Biology is the study, or science, of life. It is concerned with the characteristics and behaviors of organisms, how species and individuals come into existence, and the interactions they have with each other and with the environment. Biology encompasses a broad spectrum of academic fields that are often viewed as independent disciplines. However, together they address phenomena related to living organisms (biological phenomena) over a wide range of scales. Biology - Biological Phenomena. At the organism lev ...

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Biology - Biological Phenomena Biology - Branches of Biology Biology - Principles of biology
Biology - Universality: Biochemistry cells and the genetic code Biology - Evolution: The central principle of biology Biology - Diversity: The variety of living organisms Biology - Continuity: The common descent of life Biology - Homeostasis: Adapting to change Biology - Interactions: Groups and environments
Biology - Scope of biology
Biology - Structure of life Biology - Physiology of organisms Biology - Diversity and evolution of organisms Biology - Interactions of organisms
Biology - History of the word biology Biology - History Biology - Related topics

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Biology, Biology - Biological Phenomena, Biology - Branches of Biology, Biology - Principles of biology, Biology - Universality: Biochemistry cells and the genetic code, Biology - Evolution: The central principle of biology, Biology - Diversity: The variety of living organisms, Biology - Continuity: The common descent of life, Biology - Homeostasis: Adapting to change, Biology - Interactions: Groups and environments, Biology - Scope of biology, Biology - Structure of life, Biology - Physiology of organisms, Biology - Diversity and evolution of organisms, Biology - Interactions of organisms, Biology - History of the word biology, Biology - History, Biology - Related topics

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Main article: List of biology disciplines Biology has become such a vast research enterprise that it is not generally regarded as a single discipline, but as a number of clustered sub-disciplines. This article considers four broad groupings. The first group consists of those disciplines that study the basic structures of living systems: cells, genes etc.; the second group considers the operation of these structures at the level of tissues, organs, and bodies; the third group considers organisms and their histories; the final co ...

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Biology, Biology - Biological Phenomena, Biology - Branches of Biology, Biology - Principles of biology, Biology - Universality: Biochemistry cells and the genetic code, Biology - Evolution: The central principle of biology, Biology - Diversity: The variety of living organisms, Biology - Continuity: The common descent of life, Biology - Homeostasis: Adapting to change, Biology - Interactions: Groups and environments, Biology - Scope of biology, Biology - Structure of life, Biology - Physiology of organisms, Biology - Diversity and evolution of organisms, Biology - Interactions of organisms, Biology - History of the word biology, Biology - History, Biology - Related topics

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Main article: Origin of life The origin of cells has to do with the origin of life, and was one of the most important steps in evolution of life as we know it. The birth of the cell marked the passage from prebiotic chemistry to biological life. Cell biology - Origin of first cell. If life is viewed from the point of view of replicators, that is DNA molecules in the organism, cells satisfy two fundamental conditions: protection from the outside environment and confinement of biochemical activ ...

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Cell biology, Cell biology - Overview, Cell biology - Properties of cells, Cell biology - Types of cells, Cell biology - Subcellular components, Cell biology - Cell membrane - a cell's protective coat, Cell biology - Cytoskeleton - a cell's scaffold, Cell biology - Genetic material, Cell biology - Organelles, Cell biology - Anatomy of cells, Cell biology - Prokaryotic cells, Cell biology - Eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - Cell functions, Cell biology - Cell growth and metabolism, Cell biology - Making new cells, Cell biology - Protein synthesis, Cell biology - Origins of cells, Cell biology - Origin of first cell, Cell biology - Origin of eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - History, Cell biology - External links

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Biochemistry the chemistry of life, a bridge between biology and chemistry that studies how complex chemical reactions give rise to life. It is a hybrid branch of chemistry which specialises in the chemical processes in living organisms. This article only discusses terrestrial biochemistry (carbon- and water-based), as all the life forms we know are on Earth. Since life forms alive today are believed to have descended from the same common ancestor, they naturally have similar biochemistries, even for matters which would appear to be e ...

Including:

Biochemistry - Development of biochemistry Biochemistry - Carbohydrates Biochemistry - Proteins Biochemistry - Lipids Biochemistry - Nucleic acids Biochemistry - Relationship to other molecular-scale biological sciences

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Cell biology (also called cellular biology or cytology, from the Greek kytos, "container") is an academic discipline which studies cells. This includes their physiological properties such as their structure and the organelles they contain, their environment and interactions, their life cycle, division and function (physiology) and eventual death. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level, and cell biology researches both single-celled organisms like bacteria and specia ...

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Cell biology - Processes in cell biology
Cell biology - Movement of proteins
Cell biology - Techniques
Cell biology - Purification of cells and their parts

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The genetic code is a set of rules that maps DNA sequences to proteins in the living cell, and is employed in the process of protein synthesis. Nearly all living things use the same genetic code, called the standard genetic code, although a few organisms use minor variations of the standard code. Genetic code - Genome expression. The genetic information carried by an organism - its genome - is inscribed in one or more DNA molecules. Each functional portion of a DNA molecule is referred to as a gene. ...

Including:

Genetic code - Genome expression Genetic code - Table 1: RNA codon table Genetic code - Table 2: Reverse codon table Genetic code - Technical details
Genetic code - Start/stop codons Genetic code - Degeneracy of the genetic code Genetic code - Phase or reading frame of a sequence
Genetic code - Variations Genetic code - Origin of the genetic code Genetic code - Other resources

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Cell theory is a scientific theory that is one of the foundations of biology. The generally accepted parts of cell theory include: The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things. All organisms are made up of one or more cells. Cells arise from other cells through cellular division. Cells carry genetic material passed to daughter cells during cellular division. All cells are essentially the same in chemical composition. Energy flow (metabo ...

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Cell theory - Cell theory history

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Chemical biology is a scientific discipline spanning chemistry and biology that employs synthetic chemistry to study and manipulate biological systems. Chemical biology - Introduction. Chemical biology attempts to answer biological questions by directly probing living systems at the chemical level. In contrast to biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology, where mutagenesis can provide a new version of the organism or cell of interest, chemical biology probes systems in vitro and in vivo wi ...

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Chemical biology - Introduction Chemical biology - Systems of Interest
Chemical biology - The Proteome Chemical biology - Glycobiology Chemical biology - Combinatorial Chemistry Chemical biology - Employing Biology
Chemical biology - Research Institutes and Graduate Programs

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Alternative biochemistry collectively refers to an assortment of astrobiology theories and hypotheses in which life is based on chemical systems other than those used by currently known forms of life. Proponents of such theories sometimes use the expression carbon chauvinism to disparage the assumption that carbon molecules are necessarily the basis for all life. Up to this point, however, no non-carbon based life-form has been discovered. Alternative biochemistry - Silicon biochemistry. The most com ...

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Alternative biochemistry - Silicon biochemistry Alternative biochemistry - Nitrogen/Phosphorus biochemistry Alternative biochemistry - Other exotic biochemical elements Alternative biochemistry - Non-water solvents
Alternative biochemistry - Ammonia Alternative biochemistry - Other solvents
Alternative biochemistry - Artificial life Alternative biochemistry - In fiction

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Transcription is the process through which a DNA sequence is enzymatically copied by an RNA polymerase to produce a complementary RNA. Or, in other words, the transfer of genetic information from DNA into RNA. In the case of protein-encoding DNA, transcription is the beginning of the process that ultimately leads to the translation of the genetic code (via the mRNA intermediate) into a functional peptide or protein. Transcription has some proofreading mechanisms, but they are fewer and less effective than the controls for DNA; therefore, t ...

Including:

Transcription genetics - Prokaryotic transcription
Transcription genetics - Initiation Transcription genetics - Elongation Transcription genetics - Termination
Transcription genetics - Eukaryotic transcription
Transcription genetics - Initiation Transcription genetics - Transcription Process
Transcription genetics - Measuring and detecting transcription Transcription genetics - History Transcription genetics - Terminology Transcription genetics - Reverse transcription

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The UPC (Universal Product Code) was the original barcode widely used in the United States and Canada for items in stores. The first item to be placed under a UPC scanner in a retail store was a 10-pack of Wrigley's Juicy Fruit chewing gum at a Marsh supermarket in Troy, Ohio, on June 26, 1974. Universal Product Code - Representation. In the barcode, each number is represented by two bar and space configurations. One configuration is used in the "L" digits, while another is used in the "R" digits. Th ...

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Universal Product Code - Representation Universal Product Code - Expansion

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Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. The skeleton acts as a major mineral storage site for the element and releases Ca2+ ions into the bloodstream under controlled conditions. Circulating calcium is either in the free, ionized form or bound to blood proteins such as albumin. The hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland, parathyroid hormone, regulates the resorption of Ca2+ from bone. Calcium in bi ...

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Calcium in biology - Measuring Ca2+ in living tissue Calcium in biology - Organs and tissues Calcium in biology - Cell biology Calcium in biology - Calcium in plants
Calcium in biology - Structural roles Calcium in biology - Cell signalling
Calcium in biology - Food sources

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Genetic. In biology, genetic means pertaining to genetics. In linguistics, genetic means due to descent from a common protolanguage. In computer science, a genetic algorithm is a kind of search technique modeled on evolutionary biology. Other related archivesbiology, computer science, evolutionary biology, genetic algorithm, genetics, linguistics, protolanguage

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A cell is a single unit or compartment, enclosed by a border or wall. A cell is usually part of a larger structure. More specific meanings depend on the context in which the work is used. Cell - Physical and life sciences. cell (biology) electrochemical cell A cell in the honeycomb of a beehive Cell academic journal Cell Evolution Life laboratory C.E.L.L a alife simulator Cell - Prison and Police Use. A cell is the t ...

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Cell - Physical and life sciences Cell - Prison and Police Use Cell - Religious Use Cell - Arts Cell - Military/politics Cell - Mathematics Cell - Technology

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The term cell growth is used in two different ways in biology. When used in the context of reproduction of living cells the phrase "cell growth" is shorthand for the idea of "growth in cell numbers by means of cell reproduction." During cell reproduction one cell (the "parental" cell) divides to produce daughter cells. In other contexts, "cell growth" refers to increases in cell size. Cell growth - Cell size. Many cells never have a large increase in size after they are first formed from a parental cell. Ty ...

Including:

Cell growth - Cell size
Cell growth - Yeast cell size regulation Cell growth - Cell size regulation in mammals Cell growth - Other experimental systems for the study of cell size regulation
Cell growth - Cell reproduction
Cell growth - Comparison of the three types of cell reproduction Cell growth - Why we have sex

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In cell biology, the nucleus (from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, kernel) is found in all eukaryotic cells that contains most of the cell's genetic material. Nuclei have two primary functions: to control chemical reactions within the cytoplasm and to store information needed for cellular division. Aside from containing the cell's genome, the nucleus contains certain proteins whose interplay is thought to regulate the expression of genes. Gene expression at the nuclear level involves complex processes of transcription, pre mRNA processing ...

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Cell nucleus - Nucleoli Nucleolus

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Traditionally in medicine, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another. Species of mosquito, for example, serve as vectors for the disease-causing West Nile Virus; which the insects may ingest by feeding from an infected bird and regurgitate into a human, infecting him or her. This sense of "biological vector" i ...

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Vector biology - Epidemiology Vector biology - Cell transformation and gene therapy Vector biology - DNA

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All cells whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic have a membrane, which envelopes the cell, separates its interior from its environment, controls what moves in and out, and maintains the electric potential of the cell. Inside the membrane, a salty cytoplasm takes up most of the cell volume. All cells possess DNA, the hereditary material of genes and RNA, which contain the information necessary to build various proteins such as enzymes, the cell's primary machinery. There are also other kinds of biomolecules in cells. This article will list these primary compo ...

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Cell biology, Cell biology - Overview, Cell biology - Properties of cells, Cell biology - Types of cells, Cell biology - Subcellular components, Cell biology - Cell membrane - a cell's protective coat, Cell biology - Cytoskeleton - a cell's scaffold, Cell biology - Genetic material, Cell biology - Organelles, Cell biology - Anatomy of cells, Cell biology - Prokaryotic cells, Cell biology - Eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - Cell functions, Cell biology - Cell growth and metabolism, Cell biology - Making new cells, Cell biology - Protein synthesis, Cell biology - Origins of cells, Cell biology - Origin of first cell, Cell biology - Origin of eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - History, Cell biology - External links

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List of publications in biology - Molecular Biology of the Cell. Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter New York, Garland Publishing 1983-2002 Description: . This is a must-have introduction to cell biology, suitable for both undergraduates as well as for graduate students. The book covers a wide range of concepts, spanning from the internal organization of cells and molecular genetics - to cellular functio ...

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List of publications in biology, List of publications in biology - Aerobiology, List of publications in biology - Anatomy, List of publications in biology - Gray's Anatomy, List of publications in biology - Astrobiology, List of publications in biology - Biochemistry, List of publications in biology - Biogeography, List of publications in biology - Bioinformatics, List of publications in biology - Biomechanics, List of publications in biology - Biophysics, List of publications in biology - Botany, List of publications in biology - Cell biology, List of publications in biology - Molecular Biology of the Cell, List of publications in biology - Chorology, List of publications in biology - Computational neuroscience, List of publications in biology - Cognitive neuroscience, List of publications in biology - The organization of behavior, List of publications in biology - Perception of shape from shading, List of publications in biology - Phantoms in the Brain, List of publications in biology - Neuronal Correlates of Attention and Memory, List of publications in biology - Carcinology, List of publications in biology - Cryptozoology, List of publications in biology - Cytology, List of publications in biology - Developmental biology, List of publications in biology - Genomic Regulatory Systems: Development and Evolution, List of publications in biology - In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes, List of publications in biology - Disease, List of publications in biology - Ecology, List of publications in biology - Ethology & Behavior, List of publications in biology - Entomology, List of publications in biology - Epidemiology, List of publications in biology - Evolutionary biology, List of publications in biology - Histoire Naturelle, List of publications in biology - On The Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type, List of publications in biology - The Origin of Species, List of publications in biology - The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, List of publications in biology - Evolutionary developmental biology, List of publications in biology - The Evolution of Individuality, List of publications in biology - Ontogeny and Phylogeny, List of publications in biology - Freshwater biology, List of publications in biology - Genetics, List of publications in biology - Experiments on Plant Hybridization, List of publications in biology - Herpetology, List of publications in biology - Histology, List of publications in biology - Ichthyology, List of publications in biology - Immunology, List of publications in biology - Limnology, List of publications in biology - Malacology, List of publications in biology - Mammalogy, List of publications in biology - Marine biology, List of publications in biology - Microbiology, List of publications in biology - Molecular biology, List of publications in biology - DNA Sequencing with Chain-Terminating Inhibitors, List of publications in biology - Molecular Cloning : A Laboratory Manual, List of publications in biology - Mycology, List of publications in biology - Neurobiology, List of publications in biology - Paleontology, List of publications in biology - Tempo and Mode in Evolution, List of publications in biology - Parasitology, List of publications in biology - Pathology, List of publications in biology - Phycology, List of publications in biology - Physiology, List of publications in biology - Phytopathology, List of publications in biology - Phylogenetics, List of publications in biology - Phylogenetic Systematics, List of publications in biology - Inferring Phylogenies, List of publications in biology - Population biology, List of publications in biology - Psychiatry, List of publications in biology - The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct, List of publications in biology - Psychobiology, List of publications in biology - Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, List of publications in biology - Psychopharmacology, List of publications in biology - Psychophysics, List of publications in biology - Tracking an object through feature space, List of publications in biology - Oncology, List of publications in biology - Origin of life, List of publications in biology - Life on a Young Planet: The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth, List of publications in biology - A Short History of Nearly Everything, List of publications in biology - Ornithology, List of publications in biology - Structural biology, List of publications in biology - Systems biology, List of publications in biology - The Future and Limits of Systems Biology, List of publications in biology - The Meaning of Systems Biology, List of publications in biology - Taxonomy, List of publications in biology - Systema Naturae, List of publications in biology - The Natural History of Selborne, List of publications in biology - Souvenirs entomologiques, List of publications in biology - Toxicology, List of publications in biology - Virology, List of publications in biology - Xenobiology, List of publications in biology - Evolving the Alien: The Science of Extraterrestrial Life, List of publications in biology - Zoology, List of publications in biology - History of Animals, List of publications in biology - Naturalis Historia

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