Biodiesel is fuel made from renewable resources such as vegetable oils or animal fats. It is biodegradable and non-toxic, and has significantly fewer emissions than petroleum-based diesel (petro-diesel) when burned. Biodiesel functions in current diesel engines, and is a possible candidate to replace fossil fuels as the world's primary transport energy source. With a flash point of 150 °C, Biodiesel is classified as a non-flammable liquid by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. This property makes a vehicle fuele ...

Including:

Biodiesel - History Biodiesel - Fuel quality standards and properties Biodiesel - Production
Biodiesel - Base oils Biodiesel - Efficiency and economic arguments
Biodiesel - Availability
Biodiesel - Australia Biodiesel - Brazil Biodiesel - Belgium Biodiesel - Canada Biodiesel - Germany Biodiesel - India Biodiesel - United States

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Biodiesel, Biodiesel - History, Biodiesel - Fuel quality standards and properties, Biodiesel - Production, Biodiesel - Base oils, Biodiesel - Efficiency and economic arguments, Biodiesel - Availability, Biodiesel - Australia, Biodiesel - Brazil, Biodiesel - Belgium, Biodiesel - Canada, Biodiesel - Germany, Biodiesel - India, Biodiesel - United States

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Biodiesel - Australia. With around 100 million litres (26.5 million US Gallons) annual production capacity, commercial biodiesel production is still in its relative infancy in Australia. However many new production plants are being built around the nation. The future growth of the biodiesel industry in Australia is limited by feedstock availability and also by the relatively low price of petroleum diesel fuel. Many city and regional councils are already using B20. All of the public transport trains and most of the public transport buses in Adelaide, South Australia have been ...

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Biodiesel, Biodiesel - History, Biodiesel - Fuel quality standards and properties, Biodiesel - Production, Biodiesel - Base oils, Biodiesel - Efficiency and economic arguments, Biodiesel - Availability, Biodiesel - Australia, Biodiesel - Brazil, Biodiesel - Belgium, Biodiesel - Canada, Biodiesel - Germany, Biodiesel - India, Biodiesel - United States

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One important measure of efficiency in welfare economics was Abba Lerner's proposed distributive efficiency. Situations are considered to have distributive efficiency goods are distributed to the people who can gain the most utility from them. Many economists use Pareto efficiency, as their efficiency goal. According to this measure of social welfare, a situation is optimal only if no individuals can be made b ...

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Welfare economics, Welfare economics - Two approaches, Welfare economics - Efficiency, Welfare economics - Income distribution, Welfare economics - A simplified seven equation model, Welfare economics - Efficiency between production and consumption, Welfare economics - Social welfare maximization, Welfare economics - Welfare economics in relation to other subjects, Welfare economics - Criticisms

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Welfare economics is a branch of economics that uses microeconomic techniques to simultaneously determine the allocational efficiency of a macroeconomy and the income distribution consequences associated with it. It attempts to maximize the level of social welfare by examining the economic activities of the individuals that comprise society. Welfare economics is concerned with the welfare of individuals, as opposed to groups, communities, or societies because it assumes that the individual is the basic unit of measuremen ...

Including:

Welfare economics - Two approaches Welfare economics - Efficiency Welfare economics - Income distribution Welfare economics - A simplified seven equation model Welfare economics - Efficiency between production and consumption Welfare economics - Social welfare maximization Welfare economics - Welfare economics in relation to other subjects Welfare economics - Criticisms

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Allocative efficiency is the market condition whereby resources are allocated in a way that maximises the net benefit attained through their use. Allocative efficiency is also defined as the production of the quantity that is most beneficial to society. A firm is allocatively efficient when its price is equal to its marginal costs (that is, P = MC). See also: Pareto efficiency ...

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Argumentative is an evidentiary objection raised in response to a question which prompts a witness to draw inferences from facts of the case. An argumentative objection is raised as "badgering the witness." Often, argumentative questions do not seek to estable additional facts or check the reliability of existing facts. Instead, they are meant only to cause a witness to argue with the examiner. An "argumentative" objection is of ...

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Argumentative - Examples of argumentative questions

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An argument is a collected series of statements to establish a definite proposition, and may refer to: logical argument, a demonstration of a proof, or using logical reasoning for persuasion oral argument, a verbal presentation to a judge by a lawyer verb argument, a phrase in a sentence that qualifies a verb heuristic argument, a proof or demonstration relying on experimental results, or one which is not fully rigorous ontological argument, a proof by intuition or reason of the existen ...

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The argument from ignorance, also known as argumentum ad ignorantiam or argument by lack of imagination, is the assertion that if something is currently inexplicable to some people, then it did not (or could not) happen, or that if evidence of something has not been scientifically proven to their satisfaction, then it cannot exist. "Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence" is an adage used to explain that one's own "ignorance" (or, one's "absence of evidence") does not disprove anything (or, "is not evidence of absence"). In other words, mere personal belief, poor logic, ...

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Argument from ignorance - Description Argument from ignorance - Examples Argument from ignorance - Law Argument from ignorance - Science

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In theology and the philosophy of religion, an ontological argument for the existence of God is an argument that God's existence can be proved a priori, that is, by intuition and reason alone. In the context of the Abrahamic religions, it was first proposed by the medieval philosopher Anselm of Canterbury in his Proslogion, and important variations have been developed by philosophers such as René Descartes, Gottfried Leibniz, Norman Malcolm, Charles Hartshorne, and Alvin Plantinga. A modal logic versi ...

Including:

Ontological argument - Anselm's argument Ontological argument - Philosophical assumptions underlying the argument Ontological argument - A modern description of the argument Ontological argument - Criticisms and Objections
Ontological argument - Gaunilo's island Ontological argument - Necessary nonexistence Ontological argument - Existence as a property Ontological argument - Miscellaneous
Ontological argument - Revisionists Ontological argument - Descartes' ontological arguments Ontological argument - Plantinga's modal form and contemporary discussion Ontological argument - Bibliography

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According to Brian Czech, "Most modern economics has defined 'efficiency' in terms of output per personhour instead of output per unit of energy input. Using the former calculation, the American farmer is the most productive in the world. Using the latter, he is the least. (Not only is he subsidized through the use of non-renewable fossil fuels, but he also receives financial subsidies from the government, which are paid for by economic activ ...

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Energy economics, Energy economics - Energy efficiency, Energy economics - Industrial ecology, Energy economics - Environment vs. Economy, Energy economics - Energy collapse, Energy economics - Energy costs of problem solving, Energy economics - Issues, Energy economics - Peak Load Pricing

Read more here: » Energy economics: Encyclopedia II - Energy economics - Energy efficiency

A teleological argument (or a design argument) is an argument for the existence of God or a creator based on perceived evidence of design in nature. The word "teleological" is derived from the Greek word telos, meaning end or purpose. Teleology, the supposition that there is purpose or directive principle in the works and processes of nature, is concerned only with natural phenomena and is thus distinct from similar arguments such as the formerly common argument that extraterrestrials built the Egyptian pyr ...

Including:

Teleological argument - The argument Teleological argument - Objections and counter-argument
Teleological argument - First and Second premise Teleological argument - Third premise
Teleological argument - History
Teleological argument - The watch argument Teleological argument - The eye argument Teleological argument - The anthropic principle
Teleological argument - Controversy Teleological argument - References and further reading

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The cosmological argument is an argument for the existence of God. It is also known as the first cause argument for the existence of God, or the prime mover argument. There are three versions of this argument: the argument from causation in esse, the argument from causation in fieri, and the argument from contingency. Cosmological argument - Origins of the argument. Thomas Aquinas, the most famous philosopher of the Middle Ages, adapted an argument he found in his reading of Aris ...

Including:

Cosmological argument - Origins of the argument Cosmological argument - The argument
Cosmological argument - A more detailed version of the argument
Cosmological argument - Critique and Objections
Cosmological argument - Scientific positions

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Some observers dispute the notion that markets behave consistently with the efficient market hypothesis, especially in its stronger forms. Some economists, mathematicians and market practitioners cannot believe that man-made markets are strong-form efficient when there are prima facie reasons for inefficiency including the slow diffusion of information, the relatively great power of some market participants ( ...

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Efficient market hypothesis, Efficient market hypothesis - Weak-form efficiency, Efficient market hypothesis - Semi-strong form efficiency, Efficient market hypothesis - Strong-form efficiency, Efficient market hypothesis - Arguments concerning the validity of the hypothesis, Efficient market hypothesis - An alternative theory: Behavioral Finance

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The relation between production and consumption in a simple seven equation model (2x2x2 model) can be shown graphicly. In the diagram below, the aggregate production possibility frontier, labeled PQ shows all the points of efficiency in the production of goods X and Y. If the economy produces the mix of good X and Y shown at point A, then the marginal rate of transformation (MRT), X for Y, is equal to 2. Point A defines the boundaries of an Edgeworth box diagram of consumption. That is, the same mix of products that are p ...

See also:

Welfare economics, Welfare economics - Two approaches, Welfare economics - Efficiency, Welfare economics - Income distribution, Welfare economics - A simplified seven equation model, Welfare economics - Efficiency between production and consumption, Welfare economics - Social welfare maximization, Welfare economics - Welfare economics in relation to other subjects, Welfare economics - Criticisms

Read more here: » Welfare economics: Encyclopedia II - Welfare economics - Efficiency between production and consumption

There are three basic routes to biodiesel production from biolipids (biological oils and fats): Base catalyzed transesterification of the biolipid. Direct acid catalyzed transesterification of the biolipid. Conversion of the biolipid to its fatty acids and then to biodiesel. Almost all biodiesel is produced using base catalyzed transesterification as it is the most economical process requiring only low temperatures and pressures and producing over 98% conversion yield (provided the starting oil is low in moisture and free fatty acids). ...

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Biodiesel production, Biodiesel production - Steps in the process, Biodiesel production - Production methods, Biodiesel production - Oil preparation, Biodiesel production - Reaction, Biodiesel production - Base catalysed Mechanism, Biodiesel production - Process, Biodiesel production - Academic Reviews

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One controversial belief, especially in Asia, is that countries with authoritarian regimes are more likely to be economically successful than democratic countries. Examples given to support this thesis are South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, and Taiwan, which were considered authoritarian during their period of growth. This notion of developmental authoritarianism is a central justification for the rule of the Communist Party of China within the People's Republic of China. (The notion that authoritarian government is ultimately superior to democracy was also part of the idea of Asian values ...

See also:

Authoritarianism, Authoritarianism - Authoritarianism and ideology, Authoritarianism - Actions of authoritarian governments, Authoritarianism - Economic arguments for authoritarianism

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The argument goes roughly as follows: The basic economic problem is to produce the "right quantity" of all goods and services, including any capital goods required to produce the finished goods or services. (Assume for this argument that "goods" refers to both goods and services.) Since the factors of production are finite, producing more of one good means producing less of some other good. Therefore the basic economic problem can be restated thus: given a fixed quantity of the factors of production, how should they be ...

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Economic calculation problem, Economic calculation problem - Liberal thinkers, Economic calculation problem - Friedrich Hayek, Economic calculation problem - Extended explanation of argument, Economic calculation problem - Example, Economic calculation problem - Debate, Economic calculation problem - Decentralized Socialism, Economic calculation problem - Rebuttal, Economic calculation problem - Reply, Economic calculation problem - Chinese socialism, Economic calculation problem - Trotsky, Economic calculation problem - References, Economic calculation problem - External links

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by arno The reaction may be shown CH2COOR1 | CHCOOR1 + 3 CH3OH → (CH2OH)2CH-OH + 3 CH3COO-R1 | CH2COOR1 Since we are dealing with nature, the alkyl group on the triglycerides is probably different, so it would actually be more like CH2OC=OR1 | CHOC=OR2 + 3 CH3OH → (CH2OH)2CH-OH + CH3COO-R1 + CH3< ...

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Biodiesel production, Biodiesel production - Steps in the process, Biodiesel production - Production methods, Biodiesel production - Oil preparation, Biodiesel production - Reaction, Biodiesel production - Base catalysed Mechanism, Biodiesel production - Process, Biodiesel production - Academic Reviews

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Biodiesel can be made at home. The required ingredients are any triglyceride fat or oil (animal tallow or vegetable oil, as used in cooking), a strong base (for example sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH)), and relatively pure alcohol (either methanol or ethanol). Higher (longer carbon chain) alcohols, longer than isopropyl alcohol commonly the main ingredient in rubbing alcohol), ...

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Biodiesel processor, Biodiesel processor - Industrial processors, Biodiesel processor - Raw materials, Biodiesel processor - Biodiesel processors for home brew users

Read more here: » Biodiesel processor: Encyclopedia II - Biodiesel processor - Biodiesel processors for home brew users