The liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. It plays a major role in metabolism and has a number of functions in the body including drug detoxification, glycogen storage, and plasma protein synthesis. It also produces bile, which is important for digestion. Medical terms related to the liver often start in hepato- or hepatic from the Greek word for liver, hepar. Liver - Anatomy. The adult human liver normally weighs between 1.0 - 2.5 kilograms, and is a soft, pinkish-brown " ...

Including:

• Liver - Anatomy
• Liver - Surface anatomy
• Liver - Functional anatomy
• Liver - Physiology
• Liver - Diseases of the liver
• Liver - Liver transplantation
• Liver - Development
• Liver - Fetal blood supply
• Liver - Analogous organs
• Liver - Liver as food
• Liver - Cultural allusions

Read more here: » Liver: Encyclopedia - Liver

The cause(s) for PSC are unknown, but it is considered an autoimmune disorder. Bile ducts, both intra- and extrahepatically (inside the liver and outside), are inflamed and develop scarring, obstructing the flow of bile. As bile assists in the enteric breakdown and absorption of fat, the absence of bile leads to fat malabsorption. The bile accumulates in the duct, leading to liver cell damage and liver failure. PSC is associated with ulcerativ ...

See also:

Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Signs and symptoms, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Diagnosis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Pathophysiology, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Epidemiology, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Therapy

Read more here: » Primary sclerosing cholangitis: Encyclopedia II - Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Pathophysiology

The cause(s) for PSC are unknown, but it is considered an autoimmune disorder. Bile ducts, both intra- and extrahepatically (inside the liver and outside), are inflamed and develop scarring, obstructing the flow of bile. As bile assists in the enteric breakdown and absorption of fat, the absence of bile leads to fat malabsorption. The bile accumulates in the duct, leading to liver cell damage and liver failure. PSC is associated with ulcerativ ...

See also:

Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Signs and symptoms, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Diagnosis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Pathophysiology, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Epidemiology, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Screening, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Therapy

Read more here: » Primary sclerosing cholangitis: Encyclopedia II - Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Pathophysiology

Taurine has three major roles in human metabolism: It plays a role in digestion. It is conjugated with the bile acids chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid to form (at the usually above 7 pH of bile) the bile salts, sodium taurochenodeoxycholate and sodium taurocholate (see bile). It may assist in the formation of reactive oxygen species for the respiratory burst in neutrophil granulocytes There is evidence that it is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It has been linked to a number ...

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Taurine, Taurine - Chemistry, Taurine - Physiology and Pharmacology, Taurine - Uses

Read more here: » Taurine: Encyclopedia II - Taurine - Physiology and Pharmacology

Papaverine - Approved. Papaverine is approved to treat spasms of the gastointestinal tract, bile ducts and ureter and for use as a cerebral and coronary vasodilator[12] in subarachnoid hemorrhage (combined with balloon angioplasty)[13] and coronary artery bypass surgery.^{See also:}

Papaverine, Papaverine - Uses, Papaverine - Approved, Papaverine - Side effects, Papaverine - Formulations and Tradenames, Papaverine - End Notes

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The Hippocratic writings introduced patient confidentiality, a practice which is still in use today. This was described under the Hippocratic Oath and other treatises. Hippocrates recommended that physicians record their findings and their medicinal methods, so that these records may be passed down and employed by other physicians. Other Hippocratic writings associated personality traits with the relative abundance of the four humours in the body: phlegm, yellow bile, black bile, and blood, and was a major influence ...

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Hippocrates, Hippocrates - Writings, Hippocrates - Works, Hippocrates - The portrait of Hippocrates

Read more here: » Hippocrates: Encyclopedia II - Hippocrates - Writings

Progress has been made in understanding the process of gallstone formation. Researchers believe that gallstones may be caused by a combination of factors, including inherited body chemistry, body weight, gallbladder motility (movement), and perhaps diet. Cholesterol gallstones develop when bile contains too much cholesterol and not enough bile salts. Besides a high concentration of cholesterol, two other factors seem to be important in causing gallstones. The first is how often and how well the gallbladder contracts; incomplete and in ...

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Gallstone, Gallstone - Causes, Gallstone - Medical options, Gallstone - Surgical options

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There is no known cause of biliary atresia, although it may be associated with a number of rare syndromes, such as malrotation of the intestine. As the biliary tract cannot transport bile to the intestine, bile is retained in the liver and results in damage and the ultimate destruction of that organ. ...

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Biliary atresia, Biliary atresia - Symptoms and diagnosis, Biliary atresia - Pathophysiology, Biliary atresia - Treatment, Biliary atresia - Links, Biliary atresia - Research Links, Biliary atresia - Support groups

Read more here: » Biliary atresia: Encyclopedia II - Biliary atresia - Pathophysiology

The diagnosis is by imaging of the bile duct, usually in the setting of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP, endoscopy of the bile duct and pancreas). Another option is magnetic resonance cholangiopacreaticography (MRCP), where magnetic resonance imaging is used to visualise the biliary tract. Other tests often done are a full blood count, liver enzymes, bilirubin levels (usually grossly elevated), renal function, electrolytes. Fecal fat determination is occasionally ordered when the symptoms of malabsorption are prominent. ...

See also:

Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Signs and symptoms, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Diagnosis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Pathophysiology, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Epidemiology, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Therapy

Read more here: » Primary sclerosing cholangitis: Encyclopedia II - Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Diagnosis

The diagnosis is by imaging of the bile duct, usually in the setting of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP, endoscopy of the bile duct and pancreas). Another option is magnetic resonance cholangiopacreaticography (MRCP), where magnetic resonance imaging is used to visualise the biliary tract. Other tests often done are a full blood count, liver enzymes, bilirubin levels (usually grossly elevated), renal function, electrolytes. Fecal fat determination is occasionally ordered when the symptoms of malabsorption are prominent. ...

See also:

Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Signs and symptoms, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Diagnosis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Pathophysiology, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Epidemiology, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Screening, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Therapy

Read more here: » Primary sclerosing cholangitis: Encyclopedia II - Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Diagnosis

The Wilson's disease gene (WND) has been mapped to chromosome 13 (13q14.3) and is expressed primarily in the liver, kidney, and placenta but has also been found in the heart, brain, and lung, albeit at much lower levels. The gene codes for a P-type ATPase that transports copper into bile and incorporates it into ceruloplasmin. Bile is a liquid produced by the liver that helps with digestion. The mutant form of WND expressed in people with Wilson's disease inhibits the release of copper into bile. As the excretion of copper from ...

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Wilson's disease, Wilson's disease - Description, Wilson's disease - Symptoms and signs, Wilson's disease - Clinical features, Wilson's disease - Hepatic, Wilson's disease - Psychiatric, Wilson's disease - Neurologic, Wilson's disease - Renal, Wilson's disease - Ophthalmologic, Wilson's disease - Cardiovascular, Wilson's disease - Dermatological, Wilson's disease - Diagnosis, Wilson's disease - Treatment, Wilson's disease - Source

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When not otherwise specified, the ICD-O coding is 8440/0. However, the following classifications also exist: Cystadenoma - By form. serous cystadenoma (8441-8442) papillary cystadenoma (8450-8451, 8561) mucinous cystadenoma (8470-8473) Cystadenoma - By location. Bile duct cystadenoma (8161)See also:

Cystadenoma, Cystadenoma - Classification, Cystadenoma - By form, Cystadenoma - By location

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Standard treatment includes ursodiol, a bile acid naturally produced by the liver, which has been shown to lower elevated liver enzyme numbers in people with PSC, but has not yet been proven effective at prolonging the life of the liver. Treatment also includes medication to relieve itching (antipruritics), antibiotics to treat infections, and vitamin supplements, as people with PSC are often deficient in vitamin A, vitamin D, and vitamin K. In some cases, surgery to open major blockages in the common bile duct is also necessary. Live ...

See also:

Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Signs and symptoms, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Diagnosis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Pathophysiology, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Epidemiology, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Therapy

Read more here: » Primary sclerosing cholangitis: Encyclopedia II - Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Therapy

Main article: Human feces Human fecal matter varies significantly in appearance, depending on diet and health. Normally it is semisolid, with a mucus coating. Its brown colouration comes from a combination of bile and dead red blood cells. In newborn babies, fecal matter is initially yellow/green after the meconium. This colouration comes from the presence of bile alone. In time, as the body starts expelling excess dead red blood cells, it acquires its familiar brown appearance. Throughout the life of an ordinary human, one may ...

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Feces, Feces - Related terminology, Feces - Fecal contamination, Feces - Human feces

Read more here: » Feces: Encyclopedia II - Feces - Human feces

The court jester was often summoned to try to lift the monarch out of an angry or melancholic mood. Medieval medicine considered human health to be largely governed by The four humours: Sanguine, meaning an increased amount of blood in the system, Melancholia, an increased amount of black bile, Choleric, an increased amount of yellow bile and Phlegmatic, meaning an increased amount of phlegm. The balance or imbalance of the humours was believed to produce four distinct emotional states which could be rebalanced either by the doctor's craft ( ...

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Court jester, Court jester - The art of the jester, Court jester - History, Court jester - The jester in literature, Court jester - The jester in other media, Court jester - Shakespearian jesters, Court jester - The jester as a symbol, Court jester - Books, Court jester - Other uses

Read more here: » Court jester: Encyclopedia II - Court jester - The art of the jester

The various functions of the liver are carried out by the liver cells or hepatocytes. The liver produces and excretes bile required for food digestion. Some of the bile drains directly into the duodenum, and some is stored in the gallbladder. The liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism: Gluconeogenesis (the formation of glucose from certain amino acids, lactate or glycerol) Glycogenolysis (the formation of glucose from glycogen) Glycogenesis (the formation ...

See also:

Liver, Liver - Anatomy, Liver - Surface anatomy, Liver - Functional anatomy, Liver - Physiology, Liver - Diseases of the liver, Liver - Liver transplantation, Liver - Development, Liver - Fetal blood supply, Liver - Analogous organs, Liver - Liver as food, Liver - Cultural allusions

Read more here: » Liver: Encyclopedia II - Liver - Physiology

Standard treatment includes ursodiol, a bile acid naturally produced by the liver, which has been shown to lower elevated liver enzyme numbers in people with PSC, but has not yet been proven effective at prolonging the life of the liver. Treatment also includes medication to relieve itching (antipruritics), antibiotics to treat infections, and vitamin supplements, as people with PSC are often deficient in vitamin A, vitamin D, and vitamin K. In some cases, ERCP, which may involve stenting of the common bile duct, may be necessa ...

See also:

Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Signs and symptoms, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Diagnosis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Pathophysiology, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Epidemiology, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Screening, Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Therapy

Read more here: » Primary sclerosing cholangitis: Encyclopedia II - Primary sclerosing cholangitis - Therapy

Choleric corresponds to the fluid of yellow bile, the season of summer, and the element of fire. A person who is choleric is easily angered or bad tempered. In folk medicine, a baby referred to as "cholic" is one who cries frequently and seems to be constantly angry. This is an adaptation of "choleric," although no one now would attribute the condition to bile. Similarly, a person described as "bilious" is mean-spirited, suspicious, and angry. This, again, is an adaptation of the old Humor theory "choleric." The disease Choler ...

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Four temperaments, Four temperaments - Sanguine, Four temperaments - Choleric, Four temperaments - Melancholic, Four temperaments - Phlegmatic, Four temperaments - Possible Fifth Temperament

Read more here: » Four temperaments: Encyclopedia II - Four temperaments - Choleric

When red blood cells die, the heme in their hemoglobin is converted to bilirubin in the spleen and in the kupffer cells in the liver. The bilirubin is processed by the liver, enters bile and is eventually excreted through feaces. Consequently, there are three different classes of causes for jaundice. Pre-hepatic or hemolytic causes, where too many red blood cells are broken down, hepatic causes where the processing of bilirubin in the liver does not function correctly, and post-hepatic or extrahepatic causes, where the removal of bile is disturbed. < ...

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Jaundice, Jaundice - Causes of jaundice, Jaundice - Pre-hepatic, Jaundice - Hepatic, Jaundice - Post-hepatic, Jaundice - Neonatal jaundice, Jaundice - Popular culture

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The gastric outlet obstruction due to the hypertrophic pylorus impairs emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum. As a consequence all ingested food and gastric secretions can only exit via vomiting which can be of a projectile nature. The vomited material does not contain bile because the pyloric onstruction prevents entry of duodenal contents (containing bile) into the stomach. This results in loss of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid). The chloride loss results in hypochloremia which impairs the kidney's ability to excrete bicarbonate. This is the significant fa ...

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Pyloric stenosis, Pyloric stenosis - Signs and Symptoms, Pyloric stenosis - Diagnosis, Pyloric stenosis - Pathophysiology, Pyloric stenosis - Therapy, Pyloric stenosis - Reference

Read more here: » Pyloric stenosis: Encyclopedia II - Pyloric stenosis - Pathophysiology

The gastric outlet obstruction due to the hypertrophic pylorus impairs emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum. As a consequence all ingested food and gastric secretions can only exit via vomiting which can be of a projectile nature. The vomited material does not contain bile because the pyloric onstruction prevents entry of duodenal contents (containing bile) into the stomach. This results in loss of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid). The chloride loss results in hypochloremia which impairs the kidney's ability to excrete bicarbonate. This is the significant fa ...

See also:

Pyloric stenosis, Pyloric stenosis - Symptoms, Pyloric stenosis - Diagnosis, Pyloric stenosis - Pathophysiology, Pyloric stenosis - Treatment, Pyloric stenosis - Reference

Read more here: » Pyloric stenosis: Encyclopedia II - Pyloric stenosis - Pathophysiology