Severely deformed humans rarely survive, although there have been some celebrated examples such as Joseph Merrick, known as "The Elephant Man". Some cases, such as conjoined twins, were formerly regarded as monsters, but are now candidates for surgery. With greater understanding of the origins of these phenomena, this field now overlaps other fields of medicine, particularly developmental biology and embryology. The birth of malformed fetuses has been well documented and the attitudes toward the infants and their parents varied according to the cultural st ...

See also:

Teratology, Teratology - Understanding Birth Defects and Deformity

Read more here: » Teratology: Encyclopedia II - Teratology - Understanding Birth Defects and Deformity

See also:

Congenital disorder, Congenital disorder - Terminology, Congenital disorder - Risk of birth defects throughout gestation, Congenital disorder - Reference

Read more here: » Congenital disorder: Encyclopedia II - Congenital disorder - Risk of birth defects throughout gestation

Because uranium is a heavy metal and chemical toxicant with nephrotoxic (kidney-damaging)[2], teratogenic (birth defect-causing)[3], and potentially carcinogenic[4] properties, there is a connection between uranium exposure and a variety of illnesses[5]. The chemical toxicological hazard posed by uranium dwarfs its radiological hazard because it is only weakly radioactive. In 2002, A.C. Miller, et al., of the U.S. Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, found that the chemical generation of hydroxyl radicals by depleted uranium ...

See also:

Gulf War syndrome, Gulf War syndrome - Depleted Uranium Birth Defects and Immune System Damage, Gulf War syndrome - Trend, Gulf War syndrome - Neurotoxicity, Gulf War syndrome - Gulf War Syndrome and Multiple Chemical Sensitivity, Gulf War syndrome - Potential Sources of Exposure to Depleted Uranium, Gulf War syndrome - Controversy, Gulf War syndrome - Evidence for, Gulf War syndrome - Evidence against

Read more here: » Gulf War syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Gulf War syndrome - Depleted Uranium Birth Defects and Immune System Damage

Teratology (from the Greek teras (genitive teratos), meaning monster, and logos meaning study) is the medical study of teratogenesis or grossly deformed individuals. Monster is a pejorative term for a grossly deformed individual. Teratology - Understanding Birth Defects and Deformity. Severely deformed humans rarely survive, although there have been some celebrated examples such as Joseph Merrick, known as "The Elephant Man". Some cases, such as conjoined tw ...

Including:

• Teratology - Understanding Birth Defects and Deformity

Read more here: » Teratology: Encyclopedia - Teratology

A congenital disorder is a medical condition that is present at birth. (It is contrasted with the term "acquired disorder") A congenital disorder can be recognized before birth (prenatally), at birth, or many years later. Congenital disorders can be a result of genetic abnormalities, the intrauterine environment, or unknown factors. A congenital condition can arise from the genetic make-up of the fertilized egg or be acquired at any time during fetal developme ...

Including:

• Congenital disorder - Terminology
• Congenital disorder - Risk of birth defects throughout gestation
• Congenital disorder - Reference

Read more here: » Congenital disorder: Encyclopedia - Congenital disorder

A congenital heart defect is a defect in the structure of the heart and great vessels of the newborn. Most heart defects either obstruct blood flow in the heart or vessels near it or cause blood to flow through the heart in an abnormal pattern. Heart defects are among the most common birth defects, and are the leading cause of birth defect-related deaths. Congenital heart defect - Overview. Congenital heart defects can be broadly categorised into two groups, acyanotic heart defects ('pink' babies) and cyano ...

Including:

• Congenital heart defect - Overview
• Congenital heart defect - Epidemiology
• Congenital heart defect - Aetiology
• Congenital heart defect - Defects

Read more here: » Congenital heart defect: Encyclopedia - Congenital heart defect

In the context of biology, poisons are substances that cause injury, illness, or death to organisms, usually by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale. Some poisons are also toxins, usually referring to naturally produced substances, such as the bacterial proteins that cause tetanus and botulism. A distinction between the two terms is not always observed, even among scientists. Animal toxins that are delivered subcutaneously (e.g. by sting or bite) are also called venom. In normal usage, a poisonou ...

Including:

• Poison - Biological poisoning
• Poison - Poisoning in children
• Poison - Background
• Poison - Management
• Poison - By mechanism
• Poison - Corrosives T54
• Poison - Metabolic poisons energy
• Poison - Neurotoxins T44
• Poison - Teratogens birth defects
• Poison - Mutagens DNA damage
• Poison - Carcinogens cancer
• Poison - By source
• Poison - Non-radioactive inorganic poisons
• Poison - Organic poisons
• Poison - Naturally produced poisons and toxins
• Poison - Famous poisonings
• Poison - Confirmed poisonings
• Poison - Suspected or rumoured poisonings
• Poison - Poisons in crime fiction
• Poison - Novels
• Poison - Plays
• Poison - Films
• Poison - Poison in other literary works
• Poison - Novels

Read more here: » Poison: Encyclopedia - Poison

A club foot, or talipes equinovarus[1] (TEV), is a birth defect. The foot is twisted in and down. Without treatment, persons afflicted often appear to walk on their ankles, or on the sides of their feet. It is the most common birth defect, occurring in approximately one to two per 1000 live births. Approximately 50% of cases of clubfeet are bilateral. In most cases it is an isolated abnormality. Club foot - Causes. Including:

• Club foot - Causes
• Club foot - Therapy Options
• Club foot - Ponseti Method
• Club foot - Famous People

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The coloratura soprano Beverly Sills (born May 25, 1929) was perhaps the best-known American opera singer in the 1960s and 1970s. After retiring in 1980, she became the general manager of the New York City Opera. As a celebrity, Sills was and continues to be much liked for her down-to-earth personality and her charity work for the prevention and treatment of birth defects. Sills was born Belle Miriam Silverman to first generation immigrants of Russian-Jewish background. She was raised in a working-class neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. ...

Including:

• Beverly Sills - External link

Read more here: » Beverly Sills: Encyclopedia - Beverly Sills

The white buffalo is a rarely-occurring condition of American Bison where an animal is born with reddish-brown fur and their fur turns white as they mature. It is caused by a recessive gene that occurs once in every ten million bison births, according to the National Bison Association. This is not an albino condition, as the animal's pigmentation is normal. Albinism is a birth defect, and is not indicative of a healthy animal. White buffalo are considered to be sacred signs among Native Americans, and are often visited by native peoples of Nort ...

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Artificial limbs are a type of prosthesis and are classified by the type of amputation they would replace, for example: Transtibial: Below the knee Transfemoral: Above the knee Transradial: below the elbow Transhumeral: above the elbow For congenital (from birth) defects the terms are used to refer to the body part that would be amputated. For example if one of the limbs is very short and the foot is at the level of the 'normal' shin then the prosthesis would be described as a transti ...

Including:

• Artificial limb - Conventional control of powered prosthetic limbs
• Artificial limb - Direct neural control of prosthetic limbs
• Artificial limb - Costs
• Artificial limb - Limbs for non-humans

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Cryptorchidism is a medical term referring to absence from the scrotum of one or both testes. This usually represents failure of the testis to move, to "descend," during fetal development from an abdominal position, through the inguinal canal, into the ipsilateral scrotum. About 3% of full-term infant boys are born with at least one undescended testis, making cryptorchidism the most common birth defect of male genitalia. A testis absent from the normal scrotal position can be: found anywhere along the "path ...

Including:

• Cryptorchidism - Terminology
• Cryptorchidism - Normal fetal testicular development and descent
• Cryptorchidism - Causes of cryptorchidism
• Cryptorchidism - Inheritance and recurrence risk of cryptorchidism
• Cryptorchidism - Associations
• Cryptorchidism - Diagnostic evaluation
• Cryptorchidism - Management of cryptorchidism
• Cryptorchidism - Later fertility
• Cryptorchidism - Later cancer risk

Read more here: » Cryptorchidism: Encyclopedia - Cryptorchidism

Because uranium is a heavy metal and chemical toxicant with nephrotoxic (kidney-damaging)[22], teratogenic (birth defect-causing)[23], and potentially carcinogenic[24] properties in lab-animals, some sources believe there a connection between uranium exposure and a variety of illnesses[25]. However, these are only known to have occured from large exposures.[26] To date, nobody has proven that anyone who served in the Gulf War received exposures large enough to cause any harm. The chemical toxicological hazard posed by uranium dwarfs i ...

See also:

Gulf War syndrome, Gulf War syndrome - Anthrax Vaccine, Gulf War syndrome - Chemical weapons, Gulf War syndrome - Depleted Uranium Birth Defects and Immune System Damage, Gulf War syndrome - Neurotoxicity, Gulf War syndrome - Gulf War Syndrome and Multiple Chemical Sensitivity, Gulf War syndrome - Potential Sources of Exposure to Depleted Uranium, Gulf War syndrome - Controversy, Gulf War syndrome - Evidence for, Gulf War syndrome - Evidence against

Read more here: » Gulf War syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Gulf War syndrome - Depleted Uranium Birth Defects and Immune System Damage

Congenital disorders is a broad category that includes a variety of conditions. The following terms are used for various subsets of congenital disorders: Birth defect is a widely-used term for a structural malformation of a body part, recognizable at birth, which is significant enough to be considered a problem. A congenital physical anomaly is a difference, an abnormality, of the structure of a body part. An anomaly may or may not be perceived as a problem condition. Many, if not most, p ...

See also:

Congenital disorder, Congenital disorder - Terminology, Congenital disorder - Risk of birth defects throughout gestation, Congenital disorder - Reference

Read more here: » Congenital disorder: Encyclopedia II - Congenital disorder - Terminology

Solanine - Symptoms. Solanine poisoning is primarily displayed by gastrointestinal and neurological disorders. Symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps, burning of the throat, headaches and dizziness. Hallucinations, loss of sensation, and paralysis, fever, jaundice, dilated pupils and hypothermia have been reported in more severe cases. In large quantities, solanine poisoning can cause death. One study suggests that doses of 2 to 5 mg per kilogram of body weight can cause toxic symptoms, and doses of 3 to ...

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Solanine, Solanine - Solanine Poisoning, Solanine - Symptoms, Solanine - Correlation with Birth Defects, Solanine - Solanine in Potatoes, Solanine - Avoidance, Solanine - Other uses of Solanine

Read more here: » Solanine: Encyclopedia II - Solanine - Solanine Poisoning

Hypospadias are among the most common birth defects of the male genitalia (second to cryptorchidism), but widely varying incidences have been reported from different countries, from as low as 1 in 4000 to as high as 1 in 125 boys. There has been some evidence that the incidence of hypospadias around the world has been increasing in recent decades. In the United States, two surveillance studies reported that the incidence had increased from about 1 in 500 total births (1 in 250 boys) in the 1970s to 1 in 250 total births (1 in 125 boys ...

See also:

Hypospadias, Hypospadias - Incidence, Hypospadias - Causes, Hypospadias - Treatment, Hypospadias - Associated birth defects, Hypospadias - Epispadias

Read more here: » Hypospadias: Encyclopedia II - Hypospadias - Incidence

The major complication of IVF is the development of multiple births. This is directly related to the practice of placing multiple embryos at embryo transfer. Multiple births are related to increased pregnancy loss, premature labour, obstetrical complications, prematurity, and neonatal morbidity with the potential for long term damage. Strict embryo transfer policies have been enacted to reduce this problem, but are not universally followed or accepted. Spontaneous splitting of embryos in the womb after transfer does occur, but is rare (<1 ...

See also:

In vitro fertilisation, In vitro fertilisation - History, In vitro fertilisation - Indications, In vitro fertilisation - Method, In vitro fertilisation - Ovarian stimulation, In vitro fertilisation - Oocyte retrieval, In vitro fertilisation - IVF laboratory, In vitro fertilisation - Embryo transfer, In vitro fertilisation - Post-transfer, In vitro fertilisation - Pregnancy, In vitro fertilisation - Complications, In vitro fertilisation - Birth defects, In vitro fertilisation - Cryopreservation, In vitro fertilisation - Embryo cryopreservation, In vitro fertilisation - Oocyte cryopreservation, In vitro fertilisation - Ovarian tissue cryopreservation, In vitro fertilisation - Developments, In vitro fertilisation - Ethics, In vitro fertilisation - Issues, In vitro fertilisation - Separating the traditional mother-father model, In vitro fertilisation - Pregnancy past menopause, In vitro fertilisation - Religious objections, In vitro fertilisation - Regulatory events

Read more here: » In vitro fertilisation: Encyclopedia II - In vitro fertilisation - Complications

The chances of a successful pregnancy is approximately 20-30% for each IVF cycle. There are many factors that determine success rates including the age of the patient, the quality of the eggs and sperm, the duration of the infertility, the health of the uterus, and the medical expertise. It is a common practice for IVF programmes to boost the pregnancy rate by placing multiple embryos during embryo transfer. A flip side of this practise is a higher risk of multiple pregna ...

See also:

In vitro fertilisation, In vitro fertilisation - History, In vitro fertilisation - Indications, In vitro fertilisation - Method, In vitro fertilisation - Ovarian stimulation, In vitro fertilisation - Oocyte retrieval, In vitro fertilisation - IVF laboratory, In vitro fertilisation - Embryo transfer, In vitro fertilisation - Post-transfer, In vitro fertilisation - Pregnancy, In vitro fertilisation - Complications, In vitro fertilisation - Birth defects, In vitro fertilisation - Cryopreservation, In vitro fertilisation - Embryo cryopreservation, In vitro fertilisation - Oocyte cryopreservation, In vitro fertilisation - Ovarian tissue cryopreservation, In vitro fertilisation - Developments, In vitro fertilisation - Ethics, In vitro fertilisation - Issues, In vitro fertilisation - Separating the traditional mother-father model, In vitro fertilisation - Pregnancy past menopause, In vitro fertilisation - Religious objections, In vitro fertilisation - Regulatory events

Read more here: » In vitro fertilisation: Encyclopedia II - In vitro fertilisation - Pregnancy

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a more recent development associated with IVF which allows the sperm to be directly injected in to the egg using micromanipulation. This is used for sperm that have difficulty penetrating the egg and when sperm numbers are very low. ICSI results in success rates equal to IVF fertilisation. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) can be performed on embryos prior to the embryo transfer. ...

See also:

In vitro fertilisation, In vitro fertilisation - History, In vitro fertilisation - Indications, In vitro fertilisation - Method, In vitro fertilisation - Ovarian stimulation, In vitro fertilisation - Oocyte retrieval, In vitro fertilisation - IVF laboratory, In vitro fertilisation - Embryo transfer, In vitro fertilisation - Post-transfer, In vitro fertilisation - Pregnancy, In vitro fertilisation - Complications, In vitro fertilisation - Birth defects, In vitro fertilisation - Cryopreservation, In vitro fertilisation - Embryo cryopreservation, In vitro fertilisation - Oocyte cryopreservation, In vitro fertilisation - Ovarian tissue cryopreservation, In vitro fertilisation - Developments, In vitro fertilisation - Ethics, In vitro fertilisation - Issues, In vitro fertilisation - Separating the traditional mother-father model, In vitro fertilisation - Pregnancy past menopause, In vitro fertilisation - Religious objections, In vitro fertilisation - Regulatory events

Read more here: » In vitro fertilisation: Encyclopedia II - In vitro fertilisation - Developments

Most hypospadias are sporadic, without inheritance or family recurrence. For most cases, no cause can be identified though a number of hypotheses related to inadequate androgen effect, or environmental agents interfering with androgen effect, have been offered. Among the suspected environmental agents have been various chemicals, sometimes termed endocrine disruptors, that interact with steroid receptors. Putative endocrine disrup ...

See also:

Hypospadias, Hypospadias - Incidence, Hypospadias - Causes, Hypospadias - Treatment, Hypospadias - Associated birth defects, Hypospadias - Epispadias

Read more here: » Hypospadias: Encyclopedia II - Hypospadias - Causes