Bioherbicide

Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of any organism (bacteria, virus or other disease-causing organism) or toxin found in nature, as a weapon of war. It is meant to incapacitate or kill an adversary. The creation and stockpiling of biological weapons is outlawed by the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention, signed by over 100 states, because a successful attack could conceivably result in thousands, possibly even millions, of deaths and could cause severe disruptions to societies and economies. Oddly ...

Including:

• Biological warfare - History
• Biological warfare - Biological weapons characteristics
• Biological warfare - Attacking Crops & Animals
• Biological warfare - Protective measures
• Biological warfare - The role of public health departments and disease surveillance
• Biological warfare - Examples of biological warfare
• Biological warfare - 1984 Rajneeshee salmonella attack
• Biological warfare - 2001 anthrax attack

Read more here: » Biological warfare: Encyclopedia - Biological warfare

Asymmetric · Attrition · Conventional · Ground · Guerrilla · Fortification · Maneuver · Naval · Network-centric · Siege · Total · Trench · Unconventional The use of biological agents is not new, but before the 20th century, biological warfare took three main forms: deliberate poisoning of food and water with infectious material use of microorganisms, toxins or animals, living or dead, in a weapon system

Prior to the widespread use of chemical herbicides, cultural controls, such as altering soil pH, salinity, or fertility levels, were used to control weeds. Mechanical control (including tillage) was also (and still is) used to control weeds. The first widely used herbicide was 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, often abbreviated 2,4-D. It was developed by a British team during World War II and first saw widespread production and use in the late 1940s. It is easy and inexpensive to manufacture, and kills many broadleaf plants while leavin ...

See also:

Herbicide, Herbicide - History, Herbicide - Uses, Herbicide - Classification of herbicides, Herbicide - Application, Herbicide - Terminology, Herbicide - Some major herbicides in use today, Herbicide - Other herbicides of historical interest

Read more here: » Herbicide: Encyclopedia II - Herbicide - History

The use of biological agents is not new, but before the 20th century, biological warfare took three main forms: deliberate poisoning of food and water with infectious material use of microorganisms, toxins or animals, living or dead, in a weapon system use of biologically inoculated fabrics Biological warfare has been practised repeatedly throughout history. During the 6th Century B.C., the Assyrians poisoned enemy wells with a fungus that would make the enemy delusional. In 184 BC, Hannibal of Carthage had clay pots filled with poisonous snakes and instructed his soldiers to thr ...

See also:

Biological warfare, Biological warfare - History, Biological warfare - Biological weapons characteristics, Biological warfare - Attacking crops and animals, Biological warfare - Protective measures, Biological warfare - The role of public health departments and disease surveillance

Read more here: » Biological warfare: Encyclopedia II - Biological warfare - History

The use of biological agents is not new, but before the 20th century, biological warfare took three main forms: deliberate poisoning of food and water with infectious material use of microorganisms, toxins or animals, living or dead, in a weapon system use of biologically inoculated fabrics Biological warfare has been practised repeatedly throughout history. During the 6th Century B.C., The Assyrians poisoned enemy wells with a fungus that would make the enemy delusional. In 184 BC, Hannibal of Carthage had clay pots filled with poisonous snakes and instructed his soldiers to thr ...

See also:

Biological warfare, Biological warfare - History, Biological warfare - Biological weapons characteristics, Biological warfare - Attacking Crops & Animals, Biological warfare - Protective measures, Biological warfare - The role of public health departments and disease surveillance, Biological warfare - Examples of biological warfare, Biological warfare - 1984 Rajneeshee salmonella attack, Biological warfare - 2001 anthrax attack

Read more here: » Biological warfare: Encyclopedia II - Biological warfare - History

It is important to note that all of the classical and modern biological weapons organisms are animal diseases, the only exception being smallpox. Thus, in any use of biological weapons, it is highly likely that animals will become ill either simultaneously with, or perhaps earlier than humans. Indeed, in the largest biological weapons "accident" known -- the anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg) in the Soviet Union in 1979, sheep became ill with anthrax as far as 200 kilometers from the release point of the organism from a military facility i ...

See also:

Biological warfare, Biological warfare - History, Biological warfare - Biological weapons characteristics, Biological warfare - Attacking crops and animals, Biological warfare - Protective measures, Biological warfare - The role of public health departments and disease surveillance

Read more here: » Biological warfare: Encyclopedia II - Biological warfare - The role of public health departments and disease surveillance

The primary civil defense against biological weaponry is to wash one's hands whenever one moves to a different building or set of people, and avoid touching door knobs, walls, the ground and one's mouth and nose. Washing literally sends the germs down the drain. More exotic methods include decontamination, usually done with household chlorine bleach (5% solution of sodium hypochlorite). One useful decontamination is to leave shoes in an entranceway and make people wade and handwash in a footbath of bleach. Another useful techniq ...

See also:

Biological warfare, Biological warfare - History, Biological warfare - Biological weapons characteristics, Biological warfare - Attacking crops and animals, Biological warfare - Protective measures, Biological warfare - The role of public health departments and disease surveillance

Read more here: » Biological warfare: Encyclopedia II - Biological warfare - Protective measures

Biological warfare can also specifically target plants to destroy crops or defoliate vegetation. The United States and Britain discovered plant growth regulators (i.e., herbicides) during the Second World War, and initiated a Herbicidal Warfare program that was eventually used in Malaya and Vietnam in counter insurgency. Though herbicides are chemicals, they are often grouped with biological warfare as bioregulators in a similar manner as biotoxins. The United States developed an anti-crop capability during the Cold War that used plan ...

See also:

Biological warfare, Biological warfare - History, Biological warfare - Biological weapons characteristics, Biological warfare - Attacking crops and animals, Biological warfare - Protective measures, Biological warfare - The role of public health departments and disease surveillance

Read more here: » Biological warfare: Encyclopedia II - Biological warfare - Attacking crops and animals

Ideal characteristics of biological weapons are high infectivity, high potency, availability of vaccines, and delivery as an aerosol. Diseases most likely to be considered for use as biological weapons are contenders because of their lethality (if delivered efficiently), and robustness (making aerosol delivery feasible). The biological agents used in biological weapons can often be manufactured quickly and easily. The primary difficulty is not the production of the b ...

See also:

Biological warfare, Biological warfare - History, Biological warfare - Biological weapons characteristics, Biological warfare - Attacking crops and animals, Biological warfare - Protective measures, Biological warfare - The role of public health departments and disease surveillance

Read more here: » Biological warfare: Encyclopedia II - Biological warfare - Biological weapons characteristics

Most herbicides are applied as water-based sprays using ground equipment. Ground equipment varies in design, but large areas can be sprayed using self-propelled sprayers equipped with a long boom, of 60 to 80 feet (20 to 25 m) with flat fan nozzles spaced about every 20 in (500 mm). Towed, handheld, and even horse-drawn sprayers are also used. Herbicides can also be applied aerially using helicopters or airplanes, and can be applied ...

See also:

Herbicide, Herbicide - History, Herbicide - Uses, Herbicide - Classification of herbicides, Herbicide - Application, Herbicide - Terminology, Herbicide - Some major herbicides in use today, Herbicide - Other herbicides of historical interest

Read more here: » Herbicide: Encyclopedia II - Herbicide - Application

Biological warfare - 1984 Rajneeshee salmonella attack. In the small town of The Dalles, Oregon, followers of the Bhagwan Shri Rajneesh (the Rajneeshee Cult) attempted to control a local election by infecting salad bars with salmonella. The attack caused about 900 people to get sick. It is considered the first ever bioterrorism case in US history. Biological warfare - 2001 anthrax attack. In September and October of 2001, several cases of anthrax broke out in the ...

See also:

Biological warfare, Biological warfare - History, Biological warfare - Biological weapons characteristics, Biological warfare - Attacking Crops & Animals, Biological warfare - Protective measures, Biological warfare - The role of public health departments and disease surveillance, Biological warfare - Examples of biological warfare, Biological warfare - 1984 Rajneeshee salmonella attack, Biological warfare - 2001 anthrax attack

Read more here: » Biological warfare: Encyclopedia II - Biological warfare - Examples of biological warfare

Ideal characteristics of biological weapons are high infectivity, high potency, availability of vaccines, and delivery as an aerosol. Diseases most likely to be considered for use as biological weapons are contenders because of their lethality (if delivered efficiently), and robustness (making aerosol delivery feasible). The biological agents used in biological weapons can often be manufactured quickly and easily. The primary difficulty is not the production of the b ...

See also:

Biological warfare, Biological warfare - History, Biological warfare - Biological weapons characteristics, Biological warfare - Attacking Crops & Animals, Biological warfare - Protective measures, Biological warfare - The role of public health departments and disease surveillance, Biological warfare - Examples of biological warfare, Biological warfare - 1984 Rajneeshee salmonella attack, Biological warfare - 2001 anthrax attack

Read more here: » Biological warfare: Encyclopedia II - Biological warfare - Biological weapons characteristics

It is important to note that all of the classical and modern biological weapons organisms are animal diseases, the only exception being smallpox. Thus, in any use of biological weapons, it is highly likely that animals will become ill either simultaneously with, or perhaps earlier than humans. Indeed, in the largest biological weapons "accident" known -- the anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg) in the Soviet Union in 1979, sheep became ill with anthrax as far as 200 kilometers from the release point of the organism from a military facility i ...

See also:

Biological warfare, Biological warfare - History, Biological warfare - Biological weapons characteristics, Biological warfare - Attacking Crops & Animals, Biological warfare - Protective measures, Biological warfare - The role of public health departments and disease surveillance, Biological warfare - Examples of biological warfare, Biological warfare - 1984 Rajneeshee salmonella attack, Biological warfare - 2001 anthrax attack

Read more here: » Biological warfare: Encyclopedia II - Biological warfare - The role of public health departments and disease surveillance

The primary civil defense against biological weaponry is to wash one's hands whenever one moves to a different building or set of people, and avoid touching door knobs, walls, the ground and one's mouth and nose. Washing literally sends the germs down the drain. More exotic methods include decontamination, usually done with household chlorine bleach (5% solution of sodium hypochlorite). One useful decontamination is to leave shoes in an entranceway and make people wade and handwash in a footbath of bleach. Another useful techniq ...

See also:

Biological warfare, Biological warfare - History, Biological warfare - Biological weapons characteristics, Biological warfare - Attacking Crops & Animals, Biological warfare - Protective measures, Biological warfare - The role of public health departments and disease surveillance, Biological warfare - Examples of biological warfare, Biological warfare - 1984 Rajneeshee salmonella attack, Biological warfare - 2001 anthrax attack

Read more here: » Biological warfare: Encyclopedia II - Biological warfare - Protective measures

Biological warfare can also specifically target plants to destroy crops or defoliate vegetation. The United States and Britain discovered plant growth regulators (i.e., herbicides) during the Second World War, and initiated a Herbicidal Warfare program that was eventually used in Malaya and Vietnam in counter insurgency. Though herbicides are chemicals, they are often grouped with biological warfare as bioregulators in a similar manner as biotoxins. The United States developed an anti-crop capability during the Cold War that used plan ...

See also:

Biological warfare, Biological warfare - History, Biological warfare - Biological weapons characteristics, Biological warfare - Attacking Crops & Animals, Biological warfare - Protective measures, Biological warfare - The role of public health departments and disease surveillance, Biological warfare - Examples of biological warfare, Biological warfare - 1984 Rajneeshee salmonella attack, Biological warfare - 2001 anthrax attack

Read more here: » Biological warfare: Encyclopedia II - Biological warfare - Attacking Crops & Animals

Herbicides can be grouped by activity, use, chemical family, mode of action, or type of vegetation controlled. By activity: Contact herbicides destroy only the plant tissue in contact with the chemical. Generally, these are the fastest acting herbicides. They are less effective on perennial plants, which are able to regrow from roots or tubers. Systemic herbicides are translocated through the plant, either from foliar application down to the roots, or from soil application up to the leaves. They can destroy a grea ...

See also:

Herbicide, Herbicide - History, Herbicide - Uses, Herbicide - Classification of herbicides, Herbicide - Application, Herbicide - Terminology, Herbicide - Some major herbicides in use today, Herbicide - Other herbicides of historical interest

Read more here: » Herbicide: Encyclopedia II - Herbicide - Classification of herbicides