Encyclopedia - Biochemistry: Encyclopedia - Biochemistry
Biochemistry the chemistry of life, a bridge between biology and chemistry that studies how complex chemical reactions give rise to life....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Biochemistry - Development Of Biochemistry
Originally, it was generally believed that life was not subject to the laws of science the way nonlife was. It was thought that only livi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alternative Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Alternative Biochemistry - Silicon Biochemistry
The most common other proposed basis is silicon, since silicon has many similar chemical properties to carbon. Silicon has a number of ha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alternative Biochemistry: Encyclopedia - Alternative Biochemistry
Alternative biochemistry collectively refers to an assortment of astrobiology theories and hypotheses in which life is based on chemical ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Serotonin: Encyclopedia - Serotonin
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous syste...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trait: Encyclopedia - Trait
In biology, a trait or character is a genetically inherited feature of an organism. As synonym for trait can be sometimes used the term p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chloroplast: Encyclopedia - Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy from...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cysteine: Encyclopedia - Cysteine
Cysteine is a naturally occurring hydrophobic amino acid which has a sulfhydryl group and is found in most proteins, though only in small...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brown Adipose Tissue: Encyclopedia - Brown Adipose Tissue
Brown fat is a type of adipose tissue present in many newborn or hibernating mammals. In contrast to white adipocytes (fat cells), which ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biotin: Encyclopedia - Biotin
Biotin, also known as vitamin H or B7 and C10H16N2O3S (Biotin; Coenzyme R, Biopeiderm), is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin which is com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Automated Analyser: Encyclopedia - Automated Analyser
An automated analyser is a laboratory machine designed to measure different chemicals in a number of biological samples quickly, with min...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Encyclopedia - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to any of several autosomal recessive diseases resulting from defects in steps of the synthes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biology: Encyclopedia - Biology
Biology is the study, or science, of life. It is concerned with the characteristics and behaviors of organisms, how species and individua...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Biochemistry - Carbohydrates
The function of carbohydrates includes energy storage and providing structure. Sugars are carbohydrates, although there are carbohydrates...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Biochemistry - Lipids
The term lipid comprises a diverse range of molecules and to some extent is a catchall for relatively water-insoluble or nonpolar compoun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alternative Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Alternative Biochemistry - Nitrogen/phosphorus Biochemistry
Nitrogen and phosphorus also offer possibilities as the basis for biochemical molecules. Phosphorus can form long chain molecules on its ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Biochemistry - Proteins
Like carbohydrates, some proteins perform largely structural roles. For instance, movements of the proteins actin and myosin ultimately a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alternative Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Alternative Biochemistry - In Fiction
In the realm of science fiction there have occasionally been forms of life proposed that, while often highly speculative and unsupported ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Denaturation Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Denaturation Biochemistry - Protein Denaturation
Proteins denature when they lose their three-dimensional structure - their chemical conformation and thus their characteristic folded str...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Receptor Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Receptor Biochemistry - Transmembrane Receptors
Receptor biochemistry - Metabotropic receptors. These receptors are also known as seven transmembrane receptors or 7TM receptors. "mu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amyl: Encyclopedia Ii - Amyl - Biochemistry
In biochemistry, amyl means "pertaining to starch". Many moderately complex biological chemicals related to starch contain the root, for ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Receptor Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Receptor Biochemistry - Intracellular Receptors
Receptor biochemistry - Transcription factors. Steroid hormone receptor: Sex hormone receptors (sex hormones) Estrogen receptor Andr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Biochemistry - Nucleic Acids
A nucleic acid is a complex, high-molecular-weight biochemical macromolecule composed of nucleotide chains that convey genetic informatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alternative Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Alternative Biochemistry - Artificial Life
See main article Artificial Life It is possible in principle to construct a robot or a system of robots that is capable of replicating it...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Receptor Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Receptor Biochemistry - Role In Genetic Disorders
Many genetic disorders involve hereditary defects in receptor genes. Often, it is hard to determine whether the receptor is nonfunctional...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chloroplast: Encyclopedia Ii - Chloroplast - Biochemistry
The photosynthetic proteins in the membrane bind chlorophyll, which is present with various accessory pigments. These give chloroplasts t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phytochrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Phytochrome - Biochemistry
Chemically, phytochrome consists of a chromophore, a single molecule with an open chain of four pyrrole rings, bonded to a protein. It is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fermentation: Encyclopedia Ii - Fermentation - Biochemistry
Fermentation is a process that is important in anaerobic conditions when there is no oxidative phosphorylation to maintain the production...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inulin: Encyclopedia Ii - Inulin - Biochemistry
Inulins are mainly comprised of fructose units and typically have a terminal glucose. The fructose units in inulins are joined by a beta-...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prostaglandin: Encyclopedia Ii - Prostaglandin - Biochemistry
Prostaglandin - Biosynthesis. Prostaglandins are found in virtually all tissues and organs. These are autocrine and paracrine lipid med...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cysteine: Encyclopedia Ii - Cysteine - Biochemistry
Cysteine contains a highly nucleophilic thiol group, and one of its primary purposes is to act as a nucleophilic catalyst. Since the pKa ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Receptor Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Receptor Biochemistry - Overview
Many genetic disorders involve hereditary defects in receptor genes. Often, it is hard to determine whether the receptor is nonfunctional...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Serotonin: Encyclopedia Ii - Serotonin - Biochemistry
Serotonin is found extensively in the human gastrointestinal tract, or gut, as well as in the blood stream. In the body, serotonin is syn...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Starch: Encyclopedia Ii - Starch - Biochemistry
Biochemically, starch is a combination of two polymeric carbohydrates (polysaccharides) called amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is consti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biotin: Encyclopedia Ii - Biotin - Biochemistry
Biotin is a cofactor responsible for carbon dioxide transfer in several carboxylase enzymes: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Methylcrotonyl-CoA c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Serotonin: Encyclopedia Ii - Serotonin - Biochemistry
Serotonin is found extensively in the human gastrointestinal tract, or gut, as well as in the blood stream. In the body, serotonin is syn...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glutamine: Encyclopedia Ii - Glutamine - Biochemistry
Glutamine - Formation and Nomenclature. Glutamine is genetically coded for by the RNA codons CAA and CAG. Its three-letter abbreviation...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leukotriene: Encyclopedia Ii - Leukotriene - Biochemistry
Leukotriene - Synthesis. Leukotrienes are synthesized in the cell from arachidonic acid by 5-lipoxygenase. The catalytic mechanism invo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alternative Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Alternative Biochemistry - Other Exotic Biochemical Elements
Chlorine is sometimes proposed as a biological alternative to oxygen, either in carbon-based biologies or hypothetical non-carbon-based o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dopamine: Encyclopedia Ii - Dopamine - Biochemistry
Dopamine has the chemical formula (C6H3(OH)2-CH2-CH2-NH2). Its chemical name is 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol and it is abbreviated "D...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dopamine: Encyclopedia Ii - Dopamine - Biochemistry
Dopamine has the chemical formula (C6H3(OH)2-CH2-CH2-NH2). Its chemical name is 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol and it is abbreviated "D...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tetrodotoxin: Encyclopedia Ii - Tetrodotoxin - Biochemistry
Tetrodotoxin binds to what is now known as site 1 of the voltage-gated sodium channel. Site 1 is located at the extracellular pore openin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbamate: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbamate - Carbamates In Biochemistry
The carbamate functional group is formed when a carbon dioxide molecule reacts with the amino terminus of a peptide chain or an amino gro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Acetic Acid - Biochemistry
The acetyl group, derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to the biochemistry of virtually all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trait: Encyclopedia Ii - Trait - Biochemistry Of Dominance And Extensions To Expression Of Traits
The biochemistry of the intermediate proteins determines how they interact in the cell. Therefore, biochemistry predicts how combinations...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Keratin: Encyclopedia Ii - Keratin - Molecular Biology And Biochemistry
The properties which make structural proteins like keratins useful depend on their supermolecular aggregation. These depend on the proper...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Folic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Folic Acid - Biochemistry
In the form of a series of tetrahydrofolate compounds, folate derivatives are coenzymes in a number of single carbon transfer reactions b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amyl: Encyclopedia Ii - Amyl - Chemistry
In organic chemistry, amyl is the old trivial name for the radical called pentyl under the IUPAC nomenclature: that is, -C5H11. This usag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Folic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Folic Acid - Biochemistry
In the form of a series of tetrahydrofolate compounds, folate derivatives are coenzymes in a number of single carbon transfer reactions b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brown Adipose Tissue: Encyclopedia Ii - Brown Adipose Tissue - Biochemistry
The mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell utilize fuels to produce energy (in the form of ATP). This process involves storing energy as a pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Von Willebrand Factor: Encyclopedia Ii - Von Willebrand Factor - Biochemistry
Von Willebrand factor - Synthesis. vWF is a large multimeric glycoprotein present in blood plasma and produced constitutively in endoth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alternative Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Alternative Biochemistry - Non-water Solvents
In addition to carbon compounds all currently known terrestrial life also requires water as a solvent. It is sometimes assumed that water...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Chemistry - Biochemistry
List of publications in chemistry - A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid. Watson and Crick Nature 171, 737-738 (1953) © Macmillan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Automated Analyser: Encyclopedia Ii - Automated Analyser - Routine Biochemistry Analysers
These are machines that process the bulk of the samples going into a hospital or private medical laboratory. And the results should be ou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Red Hair: Encyclopedia Ii - Red Hair - Biochemistry And Genetics Of Red Hair
The biochemistry of red hair, discovered only in 1997, appears to be associated with the melanocortin-1 receptor while the red color itse...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Red Hair: Encyclopedia Ii - Red Hair - Biochemistry And Genetics Of Red Hair
The biochemistry of red hair, discovered only in 1997, appears to be associated with the melanocortin-1 receptor while the red color itse...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trait: Encyclopedia Ii - Trait - Definition
A trait may be any single feature or quantifiable measurement of an organism. However, the most useful traits for genetic analysis are pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trans Fat: Encyclopedia Ii - Trans Fat - Biochemistry Of Trans Fats
Although synthetically created trans fatty acids have been a significant part of the human diet for just over 100 years, the biochemistry...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Evidence Of Evolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Evidence Of Evolution - Evidence From Comparative Physiology And Biochemistry
Evidence of evolution - Serological studies. Evidence of evolution - Evolution of widely distributed proteins. ... See also:Evid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reference Ranges For Common Blood Tests: Encyclopedia Ii - Reference Ranges For Common Blood Tests - Clinical Biochemistry
Reference ranges for common blood tests - Electrolytes and Metabolytes. Reference ranges for common blood tests - Liver function tests...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Serotonin: Encyclopedia Ii - Serotonin - Modulating Levels Of 5-ht
A variety of psychiatric medications affect serotonin levels, including the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glycosidic Bond: Encyclopedia Ii - Glycosidic Bond - Chemistry
The anomeric carbon of saccharides is very reactive, and glycosidic bonds form readily in the presence of acid. This is a dehydration rea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Serotonin: Encyclopedia Ii - Serotonin - Pharmacology
The pharmacology of 5-HT is extremely complex, with its actions being mediated by a large and diverse range of 5-HT receptors. As with al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fluorescence: Encyclopedia Ii - Fluorescence - Applications
There are many natural and synthetic compounds that exhibit fluorescence, and they have a number of applications: Fluorescence - Lightin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trait: Encyclopedia Ii - Trait - Mendelian Expression Of Genes In Diploid Organisms
A gene is only a DNA code sequence; the slightly different variations of that sequence are called alleles. Alleles can be significantly d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Serotonin: Encyclopedia Ii - Serotonin - Pharmacology
The pharmacology of 5-HT is extremely complex, with its actions being mediated by a large and diverse range of 5-HT receptors. As with al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Serotonin: Encyclopedia Ii - Serotonin - Modulating Levels Of 5-ht
A variety of psychiatric medications affect serotonin levels, including the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trait: Encyclopedia Ii - Trait - Genetic Origin Of Traits In Diploid Organisms
The heritable unit that may produce a trait is called a gene. A gene is a strand of DNA that is part of a very long and compacted string ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glycosidic Bond: Encyclopedia Ii - Glycosidic Bond - Polysaccharides
A glycosidic bond can join two monosaccharide molecules to form a disaccharide, as for instance in the linkage of glucose and fructose to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Serotonin: Encyclopedia Ii - Serotonin - Neurotransmission
5-HT is thought to be released from serotonergic varacosities into the extra neuronal space, rather than from synaptic terminal buttons (...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Serotonin: Encyclopedia Ii - Serotonin - Neurotransmission
5-HT is thought to be released from serotonergic varicosities into the extra neuronal space, in other words from swellings (varicosities)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Biology - Principles Of Biology
Unlike physics, biology does not usually describe systems in terms of objects which obey immutable physical laws described by mathematics...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chloroplast: Encyclopedia Ii - Chloroplast - Origins
Chloroplasts are one of the forms a plastid may take, and are generally considered to have originated as endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. In ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Biology - Principles Of Biology
Unlike physics, biology does not usually describe systems in terms of objects which obey immutable physical laws described by mathematics...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chloroplast: Encyclopedia Ii - Chloroplast - Structure
The chloroplast has a two membrane envelope termed the Inner & Outer membrane respectively. Between these two layers is the Intermemb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chloroplast: Encyclopedia Ii - Chloroplast - Origins
Chloroplasts are one of the forms a plastid may take, and are generally considered to have originated as endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. In ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Encyclopedia Ii - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - Overview Of The Multiple Types Of Cah
Cortisol is an adrenal steroid hormone necessary for life; production begins in the second month of fetal life. Inefficient cortisol prod...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Biology - Branches Of Biology
While botany encompasses the study of plants, zoology is the branch of science that is concerned about the study of animals and anthropol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phytochrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Phytochrome - Discovery
The phytochrome pigment was discovered by Sterling Hendricks and Harry Borthwick at the USDA-ARS in Beltsville, MD, during a period from ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Extraterrestrial Life: Encyclopedia Ii - Extraterrestrial Life - Possible Basis Of Extraterrestrial Life
Extraterrestrial life - Biochemistry. Main article: Alternative biochemistry All life on Earth is based on the building block element c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phytochrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Phytochrome - Isoforms
There are two isoforms of phytochrome - Pr and Pfr. The Pr isoform absorbs red light (at 660nm) while the Pfr isoform absorbs far-red lig...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Biology - History
Main articles: History of biology, History of medicine, History of genetics Major discoveries in biology include: Cell theory Germ theor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fluorescence: Encyclopedia Ii - Fluorescence - Equation
This means that the system starts in state S1, and after the fluorescent emission of a photon with energy hν, it is in state S2 where: h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fluorescence: Encyclopedia Ii - Fluorescence - Rules
Kasha–Vavilov rule The quantum yield of luminescence is independent of the wavelength of exciting radiation. Jablonski diagram Describe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cysteine: Encyclopedia Ii - Cysteine - Applications
Cysteine (mostly in the naturally occurring form L-cysteine) is used for applications in the food, pharmaceutical and personal care indus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fermentation: Encyclopedia Ii - Fermentation - Products
Products produced by fermentation are actually waste products produced during the reduction of pyruvate to regenerate NAD+ in the absence...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fermentation: Encyclopedia Ii - Fermentation - Uses
The primary benefit of fermentation is the conversion, e.g., converting juice into wine, grains into beer, and carbohydrates into carbon ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inulin: Encyclopedia Ii - Inulin - Uses And Health Benefits
People have used plants containing inulin to help relieve diabetes mellitus – a condition characterised by hyperglycemia and/or hyperin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Keratin: Encyclopedia Ii - Keratin - Keratin In The Kingdom Animalia
Cells in the epidermis contain a structural matrix of keratin which makes this outermost layer of the skin almost waterproof, and along w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Starch: Encyclopedia Ii - Starch - Tests
Starch solution is used to test for elemental iodine. Distinct blue color indicates the presence of iodine in solution. The details of th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Biology - Scope Of Biology
Main article: List of biology disciplines Biology has become such a vast research enterprise that it is not generally regarded as a singl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fermentation: Encyclopedia Ii - Fermentation - Products
Products produced by fermentation are actually waste products produced during the reduction of pyruvate to regenerate NAD+ in the absence...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brown Adipose Tissue: Encyclopedia Ii - Brown Adipose Tissue - Function In Babies
In neonates (new born babies), brown fat, which then makes up about 5% of the body mass and is located on the back, along the upper half ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Starch: Encyclopedia Ii - Starch - Starches As Food
Starch is often found in the fruit, seeds, and Rhizomes or tubers of plants. The four major resources for starch production and consumpti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Starch: Encyclopedia Ii - Starch - Household
Clothing starch or laundry starch is a liquid that is prepared by mixing a vegetable starch in water (earlier preparations also had to be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Biology - History
Main articles: History of biology, History of medicine, History of genetics Major discoveries in biology include: Cell theory Germ theor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glycogen: Encyclopedia Ii - Glycogen - Function And Regulation Of Liver Glycogen
As a carbohydrate meal is eaten and digested, blood glucose levels rise, and the pancreas secretes insulin. Glucose from the portal vein ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glycogen: Encyclopedia Ii - Glycogen - Disorders Of Glycogen Metabolism
The most common disease in which glycogen metabolism becomes abnormal is diabetes, in which, because of abnormal amounts of insulin, live...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leukotriene: Encyclopedia Ii - Leukotriene - Leukotrienes In Asthma
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease causing airflow obstruction. Leukotrienes assist in the pathophysiology of asthma causing: incr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biotin: Encyclopedia Ii - Biotin - Uses
Biotin - Hair problems. Biotin supplements are often recommended as a natural product to counteract the problem of hair loss in both ch...   » Read the article