Bile (or gall) is a bitter, greenish-yellow alkaline fluid secreted by the liver of most vertebrates. In many species, it is stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where it aids the process of digestion.
Bile - Physiology.
Bile salts are steroid compounds (deoxycholic and cholic acid), often conjugated with glycine and taurine, and act to some extent as a detergent, helping to emulsify fats (increasing surface area to help enzyme action) ...
A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile.
Bile, required for the digestion of food, is excreted by the liver into passages that carry bile toward the hepatic duct, which joins with the cystic duct (carrying bile to and from the gallbladder) to form the common bile duct, which opens into the intestine.
The top half of the common bile duct is associated with the liver, while the bottom half of the common bile duct is associated with the pancreas, through which it passes on its way to the intestine. It opens in the part of the intestine called the duoden ...
Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. They are produced in liver by oxidation of cholesterol, in the form of their salts are stored in gallbladder and secreted into the intestine. They act as surfactants, emulsifying lipids and assisting with their digestion and absorption.
Synthesis of bile acids is a major consummer of cholesterol. Body synthetizes about 800 mg of cholesterol per day and about half of that is used for production of bile acids. Total amount of about 20-30 grams of bile acids is secreted into the intestine dail ...
Bile salts are steroid compounds (deoxycholic and cholic acid), often conjugated with glycine and taurine, and act to some extent as a detergent, helping to emulsify fats (increasing surface area to help enzyme action), and thus aid in their absorption in the small intestine. The most important compounds are the salts of taurocholic acid and deoxycholic acid.
Bile salts combine with phospholipids to break down fat globules in the process of emulsification. Emulsified droplets then are organized into many micelles which increases absor ...
The common bile duct is a clinical term (it is used by surgeons and physicians). The proper name for this structure according to the Nomina Anatomica is the bile duct. It begins at the junction of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct and ends at the hepatopancreatic ampulla (eponymously known as the Ampulla of Vater) which drains into the second part of the duodenum. It carries bile from t
In pharmacology, bile acid sequestrants are a group of medications used for binding bile in the gastrointestinal tract, used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and the prevention of pruritus (itch) in patients with chronic liver disease or diarrhea.
Two drugs are members of this class; both are synthetic resins:
Cholestyramine (Questran®)
Colestipol (Colestid®)
Use of these agents has decreased markedly since the introduction of statins. They are occasionally used as an adjunctive to ...
Ayurveda is a Sanskrit word derived from two roots: ayur, which means life; and veda, which means knowledge. It has its roots in ancient vedic literature. Ayurveda, a system of diet, healing and health maintenance, is probably the oldest science of life, just like the science of Yoga.
The cystic duct is the short duct that joins the gall bladder to the common bile duct. It usually lies next to the cystic artery. It is of variable length. It contains a 'spiral valve', which does not provide much resistance to the flow of bile. Bile can flow in both directions between the gallbladder and the common hepatic duct and the (common) bile duct. In this way, bile is stored in the gallbladder in b
Cholestyramine (Questran®, Questran Light®, Cholybar®) is a bile acid sequestrant, which binds bile in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent its reabsorption. It increases removal of bile acids from body by forming insoluble complexes in intestine, which are then excreted in feces. As body loses bile acids, it converts cholesterol from blood to bile acid, thus lowering serum cholesterol. It is primarily used to treat hypercholesterolemia, but can also used to treat the pruritus, or itching, that often occurs during liver fa ...
Choledocholithiasis is the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct. This condition causes jaundice and liver cell damage, and is a medical emergency, requiring endoscopic (ERCP) or surgical treatment.
Other related archivesERCP, bile duct, endoscopic, gallstones, jaundice, liver, medical emergency, surgical
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are broken down in the spleen, liver sinusioids, and bones. The heme components are first converted to biliverdin, then to unconjugated bilirubin.
Because unconjugated bilirubin is insoluble, it binds to albumin for transport to the to the liver and then dissociates. The unconjugated bilirubin is then conjugated in the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes (liver cells).
Conjugated bilirubin, or bilirubinglucuronide, moves into the bile canaliculi of the liver and then to the gall bladder. When stimulated by eating, bile (including the ...
The hepatopancreatic ampulla, also commonly called the "Ampulla of Vater," is an opening in the wall of the descending duodenum formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the bile duct. The ampulla is specifically located at the major duodenal papilla. Various smooth muscle sphincters regulate the flow of bile and pancreatic juice through the ampulla: the sphincter of the pancreatic duct, the sphincter of the bile duct, and the hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi).
The eponymical term "Ampulla of Vater" is named after Abraham Vater (1684-1751), a Ge ...
The gallbladder (or cholecyst) is a pear-shaped organ that stores bile (or "gall") until the body needs it for digestion. It is connected to the liver and the duodenum by the biliary tract.
Gallbladder - Anatomy.
Not all mammals have gallbladders. The rat and horse, for example, do not have a specialized organ for the storage of bile. The gallbladder is connected to the main bile duct through the gallbladder duct (cystic duct or, in Latin, ductus cysticus). The main biliary tract runs f ...
In medicine, gallstones (choleliths) are crystalline bodies formed within the body by accretion or concretion of normal or abnormal bile components.
Cholesterol stones are usually green, but are sometimes white or yellow in color and account for about 80 percent of gallstones. They are made primarily of cholesterol.
Pigment stones are small, dark stones made of bilirubin and calcium salts that are found in bile. They account for the other 20 percent of gallstones. Risk factors for pigment stones include cirrhosis, biliary tract infections, and hereditary blood cell disorders, such as sickle ...
Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. It is commonly due to impaction (sticking) of a gallstone within the neck of the gall bladder, leading to inspissation of bile, bile stasis, and infection by gut organisms. Cholecystitis may be a cause of right upper quadrant pain. The pain may actually manifest in the right flank or scapular region at first. In severe cases, the gall bladder can rupture and form an abscess. In severe cases, it may lead to a life-threatening infection of the liver called cholangitis. In other cases, it ...
Bodily fluids listed below are found in the bodies of men and/or women. Some may be found in animals as well. They include fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as fluids that normally are not. These respective fluids would include:
Amniotic fluid surrounding a fetus (which is released to the outside world in childbirth)
Aqueous humour
Bile
Blood and blood plasma
Cerumen also ear wax
Cowper's fluid or pre-ejaculatory fluid
Chyle
Chyme ...
In anatomy of the digestive system, the ileum (not to be confused with the ilium, a pelvic bone), is the final section of the small intestine. It is about 4m long in humans, follows the jejunum and duodenum, and is separated from the cecum by the ileocecal valve (ICV). The pH in the ileum is usually between 7 and 8 (neutral or slightly alkaline).
Its function is to absorb vitamin B12 and bile salts. The wall itself made up of folds, each of which has many tiny finger-like projections known as villi, on its surface. I ...
Cholic acid is a bile acid, a white crystalline substance insoluble in water, with melting point at 200-201 °C. Its salt is called cholate. Cholic acid is one of the 4 main acids produced by the liver. It is soluble in alcohol and acetic acid. It forms a conjugate with taurine, yielding taurocholic acid.
Cholic acid is also called 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid. Its summary chemical formula is C24H40O5.
Cholic ...
Cholecystokinin (CCK, previously pancreozymin) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. CCK is secreted by the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine, and causes the release of digestive enzymes and bile from the pancreas and gall bladder, respectively. It also acts as a hunger suppresant. Recent evidence has suggested it plays a major role in inducing drug tolerance to opioids like morphine and heroin, and is partly responsible for the ...
Cud, or Bolus, is a combination of semi-digested food and bile, which is produced by the first two chambers, the rumen and the reticulum, of the stomach of a ruminant.
The stomach of a cow, goat, sheep or antelope is insufficient on its own to break down the cellulose of plant matter, a necessary step on the way to the digestion of food such as pasture grass. The ingested material is therefore regurgitated as cud, and slowly chewed in the animal's mouth (usually while the animal is at rest) to properly combine the food a ...
