Encyclopedia - Biodiesel: Encyclopedia - Biodiesel
Biodiesel is fuel made from renewable resources such as vegetable oils or animal fats. It is biodegradable and non-toxic, and has signifi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel - Production
Main article: Biodiesel production Chemically, biodiesel comprises a mix of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids. The most common ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel - Availability
Biodiesel - Australia. With around 100 million litres (26.5 million US Gallons) annual production capacity, commercial biodiesel produc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Welfare Economics - Efficiency
One important measure of efficiency in welfare economics was Abba Lerner's proposed distributive efficiency. Situations are considered to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics: Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics
Welfare economics is a branch of economics that uses microeconomic techniques to simultaneously determine the allocational efficiency of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Allocative Efficiency: Encyclopedia - Allocative Efficiency
Allocative efficiency is the market condition whereby resources are allocated in a way that maximises the net benefit attained through th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Argumentative: Encyclopedia - Argumentative
Argumentative is an evidentiary objection raised in response to a question which prompts a witness to draw inferences from facts of the c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Argument: Encyclopedia - Argument
An argument is a collected series of statements to establish a definite proposition, and may refer to: logical argument, a demonstration...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Argument From Ignorance: Encyclopedia - Argument From Ignorance
The argument from ignorance, also known as argumentum ad ignorantiam or argument by lack of imagination, is the assertion that if somethi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontological Argument: Encyclopedia - Ontological Argument
In theology and the philosophy of religion, an ontological argument for the existence of God is an argument that God's existence can be p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Energy Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Energy Economics - Energy Efficiency
According to Brian Czech, "Most modern economics has defined 'efficiency' in terms of output per personhour instead of output per unit of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Teleological Argument: Encyclopedia - Teleological Argument
A teleological argument (or a design argument) is an argument for the existence of God or a creator based on perceived evidence of design...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cosmological Argument: Encyclopedia - Cosmological Argument
The cosmological argument is an argument for the existence of God. It is also known as the first cause argument for the existence of God,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Efficient Market Hypothesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Efficient Market Hypothesis - Arguments Concerning The Validity Of The Hypothesis
Some observers dispute the notion that markets behave consistently with the efficient market hypothesis, especially in its stronger forms...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Welfare Economics - Efficiency Between Production And Consumption
The relation between production and consumption in a simple seven equation model (2x2x2 model) can be shown graphicly. In the diagram bel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiesel Production: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel Production - Production Methods
There are three basic routes to biodiesel production from biolipids (biological oils and fats): Base catalyzed transesterification of th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Authoritarianism: Encyclopedia Ii - Authoritarianism - Economic Arguments For Authoritarianism
One controversial belief, especially in Asia, is that countries with authoritarian regimes are more likely to be economically successful ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic Calculation Problem: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic Calculation Problem - Extended Explanation Of Argument
The argument goes roughly as follows: The basic economic problem is to produce the "right quantity" of all goods and services, including...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiesel Production: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel Production - Reaction
by arno The reaction may be shown CH2COOR1 | CHCOOR1 + 3 CH3OH → (CH2OH)2CH-OH + 3 CH3COO-R1 | CH2COOR1 Since we are dealing with natur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiesel Processor: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel Processor - Biodiesel Processors For Home Brew Users
Biodiesel can be made at home. The required ingredients are any triglyceride fat or oil (animal tallow or vegetable oil, as used in cooki...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Efficiency Wages: Encyclopedia Ii - Efficiency Wages - Sociological Models
Efficiency wages - Fairness norms and reciprocity. Standard economic models ("neoclassical economics") assume that people pursue only t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kaldor-hicks Efficiency: Encyclopedia Ii - Kaldor-hicks Efficiency - Criticisms
One problem with the K-H criterion is that it will conclude that any change that results in an increase in income will lead to Pareto opt...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiesel Processor: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel Processor - Industrial Processors
Batch processing is convenient for small productions (no more than 10,000 t/year). In the industrial continuous machines, the reaction an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Efficiency Statistics: Encyclopedia Ii - Efficiency Statistics - Efficient Estimator
If an estimator of a parameter, , attains e(T) = 1 for all values of the parameter, then the estimator is called efficient. Equivalently,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontological Argument: Encyclopedia Ii - Ontological Argument - A Modern Description Of The Argument
Here's a short, and very general description of the ontological argument: 1) God is the greatest possible being and thus possesses all p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Efficiency Wages: Encyclopedia Ii - Efficiency Wages - Shirking
The shirking model begins with the fact that complete contracts rarely (or never) exist in the real world. This implies that both parties...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Efficient Market Hypothesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Efficient Market Hypothesis - An Alternative Theory: Behavioral Finance
Opponents of the EMH sometimes cite examples of market movements that seem inexplicable in terms of conventional theories of stock price ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiesel Production: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel Production - Base Catalysed Mechanism
This reaction is base catalysed. Any strong base will do, e.g. NaOH, KOH, Sodium Methoxide, etc. Commonly the base (KOH,NaOH) is dissolve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Diesel - Biodiesel
Biodiesel can be obtained from vegetable oil and animal fats (bio-lipids, using transesterification). Biodiesel is a non-fossil fuel alte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Diesel - Biodiesel
Biodiesel can be obtained from vegetable oil and animal fats (bio-lipids, using transesterification). Biodiesel is a non-fossil fuel alte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fuel Efficiency: Encyclopedia Ii - Fuel Efficiency - Fuel Efficiency
Fuel efficiency is normally expressed in terms of power per unit of engine displacement, also known as specific output. It should be note...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ethanol Fuel: Encyclopedia Ii - Ethanol Fuel - Arguments And Criticisms
The use of alcohol as fuel is advocated with various arguments, mainly relating to its beneficial effects on the local and global environ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Efficiency Wages: Encyclopedia Ii - Efficiency Wages - Adverse Selection
The adverse selection model adds yet another come flavour to our increasingly smorgasbord set of efficiency wage models. These use the fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alternative Fuel Cars: Encyclopedia Ii - Alternative Fuel Cars - Biodiesel
Biodiesel is commercially available in most oilseed-producing states in the United States. As of 2005, it is somewhat more expensive than...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Efficiency Statistics: Encyclopedia Ii - Efficiency Statistics - Examples
Consider a sample of size N drawn from a normal distribution of mean μ and unit variance (i.e., ). The sample mean, , of the sample , de...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glycerin: Encyclopedia Ii - Glycerin - Glycerin And Biodiesel
As a byproduct of biodiesel production, each of the OH sites in HO-CH2-CH(-OH)-CH2-OH is one of the three places where a fatty acid chain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bridge: Encyclopedia Ii - Bridge - Efficiency
A bridge's structural efficiency may be considered to be the ratio of load carried to bridge weight, given a specific set of material typ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bridge: Encyclopedia Ii - Bridge - Efficiency
A bridge's structural efficiency may be considered to be the ratio of load carried to bridge weight, given a specific set of material typ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Distributive Efficiency: Encyclopedia Ii - Distributive Efficiency - Diminishing Utility And Society
Lerner applied the concept of utility and its associated "law of marginal utility" to the distribution of income in society. The law of d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ethanol Fuel: Encyclopedia Ii - Ethanol Fuel - Arguments And Criticisms
The use of alcohol as fuel is advocated with various arguments, mainly relating to its beneficial effects on the local and global environ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Logical Argument: Encyclopedia Ii - Logical Argument - Argument Validity
In evaluating an argument, we consider separately the truth of the premises and the validity of the logical relationships between the pre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Economic Assumptions
Economics - Supply and demand. Main article: Supply and demand. In microeconomic theory supply and demand attempts to describe, explain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Welfare Economics - Criticisms
Many doubt whether a cardinal utility function (or cardinal social welfare function) is of any value. How do you aggregate the utilities ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Logical Argument: Encyclopedia Ii - Logical Argument - Theories Of Arguments
Theories of arguments are closely related to theories of informal logic. Ideally, a theory of argument should provide some mechanism for ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Economic Assumptions
Economics - Supply and demand. Main article: Supply and demand. In microeconomic theory supply and demand attempts to describe, explain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Logical Argument: Encyclopedia Ii - Logical Argument - Argumentative Dialogue
Arguments as discussed in the preceding paragraphs are static, such as one might find in a textbook or research article. They serve as a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Energy Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Energy Economics - Issues
This section will review some of economic ideas and techniques that relate directly to energy economics. Energy economics - Peak Load Pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Welfare Economics - Welfare Economics In Relation To Other Subjects
Welfare economics uses many of the same techniques as microeconomics and can be seen as intermediate or advanced microeconomic theory. It...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tesla Turbine: Encyclopedia Ii - Tesla Turbine - Efficiency
In Tesla's time, the efficiency of conventional turbines was low because the aerodynamic theory to proper blade design didn't exist and t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Argument From Ignorance: Encyclopedia Ii - Argument From Ignorance - Description
Irving Copi writes that: The argumentum ad ignorantiam [fallacy] is committed whenever it is argued that a proposition is true simply on...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Economic Language And Reasoning
Economics relies on rigorous styles of argument. Economic methodology has several interacting parts: Collection of economic data. These ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Economic Language And Reasoning
Economics relies on rigorous styles of argument. Economic methodology has several interacting parts: Collection of economic data. These ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Law And Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Law And Economics - Positive And Normative Law And Economics
Economic analysis of law is usually divided into two subfields, positive and normative. Law and economics - Positive Law and Economics. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Welfare Economics - Income Distribution
There are many combinations of consumer utility, production mixes, and factor input combinations consistent with efficiency. In fact, the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Teleological Argument: Encyclopedia Ii - Teleological Argument - The Argument
Although there are variations, the basic argument goes something like this: X is too complex to have occurred randomly or naturally. The...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microwave Oven: Encyclopedia Ii - Microwave Oven - Efficiency
A microwave oven does not convert all electrical energy into microwaves. A typical consumer microwave oven consumes 1100 W but delivers o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontological Argument: Encyclopedia Ii - Ontological Argument - Anselm's Argument
The ontological argument was first proposed by Anselm in Chapter 2 of the Proslogion. While Anselm did not propose an ontological system,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fuel Efficiency: Encyclopedia Ii - Fuel Efficiency - Fuel Economy
Fuel economy is usually expressed in one of two ways: As the amount of fuel used per unit distance; for example, litres per 100 kilometr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Socialist Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Socialist Economics - Relation To Other Economic Theories
In many senses socialist economics is the polar opposite of classical economics. While classical theories are about free markets producin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Welfare Economics - A Simplified Seven Equation Model
The basic welfare economics problem is to find the theoretical maximum of a social welfare function, subject to various constraints such ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Welfare Economics - Two Approaches
There are two approaches that can be taken to welfare economics: the Neo-classical approach and the New welfare economics approach. The N...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Core Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Core Economics - Example
Consider a group of n miners, who have discovered large bars of gold. If two miners can carry one piece of gold, then the payoff of a coa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Logical Argument: Encyclopedia Ii - Logical Argument - Overview
In ordinary, philosophical and scientific argumentation abductive arguments and arguments by analogy are also commonly used. Arguments ca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic Inequality: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic Inequality - Causes Of Inequality
There are many reasons for economic inequality within societies. These causes are often inter-related and complex. For example, race diff...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic Inequality: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic Inequality - Causes Of Inequality
There are many reasons for economic inequality within societies. These causes are often inter-related and complex. For example, race diff...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Health Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Health Economics - Ideology And Health
Health economics - Competitive equilibrium in the five health markets. While the nature of healthcare as a private good is preserved in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Conscription: Encyclopedia Ii - Conscription - Arguments Against Conscription
Conscription - Conscription and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Many arguments opposed to conscription, or opposed to gender...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Health Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Health Economics - Health Markets
Although assumptions of textbook models of economic markets apply reasonably well to health care markets, there are important deviations....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic Calculation Problem: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic Calculation Problem - Liberal Thinkers
Many "Classical Liberal" thinkers, especially those of the Austrian School believed Marxist economics to be impractical because it denied...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic Calculation Problem: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic Calculation Problem - Decentralized Socialism
Some socialists respond less directly, that this argument rests on the assumption that socialism would be a completely centralised econom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Whaling: Encyclopedia Ii - Whaling - The Arguments For And Against Whaling
Whaling - Conservation status. The sharpest point of debate over whaling today concerns the conservation status of hunted species. Toda...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cosmological Argument: Encyclopedia Ii - Cosmological Argument - The Argument
Framed as a formal proof, the first cause argument can be stated as follows: Everything has a cause. Nothing can cause itself. Everythin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Free Trade Controversy: Encyclopedia Ii - Free Trade Controversy - Arguments For Free Trade
In the history of free trade, two types of argument have been advanced in favour of allowing purchases from abroad, and free trade in the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Regress Argument: Encyclopedia Ii - Regress Argument - Foundationalism
Perhaps the chain begins with a belief that is justified, but which is not justified by another belief. Such beliefs are called basic bel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontological Argument: Encyclopedia Ii - Ontological Argument - Descartes' Ontological Arguments
Descartes composed a number of ontological arguments which differed from Anselm's formulation in important ways. Generally speaking, it i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Definitions Of Economics
Broadly speaking, economics is a social science, and its area of study is human activity involved in meeting needs and wants. However, be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Welfare Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Welfare Economics - Social Welfare Maximization
Utility functions can be derived from the points on a contract curve. Numerous utility functions can be derived, one for each point on th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Falsifiability: Encyclopedia Ii - Falsifiability - Formal Logical Arguments
The falsification of theories occurs through modus tollens, via some observation. Suppose some theory T implies an observation O: The ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Estimator: Encyclopedia Ii - Estimator - Efficiency
The quality of an estimator is generally judged by its mean squared error. However, occasionally one chooses the unbiased estimator with ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Definitions Of Economics
Broadly speaking, economics is a social science, and its area of study is human activity involved in meeting needs and wants. However, be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Combination: Encyclopedia Ii - Combination - Efficient Calculation
In trying to find the value of (for example) one should not compute 20!, which is a huge number. Instead, an initial cancellation of 20!...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Falsifiability: Encyclopedia Ii - Falsifiability - Popper's Swan Argument
One notices a white swan, from this one can conclude: At least one swan is white. From this, one may wish to infer that: All swans are...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontological Argument: Encyclopedia Ii - Ontological Argument - Revisionists
Obviously Anselm thought this argument was valid and persuasive, and it still has occasional defenders, but many, perhaps most, contempor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Loudspeaker: Encyclopedia Ii - Loudspeaker - Efficiency
The sound pressure level (SPL) that a loudspeaker produces is measured in decibels (dBSPL). The efficiency is measured as dB/(W·m)—dec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Loudspeaker: Encyclopedia Ii - Loudspeaker - Efficiency
The sound pressure level (SPL) that a loudspeaker produces is measured in decibels (dB). The efficiency is measured as dB/(W·m)—decibe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic Calculation Problem: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic Calculation Problem - Debate
This was attacked directly on two fronts. Firstly, by believers in the general equilibrium theory who maintained that all that matters is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Monopoly: Encyclopedia Ii - Monopoly - Economic Analysis
Monopoly - Primary characteristics of a monopoly. Single Seller A pure monopoly is an industry in which a single firm is the sole pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Algae: Encyclopedia Ii - Algae - Biodiesel Production From Algae
www.eere.energy.govDepartment of Energy Aquatic Species Program; Biodiesel Production from Algae. pdf file If predictions from small scal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-immigration: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-immigration - Counter Arguments
In response, others points out that: the "isolation" argument has racist undertones as it is typically directed at immigrants from devel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Argument From Poor Design: Encyclopedia Ii - Argument From Poor Design - As An Argument Regarding God
The argument from poor design is sometimes interpreted, by the argumenter or the listener, as an argument against the existence of God, o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Information Entropy: Encyclopedia Ii - Information Entropy - Efficiency
A source alphabet encountered in practice should be found to have a probability distribution which is less than optimal. If the source al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontological Argument: Encyclopedia Ii - Ontological Argument - Philosophical Assumptions Underlying The Argument
In order to understand the place this argument has in the history of philosophy, it is important to understand the essence of the argumen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Afterburner Engine: Encyclopedia Ii - Afterburner Engine - Efficiency
One should note that since the exhaust gas already has reduced oxygen due to previous combustion, and since the fuel is not burning in a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heat Engine: Encyclopedia Ii - Heat Engine - Efficiency
The efficiency of a heat engine relates how much useful power is output for a given amount of heat energy input. From the laws of thermod...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heat Engine: Encyclopedia Ii - Heat Engine - Efficiency
The efficiency of a heat engine relates how much useful power is output for a given amount of heat energy input. From the laws of thermod...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Efficient Cause: Hindu - Hinduism Dictionary On Efficient Cause
efficient cause: Nimitta karana. That which directly produces the effect; that which conceives, makes, shapes, etc. See: cause. (Se...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Efficient Level Of Risk: Insurance Business Glossary Dictionary - Efficient Level Of Risk
Definition and meaning of Efficient level of risk :   Efficient level of risk: the amount of risk remaining after an individual...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel - History
Transesterification of a vegetable oil was conducted as early as 1853, by scientists E. Duffy and J. Patrick, many years before the first...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel - Fuel Quality Standards And Properties
Biodiesel is a clear amber-yellow liquid with a viscosity similar to petrodiesel, the industry term for diesel produced from petroleum. I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biodiesel: Encyclopedia Ii - Biodiesel - Fuel Quality, Standards And Properties
Biodiesel is a clear amber-yellow liquid with a viscosity similar to petrodiesel, the industry term for diesel produced from petroleum. I...   » Read the article