Transesterification of a vegetable oil was conducted as early as 1853, by scientists E. Duffy and J. Patrick, many years before the first diesel engine became functional. Rudolf Diesel's prime model, a single 10 ft (3 m) iron cylinder with a flywheel at its base, ran on its own power for the first time in Augsburg, Germany on August 10, 1893. In remembrance of this event, August 10 has been declared International Biodiesel Day. Diesel later demonstrated his engine and received the "Grand Prix" (highest prize) at the World Fair in Pari ...

See also:

Biodiesel, Biodiesel - History, Biodiesel - Fuel quality standards and properties, Biodiesel - Production, Biodiesel - Base oils, Biodiesel - Efficiency and economic arguments, Biodiesel - Availability, Biodiesel - Australia, Biodiesel - Brazil, Biodiesel - Belgium, Biodiesel - Canada, Biodiesel - Germany, Biodiesel - India, Biodiesel - United States

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Biodiesel, Biodiesel - History, Biodiesel - Fuel quality standards and properties, Biodiesel - Production, Biodiesel - Base oils, Biodiesel - Efficiency and economic arguments, Biodiesel - Availability, Biodiesel - Australia, Biodiesel - Brazil, Biodiesel - Belgium, Biodiesel - Canada, Biodiesel - Germany, Biodiesel - India, Biodiesel - United States

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Biodiesel is a clear amber-yellow liquid with a viscosity similar to petrodiesel, the industry term for diesel produced from petroleum. It can be used as an additive in formulations of diesel to increase the lubricity of pure ultra-low sulfur petrodiesel (ULSD) fuel. Much of the world uses a system known as the "B" factor to state the amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix, in contrast to the "BA" system used for bioalcohol mixes. For example, 20% biodiesel is labeled B20. Pure biodiesel, 100%, is referred to as B100. ...

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Biodiesel, Biodiesel - History, Biodiesel - Fuel quality, standards and properties, Biodiesel - Production, Biodiesel - Base oils, Biodiesel - Efficiency and economic arguments, Biodiesel - Availability, Biodiesel - Australia, Biodiesel - Brazil, Biodiesel - Belgium, Biodiesel - Canada, Biodiesel - Germany, Biodiesel - India, Biodiesel - United States

Read more here: » Biodiesel: Encyclopedia II - Biodiesel - Fuel quality, standards and properties

Biodiesel is fuel made from renewable resources such as vegetable oils or animal fats. It is biodegradable and non-toxic, and has significantly fewer emissions than petroleum-based diesel (petro-diesel) when burned. Biodiesel functions in current diesel engines, and is a possible candidate to replace fossil fuels as the world's primary transport energy source. With a flash point of 150 °C, Biodiesel is classified as a non-flammable liquid by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. This property makes a vehicle fuele ...

Including:

Biodiesel - History Biodiesel - Fuel quality standards and properties Biodiesel - Production
Biodiesel - Base oils Biodiesel - Efficiency and economic arguments
Biodiesel - Availability
Biodiesel - Australia Biodiesel - Brazil Biodiesel - Belgium Biodiesel - Canada Biodiesel - Germany Biodiesel - India Biodiesel - United States

Read more here: » Biodiesel: Encyclopedia - Biodiesel

Transesterification of a vegetable oil was conducted as early as 1853, by scientists E. Duffy and J. Patrick, many years before the first diesel engine became functional. Rudolf Diesel's prime model, a single 10 ft (3 m) iron cylinder with a flywheel at its base, ran on its own power for the first time in Augsburg, Germany on August 10, 1893. In remembrance of this event, August 10 has been declared International Biodiesel Day. Diesel later demonstrated his engine and received the "Grand Prix" (highest prize) at the World Fair in Pari ...

See also:

Biodiesel, Biodiesel - History, Biodiesel - Fuel quality, standards and properties, Biodiesel - Production, Biodiesel - Base oils, Biodiesel - Efficiency and economic arguments, Biodiesel - Availability, Biodiesel - Australia, Biodiesel - Brazil, Biodiesel - Belgium, Biodiesel - Canada, Biodiesel - Germany, Biodiesel - India, Biodiesel - United States

Read more here: » Biodiesel: Encyclopedia II - Biodiesel - History

Biodiesel - Australia. With around 100 million litres (26.5 million US Gallons) annual production capacity, commercial biodiesel production is still in its relative infancy in Australia. However many new production plants are being built around the nation. The future growth of the biodiesel industry in Australia is limited by feedstock availability and also by the relatively low price of petroleum diesel fuel. Many city and regional councils are already using B20. All of the public transport trains and most of the public transport buses in Adelaide, South Australia have been ...

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Biodiesel, Biodiesel - History, Biodiesel - Fuel quality, standards and properties, Biodiesel - Production, Biodiesel - Base oils, Biodiesel - Efficiency and economic arguments, Biodiesel - Availability, Biodiesel - Australia, Biodiesel - Brazil, Biodiesel - Belgium, Biodiesel - Canada, Biodiesel - Germany, Biodiesel - India, Biodiesel - United States

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Main article: Biodiesel production Chemically, biodiesel comprises a mix of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids. The most common form uses methanol to produce methyl esters as it is the cheapest alcohol available, though ethanol can be used to produce an ethyl ester biodiesel and higher alcohols such as isopropanol and butanol have also been used. Using alcohols of higher molecular weights improves the cold flow properties of the resulting ester, at the cost of a less efficient transesterification reaction. A byproduct ...

See also:

Biodiesel, Biodiesel - History, Biodiesel - Fuel quality, standards and properties, Biodiesel - Production, Biodiesel - Base oils, Biodiesel - Efficiency and economic arguments, Biodiesel - Availability, Biodiesel - Australia, Biodiesel - Brazil, Biodiesel - Belgium, Biodiesel - Canada, Biodiesel - Germany, Biodiesel - India, Biodiesel - United States

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Augsburg is a city in south-central Germany. It is the capital of the Swabia administrative region of Bavaria, and is located at the confluence of the Wertach and Lech rivers. The population was 276,193 in 2004. Augsburg - Districts. There are 17 districts Stadteile in Augsburg: Innenstadt Antonsviertel Bärenkeller Bergheim (includes Neubergheim, Wellenburg, Radegundis and Fuchssiedlung) Firnhaberau Göggingen mit Schafweidsiedlung H ...

Including:

Augsburg - Districts Augsburg - History Augsburg - Incorporations Augsburg - Historical population development: Augsburg - Partner Cities Augsburg - Sights Augsburg - Education Augsburg - Notable citizens Augsburg - Miscellaneous

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The city was founded in 15 BC in the reign of Roman emperor Augustus as a garrison called Augusta Vindelicorum. It was laid waste by the Huns in the fifth century, by Charlemagne in the eighth, and by Welf of Bavaria in the eleventh; it rose each time only to greater prosperity. It became an Imperial Free City on March 9, 1276. Given its strategic location on the trade routes to Italy, it became a major trading centre. It produced large quantities of woven goods, cloth and textiles, and was the base for the Fugger banking empire. The Fuggerei, part of the city devoted to housing for the needy citizens of Augsburg, was founde ...

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Augsburg, Augsburg - Districts, Augsburg - History, Augsburg - Incorporations, Augsburg - Historical population development:, Augsburg - Partner Cities, Augsburg - Sights, Augsburg - Education, Augsburg - Notable citizens, Augsburg - Miscellaneous

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The patron saint of Augsburg is Saint Afra, who was killed by the Romans at Augsburg in 304. An earlier patroness was Zisa, referenced in the 11th century, feast day September 28th), possibly an early Germanic goddess and originally the consort of Tiwaz. The White Water Canoeing events for the 1972 Summer Olympics were held on the Lech in Augsburg. On the other hand, the city is home to heavy industry company MAN AG. The burg ("castle" in German) part of the city's name is c ...

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Augsburg, Augsburg - Districts, Augsburg - History, Augsburg - Incorporations, Augsburg - Historical population development:, Augsburg - Partner Cities, Augsburg - Sights, Augsburg - Education, Augsburg - Notable citizens, Augsburg - Miscellaneous

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Common sources of vegetable oil include: Oilseeds: cashew castor bean - castor oil flax seed - linseed oil grape seed - grape seed oil hemp (cannabis) mustard olives and olive pits - olive oil poppy seeds - poppyseed oil rapeseed canola (cultivar of rapeseed) safflower sesame seed sunflower Other vegetable oils: almond apricot argan avocado c ...

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Vegetable oil, Vegetable oil - Sources of Vegetable Oil, Vegetable oil - Extraction, Vegetable oil - Production of Edible Oil, Vegetable oil - History of Vegetable Oils in the US, Vegetable oil - Industrial uses, Vegetable oil - Other References

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Neither the oil nor the meal is considered edible immediately upon crushing the bean and extracting the crude vegetable oil. Animals fed raw meal will waste away, even though soy meal is high in protein. Researchers at Central Soya discovered that a trypsin inhibitor in soybeans could be deactivated by toasting the meal, and both licensed their invention, and sold soy meal augmented with vitamins and minerals as MasterMix, a product for farmers t ...

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Vegetable oil, Vegetable oil - Sources of Vegetable Oil, Vegetable oil - Extraction, Vegetable oil - Production of Edible Oil, Vegetable oil - History of Vegetable Oils in the US, Vegetable oil - Industrial uses, Vegetable oil - Other References

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While olive oil and other pressed oils have been around for millenia, Procter & Gamble researchers were innovators when they started selling cottonseed oil as a creamed shortening, in 1911. Ginning mills were happy to have someone haul away the cotton seeds. P&G researchers learned how to extract the oil, refine it, harden it, and package it as a creamed shortening. Compared to the lard they were already selling to consumers, Crisco was cheaper, easier to stir into a recipe, and could be stored at room temperature for two years. (P&G ...

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Vegetable oil, Vegetable oil - Sources of Vegetable Oil, Vegetable oil - Extraction, Vegetable oil - Production of Edible Oil, Vegetable oil - History of Vegetable Oils in the US, Vegetable oil - Industrial uses, Vegetable oil - Other References

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Ethanol is produced both as a petrochemical, through the hydration of ethylene, and biologically, by fermenting sugars with yeast. Ethanol - Ethylene hydration. Ethanol for use as industrial feedstock and is most often made from petroleum feedstocks, typically by the acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylene, represented by the chemical equation H2C=CH2 + H2O → ...

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Ethanol, Ethanol - History, Ethanol - Production, Ethanol - Ethylene hydration, Ethanol - Fermentation, Ethanol - Purification, Ethanol - Denatured alcohol, Ethanol - Use, Ethanol - As a fuel, Ethanol - Chemicals derived from ethanol, Ethanol - Other uses, Ethanol - Metabolism and toxicology, Ethanol - Hazards

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Ethanol has been used by humans since prehistory as the intoxicating ingredient in alcoholic beverages. Dried residues on 9000-year-old pottery found in northern China imply the use of alcoholic beverages even among Neolithic peoples. Its isolation as a relatively pure compound was first achieved by Islamic alchemists who developed the art of distillation during the Abbasid caliphate. The writings of Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber) (721-815) mention the flammable vapors of boiled wine. Al-Kindī (801-873) unambiguously described the distillation of ...

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Ethanol, Ethanol - History, Ethanol - Production, Ethanol - Ethylene hydration, Ethanol - Fermentation, Ethanol - Purification, Ethanol - Denatured alcohol, Ethanol - Use, Ethanol - As a fuel, Ethanol - Chemicals derived from ethanol, Ethanol - Other uses, Ethanol - Metabolism and toxicology, Ethanol - Hazards

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In most jurisdictions, the sale of ethanol, as a pure substance or in the form of alcoholic beverages, is heavily taxed. In order to to relieve non-beverage industries of this tax burden, governments specify formulations for denatured alcohol, ethanol blended with various additives to render it unfit for human consumption. These additives, called denaturants, are generally either toxic (such as methanol) or have unpleasant t ...

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Ethanol, Ethanol - History, Ethanol - Production, Ethanol - Ethylene hydration, Ethanol - Fermentation, Ethanol - Purification, Ethanol - Denatured alcohol, Ethanol - Use, Ethanol - As a fuel, Ethanol - Chemicals derived from ethanol, Ethanol - Other uses, Ethanol - Metabolism and toxicology, Ethanol - Hazards

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Ethanol - As a fuel. Main article: alcohol fuel The largest single use of ethanol is as a motor fuel and fuel additive. The largest national fuel ethanol industries exist in Brazil and the United States. The Brazilian ethanol industry is based on sugarcane; as of 2004, Brazil produces 14 billion liters annually, enough to replace about 40% of its gasoline demand. Most new cars sold in Brazil are flexible-fuel vehicles that can run on ethanol, gas ...

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Ethanol, Ethanol - History, Ethanol - Production, Ethanol - Ethylene hydration, Ethanol - Fermentation, Ethanol - Purification, Ethanol - Denatured alcohol, Ethanol - Use, Ethanol - As a fuel, Ethanol - Chemicals derived from ethanol, Ethanol - Other uses, Ethanol - Metabolism and toxicology, Ethanol - Hazards

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Main article: effects of alcohol on the body In the human body, ethanol is first oxidized to acetaldehyde, and then to acetic acid. The first step is catalysed by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, and the second by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. Some individuals have less effective forms of one or both of these enzymes, and can experience more severe symptoms from ethanol consumption than others. Conversely, those who have acquired ethanol tolerance have a greater quantity o ...

See also:

Ethanol, Ethanol - History, Ethanol - Production, Ethanol - Ethylene hydration, Ethanol - Fermentation, Ethanol - Purification, Ethanol - Denatured alcohol, Ethanol - Use, Ethanol - As a fuel, Ethanol - Chemicals derived from ethanol, Ethanol - Other uses, Ethanol - Metabolism and toxicology, Ethanol - Hazards

Read more here: » Ethanol: Encyclopedia II - Ethanol - Metabolism and toxicology

The city was founded in 15 BC in the reign of Roman emperor Augustus as a garrison called Augusta Vindelicorum. It was laid waste by the Huns in the fifth century, by Charlemagne in the eighth, and by Welf of Bavaria in the eleventh; it rose each time only to greater prosperity. It became an Imperial Free City on March 9, 1276. Given its strategic location on the trade routes to Italy, it became a major trading centre. It produced large quantities of woven goods, cloth and textiles, and was the base for the Fugger banking empire. The Fuggerei, part of the city devoted to housing for the needy citizens of Augsburg, was founde ...

See also:

Augsburg, Augsburg - Districts, Augsburg - History, Augsburg - Incorporations, Augsburg - Historical population development:, Augsburg - Partner Cities, Augsburg - Sights, Augsburg - Education, Augsburg - Notable citizens, Augsburg - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Augsburg: Encyclopedia II - Augsburg - History

The patron saint of Augsburg is Saint Afra, who was killed by the Romans at Augsburg in 304. An earlier patroness was Zisa, referenced in the 11th century, feast day September 28th), possibly an early Germanic goddess and originally the consort of Tiwaz. The White Water Canoeing events for the 1972 Summer Olympics were held on the Lech in Augsburg. The facilites are still open to the public. On the other hand, the city is home to heavy industry company MAN AG. The burg ("castle" in German) part of the city's name is c ...

See also:

Augsburg, Augsburg - Districts, Augsburg - History, Augsburg - Incorporations, Augsburg - Historical population development:, Augsburg - Partner Cities, Augsburg - Sights, Augsburg - Education, Augsburg - Notable citizens, Augsburg - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Augsburg: Encyclopedia II - Augsburg - Miscellaneous