bicycle helmet

Cycling is a recreation, a sport, and a means of transport across land. It involves riding bicycles, unicycles, tricycles, and other human powered vehicles (HPVs). As a sport it is governed internationally by the Union Cycliste Internationale in Switzerland (for upright bicycles) and by the International Human Powered Vehicle Association (for other HPVs). Cycling for transport and touring is promoted on a European level by the European Cyclists' Federation, and regular conferences are held under the auspices of Velo City, whereas glob ...

Including:

• Cycling - Getting started
• Cycling - Organized rides and races

Read more here: » Cycling: Encyclopedia - Cycling

Cycling Bicycle racing Recreational cycling Utility cycling encompasses any cycling not done primarily for fitness, recreation such as bicycle touring, or sport such as bicycle racing, but simply as a means of transport. It generally involves travelling short and medium distances (several kilometres). It includes commuting, going to school, high school or college, making errands, and delivering goods or services. In cities, freight bicycles are capable of competing with trucks and vans particularly where many small ...

Including:

• Utility cycling - A cyclist's equipment and the bicycle
• Utility cycling - Factors that influence levels of utility cycling
• Utility cycling - Town planning
• Utility cycling - Cycling infrastructure
• Utility cycling - Trip-end facilities
• Utility cycling - Counter-theft arrangements
• Utility cycling - Marketing: The public image of cycling
• Utility cycling - Retail policy
• Utility cycling - Integration with other transport modes
• Utility cycling - Training bicyclists
• Utility cycling - User associations
• Utility cycling - Free bicycle/Short term hire schemes
• Utility cycling - Notes

Read more here: » Utility cycling: Encyclopedia - Utility cycling

A bicycle, or bike, is a pedal-driven land vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. First introduced in 19th-century Europe, bicycles evolved quickly into their familiar, current design. Numbering over 1,000,000,000 in the world today, bicycles provide the principal means of transportation in many regions and a popular form of recreational transport in others. To distinguish a bicycle from a mot ...

Including:

• Bicycle - History
• Bicycle - Technical aspects
• Bicycle - Legal requirements
• Bicycle - Construction and parts
• Bicycle - Performance
• Bicycle - Bicycle physics
• Bicycle - Social and historical aspects
• Bicycle - Economic and social implications
• Bicycle - Bicycles at work
• Bicycle - Bicycle recreation
• Bicycle - Bicycles and war
• Bicycle - Bicycle racing
• Bicycle - Modal share: cycle use in modern cities
• Bicycle - Cycling activism
• Bicycle - Types of bicycle
• Bicycle - Standards
• Bicycle - Notes

Read more here: » Bicycle: Encyclopedia - Bicycle

Interventions take many forms. Road safety - Road design. On neighborhood roads where many vulnerable road users, such as pedestrians and bicyclists (both young and old) can be found, traffic calming can be a tool for road safety. Shared space schemes, which rely on human instincts and interactions, such as eye contact, for their effectiveness, and are characterised by the removal of traditional traffic signals and signs, and even by the removal of the distinction between carriageway (roadway) and footway (sidewalk), are also becoming increasingly popular. ...

See also:

Road safety, Road safety - History, Road safety - Defining the problem, Road safety - The scale of the problem, Road safety - Interventions, Road safety - Road design, Road safety - Drivers and vehicles, Road safety - Other road users, Road safety - Criticisms

Read more here: » Road safety: Encyclopedia II - Road safety - Interventions

Bicycle - Legal requirements. The 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic considers a bicycle to be a vehicle, and a person controlling a bicycle is considered a driver. The traffic codes of many countries reflect these definitions and demand that a bicycle satisfy certain legal requirements, including licencing, before it can be used on public roads. In many jurisdictions it is an offence to use a bicycle that is not in roadworthy condition and which does not have functioning front and rear brakes. In some places ...

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Bicycle, Bicycle - History, Bicycle - Technical aspects, Bicycle - Legal requirements, Bicycle - Construction and parts, Bicycle - Performance, Bicycle - Bicycle physics, Bicycle - Social and historical aspects, Bicycle - Economic and social implications, Bicycle - Bicycles at work, Bicycle - Bicycle recreation, Bicycle - Bicycles and war, Bicycle - Bicycle racing, Bicycle - Modal share: cycle use in modern cities, Bicycle - Cycling activism, Bicycle - Types of bicycle, Bicycle - Standards, Bicycle - Notes

Read more here: » Bicycle: Encyclopedia II - Bicycle - Technical aspects

Road bicycles range in price from fifty US dollars to thousands of US dollars depending mostly on weight, and quality. The lightest bikes weigh around 7 kg (15 lb) and are the most expensive. For most, a good starting bike would be in the range of 9-10 kg (20-22 lb)(stripped down weight, no accessories) and would cost just under US$1,000 in the United States; most likely it will have been manufactured in East Asia, although its actual brand name may be European or American. Basic serviceable second-hand bicycles can be bought for US$50-150 o ...

See also:

Cycling, Cycling - Getting started, Cycling - Organized rides and races

Read more here: » Cycling: Encyclopedia II - Cycling - Getting started

While the 'gold standard' in terms of study design is the double blind prospective randomized controlled trial, followed by the cohort study, in order to study infrequent events using either of these techniques a very large population must be tracked to see a large enough number of cases; if the event may take a long time to develop, this large population must also be tracked for many years, leading to many 'drop-outs' from the study. The expense involved is too large to permit this methodology t ...

See also:

Case-control, Case-control - Case-control studies, Case-control - Study methodology, Case-control - Comparison with cross-sectional studies, Case-control - Problems with case-control studies, Case-control - Conclusion

Read more here: » Case-control: Encyclopedia II - Case-control - Case-control studies

Open celled metal foams have a structure similar to open-celled polyurethane foams and have a wide variety of applications including heat exchangers (compact electronics cooling, cryogen tanks, PCM heat exchangers), energy absorption, flow diffusion and lightweight optics. Manufacturers include ERG Aerospace, Metal Foam Korea, M-Pore, Porvair and Recemat. Due to the high cost of the material it is most typically used in advanced technology aerospace and manufacturing. Extremely fine-scale open-cell foams, with cells too small to be visible to the naked eye, are used as high-temperature filters in the chemical industry. M ...

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Metal foam, Metal foam - Open-cell metal foams, Metal foam - Closed-cell metal foams

Read more here: » Metal foam: Encyclopedia II - Metal foam - Open-cell metal foams

Fabio Casartelli showed great promise as an amateur competitive cyclist. He had many important wins and placings between 1990 and 1992, climaxing in winning a gold medal in the 1992 Summer Olympics road race. He finished the 194 km race in 4:35:21, 1 second ahead of the silver medalist Erik Dekker of the Netherlands and 3 seconds ahead of bronze medalist Dainis Ozols of Latvia. Fabio Casartelli - Amateur victories. Trofia Sironi Monte Carlo-Alassio Gemeli Meda Coppa Casale

Protective clothing - Hand protection. . gloves Gloves to protect from contamination and infection (e.g. disposable latex/vinyl/nitrile gloves) Gloves to protect from extremes of temperature (e.g. oven gloves, welder's gloves) Gloves to protect from mechanical hazards (e.g. rigger gloves, chainmail gloves) Gloves to prevent lacerations and other wounds from sharp objects Protective clothing - Hea ...

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Protective clothing, Protective clothing - Examples of protective clothing/personal protective equipment, Protective clothing - Hand protection, Protective clothing - Hearing protection, Protective clothing - Eye protection, Protective clothing - Respiratory protection, Protective clothing - Protective headgear, Protective clothing - Protective footwear, Protective clothing - Other personal protective equipment PPE

Read more here: » Protective clothing: Encyclopedia II - Protective clothing - Examples of protective clothing/personal protective equipment

Many different factors combine to influence levels of utility cycling. In developing economies, large numbers of utility cyclists may be seen simply because the bicycle represents the most affordable form of transport available to many people. In richer countries, where people can afford to avail of a mixture of transport types, a complex interplay of other factors influences the level of bicycle use. In developed countries cycling has to compete with, and work with, alternative transport modes: walking, public transport and private car use. ...

See also:

Utility cycling, Utility cycling - A cyclist's equipment and the bicycle, Utility cycling - Factors that influence levels of utility cycling, Utility cycling - Town planning, Utility cycling - Cycling infrastructure, Utility cycling - Trip-end facilities, Utility cycling - Counter-theft arrangements, Utility cycling - Marketing: The public image of cycling, Utility cycling - Retail policy, Utility cycling - Integration with other transport modes, Utility cycling - Training bicyclists, Utility cycling - User associations, Utility cycling - Free bicycle/Short term hire schemes, Utility cycling - Notes

Read more here: » Utility cycling: Encyclopedia II - Utility cycling - Factors that influence levels of utility cycling

Road bicycles range in price from fifty dollars to thousands of dollars depending mostly on weight. The lightest bikes weigh around 15 lb and are the most expensive. For most, a good starting bike would be in the range of 18-22 lb and would cost just under US$1000 in the United States, and most likely it was manufactured in East Asia. Serviceable second-hand bicycles can be bought for US$50-150 o ...

See also:

Cycling, Cycling - Getting started, Cycling - Organized rides and races

Read more here: » Cycling: Encyclopedia II - Cycling - Getting started

List of hats and headgear - Hats commonly worn today. Akubra hat Alpine hat Baseball cap beret bucket hat fedora Panama, also jipijapa slouch hat, also digger hat, Australian slouch hat straw hat Stetson Suma cap Tyrolean hat List of hats and headgear - ...

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List of hats and headgear, List of hats and headgear - Hats, List of hats and headgear - Hats commonly worn today, List of hats and headgear - Hats worn in the past or rarely worn today, List of hats and headgear - Caps, List of hats and headgear - Caps commonly worn today, List of hats and headgear - Caps worn by men in the past, List of hats and headgear - Caps worn by women in the past, List of hats and headgear - Caps worn only by nobility and only on ceremonial occasions, List of hats and headgear - Bonnets, List of hats and headgear - Bonnets for women, List of hats and headgear - Bonnets for men, List of hats and headgear - Helmets, List of hats and headgear - Hoods, List of hats and headgear - Headscarves wimples, List of hats and headgear - Masks veils and headgear which covers the face, List of hats and headgear - Other headdresses, List of hats and headgear - Women, List of hats and headgear - Men, List of hats and headgear - Jeweled, List of hats and headgear - Wigs, List of hats and headgear - Headgear organised by function, List of hats and headgear - Religious, List of hats and headgear - Military and police, List of hats and headgear - Officials and civil workers, List of hats and headgear - Other specialist headgear, List of hats and headgear - National dress; association with a country or people

Read more here: » List of hats and headgear: Encyclopedia II - List of hats and headgear - Hats

No single time or person can be identified with the invention of the bicycle. Its earliest known forebears were called velocipedes, and included many types of human-powered vehicles. One of these, the scooter-like dandy horse of the French Comte de Sivrac, dating to 1790, was long cited as the earliest bicycle. Most bicycle historians now believe that these hobby-horses with no steering mechanism probably n ...

See also:

Bicycle, Bicycle - History, Bicycle - Technical aspects, Bicycle - Legal requirements, Bicycle - Construction and parts, Bicycle - Performance, Bicycle - Bicycle physics, Bicycle - Social and historical aspects, Bicycle - Economic and social implications, Bicycle - Bicycles at work, Bicycle - Bicycle recreation, Bicycle - Bicycles and war, Bicycle - Bicycle racing, Bicycle - Modal share: cycle use in modern cities, Bicycle - Cycling activism, Bicycle - Types of bicycle, Bicycle - Standards, Bicycle - Notes

Read more here: » Bicycle: Encyclopedia II - Bicycle - History

One major disadvantage of case-control studies is that they do not give any indication of the absolute risk of the factor in question. For instance, a case-control study may tell you that a certain behavior might increase the risk of death tenfold, which sounds alarming; but it would not tell you that the actual risk of death would change from one in ten million to one in one million, which is quite a bit less alarming. For that information, ...

See also:

Case-control, Case-control - Case-control studies, Case-control - Study methodology, Case-control - Comparison with cross-sectional studies, Case-control - Problems with case-control studies, Case-control - Conclusion

Read more here: » Case-control: Encyclopedia II - Case-control - Problems with case-control studies

Casartelli began his career in 1993 as a professional cyclist with the team Ariostea. He won a stage in the Settimana Bergamasca race, had a second placing in a stage of the Tour of Switzerland and finished the Giro d'Italia. In 1994 he moved to team ZG-Mobili. For his third professional year, he moved to Team Motorola. He placed sixth in the Spanish Clásica de Almería and third in the second stage of the Spanish Tour of Murcia. Casartelli was selected to represent his team for the 1995 Tour de France along with Alvaro Mejia, Frankie Andreu, Lance Armstrong, Steve Bauer, ...

See also:

Fabio Casartelli, Fabio Casartelli - Amateur career, Fabio Casartelli - Amateur victories, Fabio Casartelli - Professional Career, Fabio Casartelli - Teams and Professional results, Fabio Casartelli - Death

Read more here: » Fabio Casartelli: Encyclopedia II - Fabio Casartelli - Professional Career

Closed-cell metal foams have been developed since about 1990, and are commonly made by injecting a gas or foaming agent into molten metal. The size of the pores - or 'cell size' is usually between 1mm and 8mm. Closed-cell metal foams are primarily used as an impact-absorbing material, similarly to the polymer foams in a bicycle helmet but for higher impact loads. Unlike many polymer foams metal foams remain deformed after impact, and can therefore only be used once. They are light (typically 10% of the density of the metal they are ma ...

See also:

Metal foam, Metal foam - Open-cell metal foams, Metal foam - Closed-cell metal foams

Read more here: » Metal foam: Encyclopedia II - Metal foam - Closed-cell metal foams

List of hats and headgear - Caps commonly worn today. baseball cap beanie or skully beret borsalino flat cap, also "cloth cap," "driver cap," "golf cap," or "windsor cap" Gatsby cap, also "newsboy cap" kepi skullcap tam taqiyah, also tagiyah tuque yarmulke, also skull cap, Jewish traditional nasaq, the crocheted head ...

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List of hats and headgear, List of hats and headgear - Hats, List of hats and headgear - Hats commonly worn today, List of hats and headgear - Hats worn in the past or rarely worn today, List of hats and headgear - Caps, List of hats and headgear - Caps commonly worn today, List of hats and headgear - Caps worn by men in the past, List of hats and headgear - Caps worn by women in the past, List of hats and headgear - Caps worn only by nobility and only on ceremonial occasions, List of hats and headgear - Bonnets, List of hats and headgear - Bonnets for women, List of hats and headgear - Bonnets for men, List of hats and headgear - Helmets, List of hats and headgear - Hoods, List of hats and headgear - Headscarves wimples, List of hats and headgear - Masks veils and headgear which covers the face, List of hats and headgear - Other headdresses, List of hats and headgear - Women, List of hats and headgear - Men, List of hats and headgear - Jeweled, List of hats and headgear - Wigs, List of hats and headgear - Headgear organised by function, List of hats and headgear - Religious, List of hats and headgear - Military and police, List of hats and headgear - Officials and civil workers, List of hats and headgear - Other specialist headgear, List of hats and headgear - National dress; association with a country or people

Read more here: » List of hats and headgear: Encyclopedia II - List of hats and headgear - Caps

Many cycling clubs hold organized rides and races varying that bicyclists of all types compete in. The typical organized race/ride starts with a large group of riders. This will thin out over the course of the ride. Many riders choose to ride together in groups of the same skill level to take advantage of drafting practices. Most organized rides include registration requirements and will provide information either through the mail or online concerning start times and other requirements. Rides usually consist of 25, 50 and 100 mile routes, each with a certain number of rest stops that usually i ...

See also:

Cycling, Cycling - Getting started, Cycling - Organized rides and races

Read more here: » Cycling: Encyclopedia II - Cycling - Organized rides and races

The standard measures used in assessing road safety interventions are fatalities and Killed or Seriously Injured (KSI) rates, usually per billion passenger kilometres. Speed is a key goal of modern road design, but impact speed determines the severity of injury to both occupants and pedestrians. For occupants, Joksch (1993) found the probability of death for drivers in multi-vehicle accidents increased as the fourth power of impact speed (often referred to by the mathematica ...

See also:

Road safety, Road safety - History, Road safety - Defining the problem, Road safety - The scale of the problem, Road safety - Interventions, Road safety - Road design, Road safety - Drivers and vehicles, Road safety - Other road users, Road safety - Criticisms

Read more here: » Road safety: Encyclopedia II - Road safety - Defining the problem