Biology is the study, or science, of life. It is concerned with the characteristics and behaviors of organisms, how species and individuals come into existence, and the interactions they have with each other and with the environment. Biology encompasses a broad spectrum of academic fields that are often viewed as independent disciplines. However, together they address phenomena related to living organisms (biological phenomena) over a wide range of scales. Biology - Biological Phenomena. At the organism lev ...

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Biology - Biological Phenomena Biology - Branches of Biology Biology - Principles of biology
Biology - Universality: Biochemistry cells and the genetic code Biology - Evolution: The central principle of biology Biology - Diversity: The variety of living organisms Biology - Continuity: The common descent of life Biology - Homeostasis: Adapting to change Biology - Interactions: Groups and environments
Biology - Scope of biology
Biology - Structure of life Biology - Physiology of organisms Biology - Diversity and evolution of organisms Biology - Interactions of organisms
Biology - History of the word biology Biology - History Biology - Related topics

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Biology, Biology - Biological Phenomena, Biology - Branches of Biology, Biology - Principles of biology, Biology - Universality: Biochemistry cells and the genetic code, Biology - Evolution: The central principle of biology, Biology - Diversity: The variety of living organisms, Biology - Continuity: The common descent of life, Biology - Homeostasis: Adapting to change, Biology - Interactions: Groups and environments, Biology - Scope of biology, Biology - Structure of life, Biology - Physiology of organisms, Biology - Diversity and evolution of organisms, Biology - Interactions of organisms, Biology - History of the word biology, Biology - History, Biology - Related topics

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Unlike physics, biology does not usually describe systems in terms of objects which obey immutable physical laws described by mathematics. Nevertheless, the biological sciences are characterized and unified by several major underlying principles and concepts: universality, evolution, diversity, continuity, genetics, homeostasis, and interactions. Biology - Universality: Biochemistry cells and the genet ...

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Biology, Biology - Biological Phenomena, Biology - Branches of Biology, Biology - Principles of biology, Biology - Universality: Biochemistry cells and the genetic code, Biology - Evolution: The central principle of biology, Biology - Diversity: The variety of living organisms, Biology - Continuity: The common descent of life, Biology - Homeostasis: Adapting to change, Biology - Interactions: Groups and environments, Biology - Scope of biology, Biology - Structure of life, Biology - Physiology of organisms, Biology - Diversity and evolution of organisms, Biology - Interactions of organisms, Biology - History of the word biology, Biology - History, Biology - Related topics

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In biology, evolution is the process by which populations of organisms acquire and pass on novel traits from generation to generation. Its action over large stretches of time explains the origin of new species and ultimately the vast diversity of the biological world. The living species of today are related to each other through common descent, products of evolution and speciation over billions of years. The phylogenetic tree at right represents these re ...

Including:

Evolution - Overview of evolution
Evolution - Evidence of evolution Evolution - History of evolutionary thought Evolution - Misconceptions of modern evolutionary biology Evolution - Social and religious controversies
Evolution - Science of evolution
Evolution - Academic disciplines
Evolution - The Modern Synthesis
Evolution - Heredity Evolution - Mechanisms of evolution Evolution - Speciation and extinction
Evolution - Notes and references

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Chemical biology is a scientific discipline spanning chemistry and biology that employs synthetic chemistry to study and manipulate biological systems. Chemical biology - Introduction. Chemical biology attempts to answer biological questions by directly probing living systems at the chemical level. In contrast to biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology, where mutagenesis can provide a new version of the organism or cell of interest, chemical biology probes systems in vitro and in vivo wi ...

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Chemical biology - Introduction Chemical biology - Systems of Interest
Chemical biology - The Proteome Chemical biology - Glycobiology Chemical biology - Combinatorial Chemistry Chemical biology - Employing Biology
Chemical biology - Research Institutes and Graduate Programs

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Biological factors / Choice / Environment Demographics / History Gender role / Gender identity Human sexual behavior / Animal sexuality Critiques of sexual behavior Gay rights / Laws / Same-sex marriage Homophobia / Biphobia / Psychology Medical science / Gay community Two-Spirit / Violence against LGBT people History of the Gay Community ...

Including:

Biology and sexual orientation - Sexual orientation and evolution Biology and sexual orientation - Politics Biology and sexual orientation - Empirical studies
Biology and sexual orientation - Twin Studies Biology and sexual orientation - Studies of brain structure Biology and sexual orientation - Chromosome linkage studies Biology and sexual orientation - Correlations with matriarchal lineage birth order and female fertility Biology and sexual orientation - Testosterone correlation Biology and sexual orientation - Pheromones correlation
Biology and sexual orientation - Early fixation hypothesis
Biology and sexual orientation - Fetal development Biology and sexual orientation - Pre-natal hormones in males Biology and sexual orientation - Correlations with matriarchal lineage birth order and female fertility Biology and sexual orientation - Pathogenic theory Biology and sexual orientation - Imprinting/Critical period Biology and sexual orientation - Chance events

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Sociocultural evolution(ism) is an umbrella term for theories of cultural evolution and social evolution, describing how cultures and societies have developed over time. Although such theories typically provide models for understanding the relationship between technologies, social structure, the values of a society, and how and why they change with time, they vary as to the extent to which the ...

Including:

Sociocultural evolution - Overview Sociocultural evolution - Classical social evolutionism
Sociocultural evolution - Development Sociocultural evolution - Sociocultural evolutionism and the idea of progress Sociocultural evolution - Critique and impact on modern theories
Sociocultural evolution - Modern theories Sociocultural evolution - Contemporary moral and political debates over sociocultural evolution Sociocultural evolution - Notes

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In evolutionary biology, convergent evolution describes the process whereby organisms not closely related independently acquire similar characteristics while evolving in separate and sometimes varying ecosystems. An example of convergent evolution is the similar nature of the wings of insects, birds, and bats. All three serve the same function and are similar in structure, but each evolved indepen ...

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Convergent evolution - Other examples

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Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. The skeleton acts as a major mineral storage site for the element and releases Ca2+ ions into the bloodstream under controlled conditions. Circulating calcium is either in the free, ionized form or bound to blood proteins such as albumin. The hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland, parathyroid hormone, regulates the resorption of Ca2+ from bone. Calcium in bi ...

Including:

Calcium in biology - Measuring Ca2+ in living tissue Calcium in biology - Organs and tissues Calcium in biology - Cell biology Calcium in biology - Calcium in plants
Calcium in biology - Structural roles Calcium in biology - Cell signalling
Calcium in biology - Food sources

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The argument from evolution is an argument against the existence of God, specifically against the existence of a creator God. It is based upon the premise: Science provides sound explanations for the origin and diversity of life, and the origin of the Universe. Theistic explanations for the origins of life can be criticised. Therefore, by Occam's Razor, it is more likely that the universe is a result of naturalistic processes rather than being created. Modern creationism can be seen as a reaction to this argument, since some creationists criticise accepted scientific ex ...

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Argument from evolution - Overview Argument from evolution - Criticisms
Argument from evolution - Evolution has not been proven Argument from evolution - Evolution can co-exist with a creator

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In biology, a colony (from Latin colonia) refers to several individual organisms of the same species living closely together, usually for mutual benefit, such as stronger defences, the ability to attack bigger prey, etc. Some insects (ants and honey bees, for example) live only in colonies. The Portuguese Man o' War, is an example of a colony of four different polyps. A colony of single-celled organisms is known as a colonial organism. Colonial organisms were probably the first step towards multicellular organisms ...

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Catagenesis is an archaic term from evolutionary biology referring to evolutionary directions that were considered "retrogressive." It was a term used in contrast to anagenesis, which in present usage denotes the evolution of a single population into a new form without branching lines of descent. Cladogenesis is the term used for branching lines of descent, i.e., when the evolutionary origin of a new form is not accompanied by the disappearance of the ancestral form. Other related archivesCla

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In Biology, co-evolution is the mutual evolutionary influence between two species that become dependent on each other. Each party in a co-evolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each others' evolution. Coevolution includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites, in examples of mutualism evolving through time. Few perfectly isolated examples of evolution can be ide ...

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Co-evolution - Bibliography Co-evolution - External link

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Two structures in biology are said to be analogous if they perform the same or similar function by a similar mechanism. For example, the wings of insects and the wings of birds. These similar structures may have evolved through different pathways, a process known as convergent evolution, or may be homologous. The concept of analogy is contrasted with that of homology, which refers to two structures that share a common ancestor. They may retain the function of the common ancestor, or they may have evolved to fulfil quite distinc

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History of creationism Creation in Genesis Types of creationism: Young Earth creationism - Creation science Old Earth creationism Omphalos creationism Theistic evolution Neo-Creationism Islamic creationism Intelligent design - Intelligent design movement Modern geocentrism Controversy: Creation vs. evolution ... in public education Associated articles Teach the Controversy Irreducible ...

Including:

Articles related to the creation-evolution controversy - Origins Articles related to the creation-evolution controversy - Evolution in context Articles related to the creation-evolution controversy - Natural history
Articles related to the creation-evolution controversy - Cosmology Articles related to the creation-evolution controversy - Geology Articles related to the creation-evolution controversy - Evolutionary Biology
Articles related to the creation-evolution controversy - Creationism Articles related to the creation-evolution controversy - Intelligent design Articles related to the creation-evolution controversy - Philosophy of science Articles related to the creation-evolution controversy - Philosophy of religion Articles related to the creation-evolution controversy - Creation-evolution controversy

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Alien biology - Definition. In biology, an alien refers to an organism that is introduced into a foreign locale and subsequently becomes naturalized, as in the term alien species. Words with similar meaning in biology include exotic, adventive, introduced, and naturalized. These terms contrast with terms such as native, indigenous, and endemic. Introduced species, Invasive species Alien biology - Problems. Including:

Alien biology - Definition Alien biology - Problems

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Assimilation (from similis, lat. = similar), in biology, designates the process of the transformation of external substances and materials into substances and materials internal to the body. Examples of assimilation are: By mean of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water are transformed into a number of organic molecules in plant cells. Nitrogen fixation from the soil into organic molecules by symbiotic bacteria which live in the roots of certain plants, such as Leguminosae. The absorption of nutrients into the body after digestion in the intestine a ...

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Assimilation biology - Related topics

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History of creationism Creation in Genesis Types of creationism: Young Earth creationism - Creation science Old Earth creationism Omphalos creationism Theistic evolution Neo-Creationism Islamic creationism Intelligent design - Intelligent design movement Modern geocentrism Controversy: Creation vs. evolution ... in public education Associated articles Teach the Controversy Irreducible ...

Including:

Creation-evolution controversy - Overview of the controversy Creation-evolution controversy - Common venues for debate Creation-evolution controversy - Conflicts inherent to the controversy
Creation-evolution controversy - Defining evolution Creation-evolution controversy - False dichotomy Creation-evolution controversy - Conflation of science and religion
Creation-evolution controversy - Accusations involving science
Creation-evolution controversy - Theory vs. Fact Creation-evolution controversy - Evidence against evolution Creation-evolution controversy - Accusations of bias Creation-evolution controversy - Religion and Historical Scientists Creation-evolution controversy - Quote mining
Creation-evolution controversy - Noteworthy participants in the controversy
Creation-evolution controversy - Creationists Creation-evolution controversy - Their opposition
Creation-evolution controversy - Ramifications of the controversy
Creation-evolution controversy - Public education in the United States Creation-evolution controversy - Surveys of views in the United States Creation-evolution controversy - Survey of views in German speaking countries Creation-evolution controversy - Controversy in education world-wide
Creation-evolution controversy - History Creation-evolution controversy - Footnotes

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History of creationism Creation in Genesis Types of creationism: Young Earth creationism - Creation science Old Earth creationism Omphalos creationism Theistic evolution Neo-Creationism Islamic creationism Intelligent design - Intelligent design movement Modern geocentrism Controversy: Creation vs. evolution ... in public education
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Creation biology - Elements of Creation Biology Creation biology - Criticism Creation biology - Sources

Read more here: » Creation biology: Encyclopedia - Creation biology

MHC gene families are found in essentially all vertebrates, though the gene composition and genomic arrangement vary widely. Chickens, for instance, have one of the smallest known MHC regions (19 genes), though most mammals have an MHC structure and composition fairly similar to that of humans. Gene duplication is almost certainly responsible for much of the genic diversity. In humans, the MHC is littered with many pseudogenes. One of the most striking features of the MHC, particularly in humans, is the astounding allelic diversity fo ...

See also:

Major histocompatibility complex, Major histocompatibility complex - Introduction, Major histocompatibility complex - Molecular biology of MHC proteins, Major histocompatibility complex - MHC class I, Major histocompatibility complex - MHC class II, Major histocompatibility complex - MHC evolution and allelic diversity

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