathematics derived from Kant's claim that all mathematical knowl ...

See also:

Intuition, Intuition - Intuition as form of knowledge, Intuition - Intuition in philosophy

Read more here: » Intuition: Encyclopedia II - Intuition - Intuition in philosophy

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