Much of the current work in cosmology includes understanding how galaxies form in the context of the Big Bang, understanding what happened at the Big Bang, and reconciling observations with the basic theory. In the past there was much discussion as to whether the Big Bang would need to be completely abandoned as a description of the universe, but such proponents of non-standard cosmology have become fewer in number over the last few decades. Cosmologists continue to calculate many of the parameters of the Big Bang to a new level of precision and hypot ...

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History of the Big Bang, History of the Big Bang - Prior to the 20th Century, History of the Big Bang - Early 20th Century, History of the Big Bang - Late 20th Century, History of the Big Bang - Future of the theory

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History of the Big Bang, History of the Big Bang - Prior to the 20th Century, History of the Big Bang - Early 20th Century, History of the Big Bang - Late 20th Century, History of the Big Bang - Future of the theory

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The Big Bang theory developed from observations and theoretical considerations. Observationally, it was determined that most spiral nebulae were receding from Earth, but those who made the observation weren't aware of the cosmological implications, nor that the supposed nebulae were actually galaxies outside our own Milky Way. In 1927, the Belgian Catholic priest Georges Lemaître independently derived the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker equations and proposed, on the basis of the recession of spiral nebulae, that the Universe began with the "explosion" of a "primeval atom"†...

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Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

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In physical cosmology, the Big Bang is the scientific theory that the Universe emerged from an enormously dense and hot state about 13.7 billion years ago. The Big Bang is a consequence of the observed Hubble's law velocities of distant galaxies that when taken together with the cosmological principle imply that space is expanding according to the Friedmann-Lemaître model of general relativity. Extrapolated into the past, these observations show that the Universe has expanded from a primeval state, in which all the matter and energy ...

Including:

Big Bang - History Big Bang - Overview Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings Big Bang - Observational evidence
Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution
Big Bang - Features issues and problems
Big Bang - Horizon problem Big Bang - Flatness problem Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry Big Bang - Globular cluster age Big Bang - Dark matter Big Bang - Dark energy
Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

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A number of problems have arisen within the Big Bang theory throughout its history. Some of them are mainly of historical interest today, and have been avoided either through modifications to the theory or as the result of better observations. Other issues, such as the cuspy halo problem and the dwarf galaxy problem of cold dark matter, are not considered to be fatal as they can be addressed through refinements of the theory. There are a small number of proponents of non-standard cosmologies who doubt that there was a Big Bang at all. ...

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Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features, issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

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Based on measurements of the expansion of the Universe using Type Ia supernovae, measurements of the lumpiness of the cosmic microwave background, and measurements of the correlation function of galaxies, the Universe has a calculated age of 13.7 ± 0.2 billion years. The agreement of these three independent measurements is considered strong evidence for the so-called ΛCDM model that describes the detailed na ...

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Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features, issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

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It is generally stated that there are three observational pillars that support the Big Bang theory of cosmology. These are the Hubble-type expansion seen in the redshifts of galaxies, the detailed measurements of the cosmic microwave background, and the abundance of light elements. (See Big Bang nucleosynthesis.) Additionally, the observed correlation function of large-scale structure of the cosmos fits well with standard Big Bang theory. Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion. Main articleSee also:

Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features, issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

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The Big Bang theory developed from observations and theoretical considerations. Observationally, it was determined that most spiral nebulae were receding from Earth, but those who made the observation weren't aware of the cosmological implications, nor that the supposed nebulae were actually galaxies outside our own Milky Way. In 1927, the Belgian Catholic priest Georges Lemaître independently derived the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker equations and proposed, on the basis of the recession of spiral nebulae, that the Universe began wit ...

See also:

Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features, issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

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Before observations of dark energy, cosmologists considered two scenarios for the future of the Universe. If the mass density of the universe is above the critical density, then the Universe would reach a maximum size and then begin to collapse. It would become denser and hotter again, ending with a state that was similar to that in which it started—a Big Crunch. Alternatively, if the density in the Universe is equal to or below the critical density, the expansion would slow down, but never stop. Star formation would cease as the Universe ...

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Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features, issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

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As it stands today, the Big Bang is dependent on three assumptions: The universality of physical laws The cosmological principle The Copernican principle When first developed, these ideas were simply taken as postulates, but today there are efforts underway to test each of them. Tests of the universality of physical laws have found that the largest possible deviation of the fine structure constant over the age of the Universe is of order 10-5. The isotropy of the Universe that defines t ...

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Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features, issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

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The Big Bang theory developed from observations and theoretical considerations. Observationally, it was determined that most spiral nebulae were receding from Earth, but those who made the observation weren't aware of the cosmological implications, nor that the supposed nebulae were actually galaxies outside our own Milky Way. In 1927, the Belgian Catholic priest Georges Lemaître independently derived the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker equations and proposed, on the basis of the recession of spiral nebulae, that the Universe began with the "explosion" of a "primeval atom"†...

See also:

Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features, issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

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While the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. Little is known about the earliest Universe, when inflation is hypothesized to have occurred. There may also be parts of the Universe well beyond what can be observed in principle. In the case of inflation this is required: exponential expansion has pushed large regions of space beyond our observable horizon. It may be possible to deduce what happened when we better understand physics at very high energy scales. Sp ...

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Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features, issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

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It is generally stated that there are three observational pillars that support the Big Bang theory of cosmology. These are the Hubble-type expansion seen in the redshifts of galaxies, the detailed measurements of the cosmic microwave background, and the abundance of light elements. (See Big Bang nucleosynthesis.) Additionally, the observed correlation function of large-scale structure of the cosmos fits well with standard Big Bang theory. ...

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Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features, issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

Read more here: » Big Bang: Encyclopedia II - Big Bang - Observational evidence

The Big Bang theory developed from observations and theoretical considerations. Observationally, it was determined that most spiral nebulae were receding from Earth, but those who made the observation weren't aware of the cosmological implications, nor that the supposed nebulae were actually galaxies outside our own Milky Way. In 1927, the Belgian Catholic priest Georges Lemaître independently derived the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker equations and proposed, on the basis of the recession of spiral nebulae, that the Universe began wit ...

See also:

Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

Read more here: » Big Bang: Encyclopedia II - Big Bang - History

The Big Bang theory developed from observations and theoretical considerations. Observationally, it was determined that most spiral nebulae were receding from Earth, but those who made the observation weren't aware of the cosmological implications, nor that the supposed nebulae were actually galaxies outside our own Milky Way. In 1927, the Belgian Catholic priest Georges Lemaître independently derived the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker equations and proposed, on the basis of the recession of spiral nebulae, th ...

See also:

Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

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In physical cosmology, the Big Bang is the scientific theory that the Universe emerged from an enormously dense and hot state about 13.7 billion years ago. The Big Bang is a consequence of the observed Hubble's law velocities of distant galaxies that when taken together with the cosmological principle imply that space is expanding according to the Friedmann-Lemaître model of general relativity. Extrapolated into the past, these observations show that the Universe has expanded from a primeval state, in which all the matter and energy ...

Including:

Big Bang - History Big Bang - Overview Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings Big Bang - Observational evidence
Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution
Big Bang - Features, issues and problems
Big Bang - Horizon problem Big Bang - Flatness problem Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry Big Bang - Globular cluster age Big Bang - Dark matter Big Bang - Dark energy
Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

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edit In cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (or primordial nucleosynthesis) refers to the production of nuclei other than H-1, the normal, light hydrogen, during the early phases of the universe, shortly after the Big Bang. It is believed to be responsible for the formation of hydrogen (H-1 or H), its isotope deuterium (H-2 or D), the helium isotopes He-3 and He-4, and the lithium isotope Li-7. Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Sequence of BBN. Big Bang nucleosynthesis begins about one ...

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Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Sequence of BBN
Big Bang nucleosynthesis - History of Big Bang nucleosynthesis Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Heavy elements Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Helium-4 Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Deuterium
Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Status and Implications of BBN Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Non-standard BBN

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edit In cosmology, the cosmic microwave background radiation (most often abbreviated CMB but occasionally CMBR, CBR or MBR) is a form of electromagnetic radiation discovered in 1965. It has a thermal black-body spectrum which peaks in the microwave range. Most cosmologists consider the cosmic microwave background radiation to be the best evidence for the hot big bang model of the universe. Cosmic microwave background radiation - Features. The cosmic microwav ...

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Cosmic microwave background radiation - Features Cosmic microwave background radiation - History Cosmic microwave background radiation - Relationship to the Big Bang
Cosmic microwave background radiation - Temperature Cosmic microwave background radiation - Primary anisotropy Cosmic microwave background radiation - Polarization Cosmic microwave background radiation - Secondary anisotropy
Cosmic microwave background radiation - Microwave background observations
Cosmic microwave background radiation - Analyses Cosmic microwave background radiation - Low multipoles

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History of creationism Creation in Genesis Types of creationism: Young Earth creationism - Creation science Old Earth creationism Omphalos creationism Theistic evolution Neo-Creationism Islamic creationism Intelligent design - Intelligent design movement Modern geocentrism Controversy: Creation vs. evolution ... in public educati ...

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Creationist cosmologies - Arguments no longer used by creationists
Creationist cosmologies - Inaccurate astronomy Creationist cosmologies - Light created in transit
Creationist cosmologies - Arguments currently used by creationists
Creationist cosmologies - Problems with the Big Bang Creationist cosmologies - Time dilation makes the remote parts of the universe older than the local universe Creationist cosmologies - c decay Creationist cosmologies - Genesis as a history only of the creation of the Earth

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An atom (Greek άτομον from ά: non and τομον: divisible) is a submicroscopic structure found in all ordinary matter. It is the smallest unit of an element to retain all the chemical properties of that element. The word atom originally meant a smallest possible particle of matter, not further divisible. Later, the objects that had been called atoms were found to be further divisible into smaller subatomic particles, but the word a ...

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Atom - Properties of the atom
Atom - Subatomic particles Atom - Atomic forces Atom - Atom size and speed Atom - Elements isotopes and ions Atom - Valence and bonding Atom - Atomic spectrum
Atom - Atoms and antimatter Atom - Atoms and the Big Bang Atom - History of atomic theory Atom - Study of atoms

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