Encyclopedia - Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: Encyclopedia - Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
edit In cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (or primordial nucleosynthesis) refers to the production of nuclei other than H-1, the normal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang Nucleosynthesis - Status And Implications Of Bbn
The theory of BBN gives a detailed mathematical description of the production of the light "elements" deuterium, helium-3, helium-4, and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang Nucleosynthesis - Sequence Of Bbn
Big Bang nucleosynthesis begins about one minute after the Big Bang, when the universe has cooled enough to form stable protons and neutr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of The Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Timeline Of The Big Bang - Structure Formation
Structure formation in the big bang model proceeds hierarchically, with smaller structures forming before larger ones. The first structur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of The Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Timeline Of The Big Bang - The Very Early Universe
All our understanding of the very early universe is very speculative. No accelerator experiments probe sufficiently high energies to prov...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of The Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Timeline Of The Big Bang - The Early Universe
At this time, the universe is filled with a quark-gluon plasma. Timeline of the Big Bang - The electroweak epoch – 10-12 s. See also...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alpher-bethe-gamow Paper: Encyclopedia - Alpher-bethe-gamow Paper
In cosmology, the Alpher-Bethe-Gamow paper (or αβγ paper) was created by Ralph Alpher, at the time a physics PhD student, and his advi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Evolution: Encyclopedia - Chemical Evolution
Chemical evolution has two meanings and uses. The first refers to the theories of evolution of the chemical elements in the universe foll...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Physical Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Physical Cosmology - Areas Of Study
Below, some of the most active areas of inquiry in cosmology are described, in roughly chronological order. This does not include all of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Physical Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Physical Cosmology - History Of Physical Cosmology
Modern cosmology developed along tandem observational and theoretical tracks. In 1915, Albert Einstein developed his theory of general re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stellar Nucleosynthesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Stellar Nucleosynthesis - History
Stellar nucleosynthesis Big Bang nucleosynthesis Supernova nucleosynthesis Cosmic ray spallation Astrophysics Nuclear fusion R-proce...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Supernova Nucleosynthesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Supernova Nucleosynthesis - Supernovae
A supernova is a massive explosion of a star that occurs under two possible scenarios.The first is that a white dwarf star undergoes a nu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - Observational Evidence
It is generally stated that there are three observational pillars that support the Big Bang theory of cosmology. These are the Hubble-typ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atom: Encyclopedia Ii - Atom - Atoms And The Big Bang
In models of the Big Bang, Big Bang nucleosynthesis predicts that within one to three minutes of the Big Bang all the current atomic mate...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atom: Encyclopedia Ii - Atom - Atoms And The Big Bang
In models of the Big Bang, Big Bang nucleosynthesis predicts that within one to three minutes of the Big Bang all the current atomic mate...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-standard Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-standard Cosmology - History
Since the discovery of the cosmic microwave background by Penzias and Robert Wilson in 1965, most cosmologists have concluded that observ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-standard Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-standard Cosmology - History
Since the discovery of the cosmic microwave background by Penzias and Robert Wilson in 1965, most cosmologists have concluded that observ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-standard Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-standard Cosmology - Non-standard Versus Standard
Non-standard cosmologies are usually not considered by physicists, because the essentials of the big bang theory have been confirmed by a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-standard Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-standard Cosmology - Non-standard Versus Standard
Non-standard cosmologies are usually not considered by physicists, because the essentials of the big bang theory have been confirmed by a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alpher-bethe-gamow Paper: Encyclopedia Ii - Alpher-bethe-gamow Paper - Bethe's Name
Gamow humourously decided to add the name of his friend—the eminent physicist Hans Bethe—to this paper in order to create the whimsic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-standard Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-standard Cosmology - Nucleosynthesis Objections To Non-standard Cosmologies
One of the major successes of the Big Bang theory has been to provide a prediction that corresponds to the observations of the abundance ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fred Hoyle: Encyclopedia Ii - Fred Hoyle - Contribution To Cosmogony
An early paper of his made an interesting use of the Anthropic Principle. In trying to work out the routes of stellar nucleosynthesis, he...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-standard Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-standard Cosmology - Nucleosynthesis Objections To Non-standard Cosmologies
One of the major successes of the Big Bang theory has been to provide a prediction that corresponds to the observations of the abundance ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia - Big Bang
In physical cosmology, the Big Bang is the scientific theory that the Universe emerged from an enormously dense and hot state about 13.7 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Beryllium: Encyclopedia - Beryllium
Beryllium is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Be and atomic number 4. A toxic bivalent element, beryllium i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia - Big Bang
In physical cosmology, the Big Bang is the scientific theory that the Universe emerged from an enormously dense and hot state about 13.7 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atom: Encyclopedia - Atom
An atom (Greek άτομον from ά: non and τομον: divisible) is a submicroscopic structure found in all ordinary matter. It is the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Deuterium: Encyclopedia Ii - Deuterium - Applications
Deuterium is useful in nuclear fusion reactions, especially in combination with tritium, because of the large reaction rate (or cross sec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - Observational Evidence
It is generally stated that there are three observational pillars that support the Big Bang theory of cosmology. These are the Hubble-typ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atom: Encyclopedia Ii - Atom - Properties Of The Atom
Atom - Subatomic particles. see main article subatomic particles Up until 1961, the subatomic particles were thought to consist of on...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plasma Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Plasma Cosmology - Alfvén's Model
Alfvén's model of plasma cosmology can be divided into three distinct areas. The cosmic plasma, an empirical description of the Univers...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helium: Encyclopedia Ii - Helium - Notable Characteristics
Helium - Gas and plasma phases. Helium is a colorless, odorless, and non-toxic gas. It is the least reactive member of group 18 (the no...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atom: Encyclopedia Ii - Atom - Properties Of The Atom
Atom - Subatomic particles. see main article subatomic particles Up until 1961, the subatomic particles were thought to consist of on...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Beryllium: Encyclopedia Ii - Beryllium - Occurrence
Beryllium is an essential constituent of about 100 out of about 4000 known minerals, the most important of which are bertrandite (Be4Si2O...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lithium: Encyclopedia Ii - Lithium - Basic Features
Lithium is the lightest in weight of all metals and has a density that is only half that of water. Though in group 1, lithium also exhibi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - Features Issues And Problems
A number of problems have arisen within the Big Bang theory throughout its history. Some of them are mainly of historical interest today,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Deuterium: Encyclopedia Ii - Deuterium - Applications
Deuterium is useful in nuclear fusion reactions, especially in combination with tritium, because of the large reaction rate (or cross sec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lithium: Encyclopedia Ii - Lithium - Basic Features
Lithium is the lightest in weight of all metals and has a density that is only half that of water. Oddly, lithium also exhibits propertie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - Observational Evidence
It is generally stated that there are three observational pillars that support the Big Bang theory of cosmology. These are the Hubble-typ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - The Future According To The Big Bang Theory
Before observations of dark energy, cosmologists considered two scenarios for the future of the Universe. If the mass density of the univ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - History
The Big Bang theory developed from observations and theoretical considerations. Observationally, it was determined that most spiral nebul...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - Overview
Based on measurements of the expansion of the Universe using Type Ia supernovae, measurements of the lumpiness of the cosmic microwave ba...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - Theoretical Underpinnings
As it stands today, the Big Bang is dependent on three assumptions: The universality of physical laws The cosmological principle The Cop...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - Features, Issues And Problems
A number of problems have arisen within the Big Bang theory throughout its history. Some of them are mainly of historical interest today,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - Observational Evidence
It is generally stated that there are three observational pillars that support the Big Bang theory of cosmology. These are the Hubble-typ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - Speculative Physics Beyond The Big Bang
While the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. Little is known about the earliest U...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - History
The Big Bang theory developed from observations and theoretical considerations. Observationally, it was determined that most spiral nebul...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lithium: Encyclopedia Ii - Lithium - Regulation
Since lithium metal can act as a catalyst in amateur methamphetamine production, some jurisdictions limit the sale of lithium batteries, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plasma Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Plasma Cosmology - Overview
The basic assumptions of plasma cosmology are, since the universe is nearly all plasma, electromagnetic forces are equal in importance w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lithium: Encyclopedia Ii - Lithium - Occurrence
Lithium is widely distributed but does not occur in nature in its free form. Because of its reactivity, it is always found bound with one...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plasma Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Plasma Cosmology - Features And Problems
In the past twenty-five years, plasma cosmology has expanded to develop models of the formation of large scale structure, quasars, the or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lithium: Encyclopedia Ii - Lithium - Occurrence
Lithium is widely distributed but does not occur in nature in its free form. Because of its reactivity, it is always found bound with one...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lithium: Encyclopedia Ii - Lithium - History
Petalite, which contains lithium, was first discovered by the Brazilian scientist José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva toward the end of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lithium: Encyclopedia Ii - Lithium - History
Petalite, which contains lithium, was first discovered by the Brazilian scientist José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva toward the end of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Beryllium: Encyclopedia Ii - Beryllium - Precautions
Beryllium and its salts are toxic substances and potentially carcinogenic. Chronic berylliosis is a pulmonary and systemic granulomatous ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atom: Encyclopedia Ii - Atom - Study Of Atoms
Because of their ubiquitous nature, atoms have been an important field of study for many centuries. Current specific research areas inclu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Beryllium: Encyclopedia Ii - Beryllium - Isotopes
Of beryllium's 10 isotopes, only beryllium-9 is stable. Cosmogenic beryllium-10 is produced in the atmosphere by cosmic ray spallation of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atom: Encyclopedia Ii - Atom - History Of Atomic Theory
Atom - Philosophical atomism. Democritus and Leucippus, Greek philosophers in the 5th century BC, presented the first theory of atoms (...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helium: Encyclopedia Ii - Helium - Isotopes
Although there are eight known isotopes of helium, only helium-3 and helium-4 are stable. In the Earth's atmosphere, there is one He-3 at...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atom: Encyclopedia Ii - Atom - History Of Atomic Theory
Democritus and Leucippus, Greek philosophers in the 5th century BC, presented the first theory of atoms (see article atomism for more det...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - The Future According To The Big Bang Theory
Before observations of dark energy, cosmologists considered two scenarios for the future of the Universe. If the mass density of the univ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - Observational Evidence
It is generally stated that there are three observational pillars that support the Big Bang theory of cosmology. These are the Hubble-typ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - Theoretical Underpinnings
As it stands today, the Big Bang is dependent on three assumptions: The universality of physical laws The cosmological principle The Cop...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - History
The Big Bang theory developed from observations and theoretical considerations. Observationally, it was determined that most spiral nebul...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - Overview
Based on measurements of the expansion of the Universe using Type Ia supernovae, measurements of the lumpiness of the cosmic microwave ba...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atom: Encyclopedia Ii - Atom - Study Of Atoms
Because of their ubiquitous nature, atoms have been an important field of study for many centuries. Current specific research areas inclu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - Speculative Physics Beyond The Big Bang
While the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. Little is known about the earliest U...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helium: Encyclopedia Ii - Helium - History
Helium - Discoveries. Helium was first detected on August 18, 1868 as a bright yellow line with a wavelength of 587.49 nm in the spectr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helium: Encyclopedia Ii - Helium - Occurrence And Production
Helium - Abundance. Helium is the second most abundant element in the known Universe after hydrogen and constitutes 23% of all elementa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - History
The Big Bang theory developed from observations and theoretical considerations. Observationally, it was determined that most spiral nebul...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helium: Encyclopedia Ii - Helium - Applications
Pressurized helium is commercially available. Helium is used for many purposes that require one or more of its unique properties; low boi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Deuterium: Encyclopedia Ii - Deuterium - History
Deuterium was predicted in 1926 by Walter Russell, using his "spiral" periodic table, and first detected in 1931 by Harold Clayton Urey, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - History
The Big Bang theory developed from observations and theoretical considerations. Observationally, it was determined that most spiral nebul...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang Nucleosynthesis - Non-standard Bbn
In addition to the standard BBN scenario there are numerous non-standard BBN scenarios. These should not be confused with non-standard co...   » Read the article