binary search

In physical simulations, video games and computational geometry, collision detection includes algorithms from checking for collision, i.e. intersection, of two given solids, to calculating trajectories, impact times and impact points in a physical simulation. Collision detection - Overview. In physical simulation, we wish to conduct experiments, such as playing billiards. The physics of bouncing billiard balls are well understood, under the umbrella of rigid body motion and elastic collisions. An initial de ...

Including:

• Collision detection - Overview
• Collision detection - Collision detection in physical simulation
• Collision detection - A posteriori vs a priori
• Collision detection - n-body pruning
• Collision detection - Temporal coherence
• Collision detection - Physically based temporal coherence
• Collision detection - Pairwise pruning
• Collision detection - Exact pairwise collision detection
• Collision detection - A priori collision detection
• Collision detection - Spatial partitioning miscellanea
• Collision detection - Collision detection in video games
• Collision detection - Collision detection in computational geometry

Read more here: » Collision detection: Encyclopedia - Collision detection

An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D, or A to D) is a device that converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers. The reverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that converts a voltage to a binary digital number. However, some non-electronic devices, such as shaft encoders, can be considered as ADCs. Analog-to-digital converter - Resolution. The resolution of the converter indicates the ...

Including:

• Analog-to-digital converter - Resolution
• Analog-to-digital converter - Response type
• Analog-to-digital converter - Linear ADCs
• Analog-to-digital converter - Non-linear ADCs
• Analog-to-digital converter - Accuracy
• Analog-to-digital converter - Sampling rate
• Analog-to-digital converter - Aliasing
• Analog-to-digital converter - Dither
• Analog-to-digital converter - Oversampling
• Analog-to-digital converter - ADC structures
• Analog-to-digital converter - Application to music recording
• Analog-to-digital converter - Other applications

Read more here: » Analog-to-digital converter: Encyclopedia - Analog-to-digital converter

In computer science, computational complexity theory is the branch of the theory of computation that studies the resources required during computation to solve a given problem. The most common resources are time (how many steps it takes to solve a problem) and space (how much memory it takes). Other resources can also be considered, such as how many parallel processors are needed to solve a problem in parallel. Complexity theory differs from the computability theory, which deals with whether a problem can be solved at al ...

Including:

• Computational complexity theory - Overview
• Computational complexity theory - Decision problems
• Computational complexity theory - Complexity classes
• Computational complexity theory - The P = NP question
• Computational complexity theory - Intractability
• Computational complexity theory - Notable researchers

Read more here: » Computational complexity theory: Encyclopedia - Computational complexity theory

The importance of this class of decision problems is that it contains many interesting searching and optimization problems where we want to know if there exists a certain solution for a certain problem. As a simple example, consider the problem of determining whether a number n is a composite number. For large numbers, this seems like a very difficult problem to solve efficiently; the simplest approaches require time which is exponential in log n, the number of input bits. On the other hand, once we've found a candidate factor of n, the follow ...

See also:

NP complexity, NP complexity - Introduction and applications, NP complexity - Why some NP problems are hard to solve, NP complexity - Other characterizations, NP complexity - Example

Read more here: » NP complexity: Encyclopedia II - NP complexity - Introduction and applications

After the theory explaining which problems can be solved and which cannot be, it was natural to ask about the relative computational difficulty of computable functions. This is the subject matter of computational complexity. A single "problem" is an entire set of related questions, where each question is a finite-length string. For example, the problem FACTORIZE is: given an integer written in binary, return all of the prime factors of that number. A particular question is called an instance. For example, "give the factors of the ...

See also:

Computational complexity theory, Computational complexity theory - Overview, Computational complexity theory - Decision problems, Computational complexity theory - Complexity classes, Computational complexity theory - The P = NP question, Computational complexity theory - Intractability, Computational complexity theory - Notable researchers

Read more here: » Computational complexity theory: Encyclopedia II - Computational complexity theory - Overview

Shifting nth-root algorithm - Notation. Let B be the base of the number system you are using, and n be the degree of the root to be extracted. Let x be the radicand processed thus far, y be the root extracted thus far, and r be the remainder. Let α be the next n digits of the radicand, and β be the next digit of the root. Let x' be the new value of x for the next iteration, y' be the new value of y for the next iteration, and r' be the new value of r for the next iteration. These are all integers. < ...

See also:

Shifting nth-root algorithm, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Algorithm, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Notation, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Invariants, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Initialization, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Main loop, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Paper and pencil nth roots, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Performance, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Examples, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Square root of 2 in binary, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Square root of 3, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Cube root of 5, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Fourth root of 7

Read more here: » Shifting nth-root algorithm: Encyclopedia II - Shifting nth-root algorithm - Algorithm

Physical simulators usually function one of two ways, we shall refer to them as the a posteriori and a priori methods. In addition to the a posteriori and a priori distinction, almost all modern collision detection algorithms are broken into a hierarchy of algorithms. Collision detection - A posteriori vs a priori. In the a posteriori case, we advance the physical simulation by a small time step, then check if any objects are intersecting, or are somehow so close to each ...

See also:

Collision detection, Collision detection - Overview, Collision detection - Collision detection in physical simulation, Collision detection - A posteriori vs a priori, Collision detection - n-body pruning, Collision detection - Temporal coherence, Collision detection - Physically based temporal coherence, Collision detection - Pairwise pruning, Collision detection - Exact pairwise collision detection, Collision detection - A priori collision detection, Collision detection - Spatial partitioning miscellanea, Collision detection - Collision detection in video games, Collision detection - Collision detection in computational geometry

Read more here: » Collision detection: Encyclopedia II - Collision detection - Collision detection in physical simulation

The "light gun" is so named because it uses light as its method of detecting where on screen you are targeting. The name leads one to believe that the gun itself emits a beam of light, but in fact all light guns actually receive light through a photoreceptor diode in the gun barrel. The diode uses light reception to do its targeting, in conjunction with a timed mechanism between the trigger of th ...

See also:

Light gun, Light gun - Light guns in video games, Light gun - How light guns work, Light gun - Method one, Light gun - Method two, Light gun - Combining the methods, Light gun - Detection, Light gun - Positional guns, Light gun - Notable home console games with light gun support

Read more here: » Light gun: Encyclopedia II - Light gun - How light guns work

D.L. Shell made substantial improvements to the algorithm, and the modified version is called Shell sort. It compares elements separated by a distance that decreases on each pass. Shellsort has distinctly improved running times in practical work, with two simple variants requiring O(n3/2) and O(n4/3) time. If comparisons are very costly compared to swaps, as is the case for example with string keys stored by reference, then using binary insertion sort can be a good strategy. Binary insertion sort em ...

See also:

Insertion sort, Insertion sort - Good and bad input cases, Insertion sort - Variants, Insertion sort - Comparisons to other sorts, Insertion sort - Implementations, Insertion sort - C, Insertion sort - Haskell

Read more here: » Insertion sort: Encyclopedia II - Insertion sort - Variants

Given a graph G, an independent set is a subset of its vertices that are pairwise not adjacent. In other words, the subgraph induced by these vertices has no edges, only isolated vertices. Then, the independent set problem asks if, given a graph G and an integer k, does G have an independent set of size at least k? The corresponding optimization problem is the maximum independent set problem, which attempts to find the largest independent set in a graph. Given a solution to the decision ...

See also:

Independent set problem, Independent set problem - Description, Independent set problem - Algorithms, Independent set problem - Proof of NP-completeness

Read more here: » Independent set problem: Encyclopedia II - Independent set problem - Description

Dynamic-link library - Memory management. In Win32, the DLL files are organized into sections. Each section has its own set of attributes, such as being writable or read-only, executable (for code) or non-executable (for data), and so on. The code sections of a DLL are usually shared among all the processes that use the DLL; that is, they occupy a single place in physical memory, and do not take up space in the page file. If the physical memory occupied by a code section is to be reclaimed, its contents are discarded, and later ...

See also:

Dynamic-link library, Dynamic-link library - Background, Dynamic-link library - Features, Dynamic-link library - Memory management, Dynamic-link library - Symbol resolution and binding, Dynamic-link library - Explicit run-time linking, Dynamic-link library - Compiler and language considerations, Dynamic-link library - Delphi, Dynamic-link library - Microsoft Visual Basic, Dynamic-link library - C and C++, Dynamic-link library - Programming examples

Read more here: » Dynamic-link library: Encyclopedia II - Dynamic-link library - Features

What's My Line? - Versions in the United States. A weekly American CBS radio version of What's My Line? was produced from May 1952 until July 1953. The regular panelists Dorothy Kilgallen, Bennett Cerf, Arlene Francis and Hal Block, along with host John Daly, premiered the radio version of their show on Tuesday May 20, 1952, while still performing the Sunday telecast. The debut mystery guest, in her only What's My Line? appearance, was Marlene Dietrich. Marlon Brando made his only What's ...

See also:

What's My Line?, What's My Line? - Hosts and panelists, What's My Line? - Game play, What's My Line? - Standard rounds, What's My Line? - Mystery guest rounds, What's My Line? - Style of the show, What's My Line? - Alternate versions, What's My Line? - Versions in the United States, What's My Line? - Versions around the world, What's My Line? - Show trivia, What's My Line? - Related pages

Read more here: » What's My Line?: Encyclopedia II - What's My Line? - Alternate versions

These are the most common ways of implementing an electronic ADC: A direct conversion ADC or flash ADC has a comparator that fires for each decoded voltage range. The comparator bank feeds a logic circuit that generates a code for each voltage range. Direct conversion is very fast, but usually has only 8 bits of resolution (256 comparators) or less, as it needs a large, expensive circuit. ADCs of this type have a large die size, a high input capacitance, and are prone to produce glitches on the output (by outputtin ...

See also:

Analog-to-digital converter, Analog-to-digital converter - Resolution, Analog-to-digital converter - Response type, Analog-to-digital converter - Linear ADCs, Analog-to-digital converter - Non-linear ADCs, Analog-to-digital converter - Accuracy, Analog-to-digital converter - Sampling rate, Analog-to-digital converter - Aliasing, Analog-to-digital converter - Dither, Analog-to-digital converter - Oversampling, Analog-to-digital converter - ADC structures, Analog-to-digital converter - Application to music recording, Analog-to-digital converter - Other applications

Read more here: » Analog-to-digital converter: Encyclopedia II - Analog-to-digital converter - ADC structures

An uninformed search algorithm is one that does not take into account the specific nature of the problem. As such, they can be implemented in general, and then the same implementation can be used in a wide range of problems thanks to abstraction. The drawback is that most search spaces are extremely large, and an uninformed search (especially of a tree) will take a reasonable amount of time only for small examples. As such, to speed up the process, sometimes only an informed search will do.

See also:

Search algorithm, Search algorithm - Uninformed search, Search algorithm - List search, Search algorithm - Tree search, Search algorithm - Graph search, Search algorithm - Informed search, Search algorithm - Adversarial search, Search algorithm - Constraint satisfaction, Search algorithm - Other types

Read more here: » Search algorithm: Encyclopedia II - Search algorithm - Uninformed search

Other classification approaches are possible. One of the most common uses preprocessing as main criteria. String searching algorithm - Naïve string search. The simplest and least efficient way to see where one string occurs inside another is to check each place it could be, one by one, to see if it's there. So first we see if there's a copy of the needle in the first few characters of the haystack; if not, we look to see if there's a copy of the needle starting at the second character of the haystack; if ...

See also:

String searching algorithm, String searching algorithm - Basic classification, String searching algorithm - Single pattern algorithms, String searching algorithm - Algorithms using finite set of patterns, String searching algorithm - Algorithms using infinite number of patterns, String searching algorithm - Other classification, String searching algorithm - Naïve string search, String searching algorithm - Index methods

Read more here: » String searching algorithm: Encyclopedia II - String searching algorithm - Other classification

Divide and conquer algorithm - Solving difficult problems. Divide and conquer is a powerful tool for solving conceptually difficult problems, such as the classic Tower of Hanoi puzzle: all it requires is a way of breaking the problem into sub-problems, of solving the trivial cases and of combining sub-problems to the original problem. Dividing the problem into sub-problems so that the sub-problems can be combined again is often the major difficulty in designing a new algorithm. Indeed, for many such problems the paradigm offers the only simple solution. ...

See also:

Divide and conquer algorithm, Divide and conquer algorithm - Implementation, Divide and conquer algorithm - Variations, Divide and conquer algorithm - Advantages, Divide and conquer algorithm - Solving difficult problems, Divide and conquer algorithm - Algorithm efficiency, Divide and conquer algorithm - Parallelism, Divide and conquer algorithm - Memory access, Divide and conquer algorithm - Disadvantages

Read more here: » Divide and conquer algorithm: Encyclopedia II - Divide and conquer algorithm - Advantages

In physical simulation, we wish to conduct experiments, such as playing billiards. The physics of bouncing billiard balls are well understood, under the umbrella of rigid body motion and elastic collisions. An initial description of the situation would be given, with a very precise physical description of the billiard table and balls, as well as initial positions of all the balls. Given a certain impulsion on the white ball (probably resulting from a player hitting the ball with his cue), we want to calculate the trajectories, precise motion ...

See also:

Collision detection, Collision detection - Overview, Collision detection - Collision detection in physical simulation, Collision detection - A posteriori vs a priori, Collision detection - n-body pruning, Collision detection - Temporal coherence, Collision detection - Physically based temporal coherence, Collision detection - Pairwise pruning, Collision detection - Exact pairwise collision detection, Collision detection - A priori collision detection, Collision detection - Spatial partitioning miscellanea, Collision detection - Collision detection in video games, Collision detection - Collision detection in computational geometry

Read more here: » Collision detection: Encyclopedia II - Collision detection - Overview

What's My Line? - Standard rounds. Each episode of What's My Line? featured two standard contestant rounds, sometimes more if time permitted, and one mystery guest round. A round was essentially a guessing game in which the panel tried to identify the occupation of a contestant. The contestant would enter, sign in on a chalkboard, and his/her occupation flashed on monitors for the studio audience and television viewers to see. One panelist would begin by asking the contestant a yes-or-no question about his ...

See also:

What's My Line?, What's My Line? - Hosts and panelists, What's My Line? - Game play, What's My Line? - Standard rounds, What's My Line? - Mystery guest rounds, What's My Line? - Style of the show, What's My Line? - Alternate versions, What's My Line? - Versions in the United States, What's My Line? - Versions around the world, What's My Line? - Show trivia, What's My Line? - Related pages

Read more here: » What's My Line?: Encyclopedia II - What's My Line? - Game play

What's My Line? is remembered as a celebration of urbanity and good manners in television. In the early years, business suits and street dresses were worn by the host and panelists, but starting in the mid-1950s, the host and male panelists wore black tie while female panelists donned formal gowns and often wore short gloves. The two exceptions to this formal dress code were in the shows immediately following the deaths of Fred Allen and Dorothy Kilgallen, when the male cas ...

See also:

What's My Line?, What's My Line? - Hosts and panelists, What's My Line? - Game play, What's My Line? - Standard rounds, What's My Line? - Mystery guest rounds, What's My Line? - Style of the show, What's My Line? - Alternate versions, What's My Line? - Versions in the United States, What's My Line? - Versions around the world, What's My Line? - Show trivia, What's My Line? - Related pages

Read more here: » What's My Line?: Encyclopedia II - What's My Line? - Style of the show

The initial purpose for DLLs was saving both disk space and memory required for applications. Any code which many applications share could be separated into a DLL which only exists as a single disk file and a single instance in memory. Extensive use of DLLs allowed early versions of Windows to work under tight memory conditions. DLLs provide the standard benefits of shared libraries, such as modularity. Modularity allows changes to be made to code and data in a single self-contained DLL shared by several applications without any chang ...

See also:

Dynamic-link library, Dynamic-link library - Background, Dynamic-link library - Features, Dynamic-link library - Memory management, Dynamic-link library - Symbol resolution and binding, Dynamic-link library - Explicit run-time linking, Dynamic-link library - Compiler and language considerations, Dynamic-link library - Delphi, Dynamic-link library - Microsoft Visual Basic, Dynamic-link library - C and C++, Dynamic-link library - Programming examples

Read more here: » Dynamic-link library: Encyclopedia II - Dynamic-link library - Background