Bibracte was the capital of the Aedui in the Iron Age, one of the most important hillforts in Gaul. It is situated near modern Autun in Burgundy, France. In 58 BC at the Battle of Bibracte, Julius Caesar's armies defeated the Helvetii 16 miles south of the fort. Today, important international excavations take place at the oppidum of Bibracte (Mont Beuvray), with teams from the universities of ...

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Battle of Alesia - Prelude Battle of Alesia - Siege and battle Battle of Alesia - Aftermath Battle of Alesia - Issues in historical reconstruction of the events

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Aedui, Haedui or Hedui (Gr. Aidouoi), are Gallic people of Gallia Lugdunensis, who inhabited the country between the Arar (Saone) and Liger (Loire), in today's France. The statement in Strabo (ii. 3. 192) that they dwelt between the Arar and Dubis (Doubs) is incorrect. Their territory thus included the greater part of the modern departments of Saône-et-Loire, Côte-d'Or and Nièvre. According to Livy (v. 34), they took part in the expedition of ...

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Alesia was a hill-top fort surrounded by river valleys, with strong defensive features. As a frontal assault would have been suicidal, Caesar decided upon a siege, hoping to force surrender by starvation. Considering that about 80,000 men were garrisoned in Alesia, together with the local civilian population, this would not take long. To guarantee a perfect blockade, Caesar ordered the construction of an encircling set of fortifications, called a circumvallation, around Alesia. The details of this engineering work are known from Caesar's ...

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Battle of Alesia, Battle of Alesia - Prelude, Battle of Alesia - Siege and battle, Battle of Alesia - Aftermath, Battle of Alesia - Issues in historical reconstruction of the events

Read more here: » Battle of Alesia: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Alesia - Siege and battle

List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Palaeolithic. Barnfield Pit, Kent, Great Britain Bilzingsleben, Thuringia, Germany. Clactonian Boxgrove, East Sussex, Great Britain. Clacton-on-Sea, Great Britain. Clactonian Vértesszölös, Hungary Baile Herculane, Romania, middle Palaeolithic as well as Mesolithic Creswell Crags, Great Britain Königsaue, Germany Krapina, Croatia < ...

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List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Europe, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Palaeolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Mesolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Neolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Bronze Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Iron Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Roman/Greek Period, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Early Medieval, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Medieval, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Asia, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Palaeolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Mesolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Neolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Bronze Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Iron Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Greek and Roman Period, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Early Medieval, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Medieval, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Africa, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Palaeolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Iron Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Greek and Roman Period, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Americas, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Neolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Australia and Oceania, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Palaeolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Classical Period

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Main article: Early history of Switzerland. Archeological evidence suggests that hunter-gatherers settled in the lowlands north of the Alps already in the late Paleolithic. In the Neolithic period, the area was relatively densely populated. Remains of bronze age pile dwellings have been found in the shallow areas of many lakes. Around 1500 BC, Celtic tribes settled in the area. The Raetians lived in the easte ...

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History of Switzerland, History of Switzerland - Early history, History of Switzerland - Old Confederacy 1291–1523, History of Switzerland - Reformation 1523–1648, History of Switzerland - Ancien Régime 1648–1798, History of Switzerland - Napoleonic Era 1798–1848, History of Switzerland - Switzerland as a federal state 1848–1914, History of Switzerland - World Wars 1914–1945, History of Switzerland - After 1945, History of Switzerland - English Literature

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In Scandinavia, hill forts are fortifications from the Iron Age which may have had several functions. They are usually located on the crests of hills and mountains making use of precipices and marshes which worked as natural defenses. The crests' more accessible parts were defended with walls of stone and outer walls in the slopes beneath are common. Round and closed, so called, ring forts are common even on flat ground. The walls often have remaining parts of stone, which were probably the support of pales. They often have wel ...

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Hill fort, Hill fort - Scandinavia, Hill fort - Britain and Ireland, Hill fort - France, Hill fort - New Zealand, Hill fort - Examples

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Main article Switzerland as a federal state In 1847, a civil war broke out between the Catholic and the Protestant cantons (Sonderbundskrieg). Its immediate cause was a 'special treaty' (Sonderbund) of the Catholic cantons. It lasted for less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties. Apart from small riots, this was the latest armed conflict on Swiss territory. As a consequence of the civil war, Switzerland adopted a federal constitution in 1848, amending it extensively in 1874 and establishing feder ...

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History of Switzerland, History of Switzerland - Early history, History of Switzerland - Old Confederacy 1291–1523, History of Switzerland - Reformation 1523–1648, History of Switzerland - Ancien Régime 1648–1798, History of Switzerland - Napoleonic Era 1798–1848, History of Switzerland - Switzerland as a federal state 1848–1914, History of Switzerland - World Wars 1914–1945, History of Switzerland - After 1945, History of Switzerland - English Literature

Read more here: » History of Switzerland: Encyclopedia II - History of Switzerland - Switzerland as a federal state 1848–1914

Main article: Switzerland in the Napoleonic era During the French Revolutionary Wars, the revolutionary armies boiled eastward, enveloping Switzerland in their battles against Austria. In 1798 Switzerland was completely overrun by the French and became the Helvetic Republic. The Helvetic Republic encountered severe economic and political problems. In 1798 the country became a battlefield of the Revolutionary Wars. In 1803 Napoleon's Act of Mediation partially restored the sovereignty of the cantons, and the former tributary and allied territories of Aargau, Thurgau, ...

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History of Switzerland, History of Switzerland - Early history, History of Switzerland - Old Confederacy 1291–1523, History of Switzerland - Reformation 1523–1648, History of Switzerland - Ancien Régime 1648–1798, History of Switzerland - Napoleonic Era 1798–1848, History of Switzerland - Switzerland as a federal state 1848–1914, History of Switzerland - World Wars 1914–1945, History of Switzerland - After 1945, History of Switzerland - English Literature

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Main article Switzerland during the World Wars. During both World War I and World War II, Switzerland managed to keep a stance of armed neutrality, and was not involved militarily. It was, however, precisely because of its neutral status, of considerable interest to all parties involved, as the scene for diplomacy, espionage, commerce, and as safe haven for refugees. The 1917 Dada movement of Zurich was essentially a cultural reaction to the war, initiated by exiles. Lenin was also exiled in Zürich, from where he travelled directly to Petrograd to lead the Russi ...

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History of Switzerland, History of Switzerland - Early history, History of Switzerland - Old Confederacy 1291–1523, History of Switzerland - Reformation 1523–1648, History of Switzerland - Ancien Régime 1648–1798, History of Switzerland - Napoleonic Era 1798–1848, History of Switzerland - Switzerland as a federal state 1848–1914, History of Switzerland - World Wars 1914–1945, History of Switzerland - After 1945, History of Switzerland - English Literature

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Main article: Ancien Régime of Switzerland. At the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, Switzerland attained legal independence from the Holy Roman Empire. The Valtellina became a dependency of the Drei Bünde again after the Treaty and remained so until the founding of the Cisalpine Republic by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1797. In 1653, peasants of territories subject to Lucerne, Berne, Solothurn and Basel revolted because of currency devaluation (Bauernkrieg). The rebels laid siege to Lucerne and Berne, but a comprom ...

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History of Switzerland, History of Switzerland - Early history, History of Switzerland - Old Confederacy 1291–1523, History of Switzerland - Reformation 1523–1648, History of Switzerland - Ancien Régime 1648–1798, History of Switzerland - Napoleonic Era 1798–1848, History of Switzerland - Switzerland as a federal state 1848–1914, History of Switzerland - World Wars 1914–1945, History of Switzerland - After 1945, History of Switzerland - English Literature

Read more here: » History of Switzerland: Encyclopedia II - History of Switzerland - Ancien Régime 1648–1798

Main articles Modern history of Switzerland, Politics of Switzerland. After the war, Swiss authorities considered the construction of a Swiss nuclear bomb. Leading nuclear physicists at the Federal Institute of Technology such as Paul Scherrer made this a realistic possibility, and in 1958 the population clearly voted in favour of the bomb. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968 was seen as a vali ...

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History of Switzerland, History of Switzerland - Early history, History of Switzerland - Old Confederacy 1291–1523, History of Switzerland - Reformation 1523–1648, History of Switzerland - Ancien Régime 1648–1798, History of Switzerland - Napoleonic Era 1798–1848, History of Switzerland - Switzerland as a federal state 1848–1914, History of Switzerland - World Wars 1914–1945, History of Switzerland - After 1945, History of Switzerland - English Literature

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Julius Caesar had been in Gaul since 58 BC. It was customary for consuls, Rome's highest elected officials, at the end of their consular year, to be appointed governor of one of Rome's provinces by the Roman Senate, and following his first consulship in 59 BC, Caesar was appointed governor of Cisalpine Gaul (the region between the Alps, the Apennines and the Adriatic), and Transalpine Gaul ("Gaul beyond the Alps"). With a proconsular imperium, he ha ...

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Battle of Alesia, Battle of Alesia - Prelude, Battle of Alesia - Siege and battle, Battle of Alesia - Aftermath, Battle of Alesia - Issues in historical reconstruction of the events

Read more here: » Battle of Alesia: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Alesia - Prelude

Main article: Reformation in Switzerland. Huldrych Zwingli was elected priest of the Great Minster church in Zürich in 1518. Zwingli's Reformation of 1523 was supported by the magistrate and population of Zürich and led to significant changes in civil life and state matters in Zürich. The reformation was spread from Zürich to five other cantons of Switzerland, while the remaining five sternly held onto the Roman Catholic faith, leading to inter-cantonal wars (Kappeler Kr ...

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History of Switzerland, History of Switzerland - Early history, History of Switzerland - Old Confederacy 1291–1523, History of Switzerland - Reformation 1523–1648, History of Switzerland - Ancien Régime 1648–1798, History of Switzerland - Napoleonic Era 1798–1848, History of Switzerland - Switzerland as a federal state 1848–1914, History of Switzerland - World Wars 1914–1945, History of Switzerland - After 1945, History of Switzerland - English Literature

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List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Palaeolithic. Chesowanya, Kenya Hadar, Ethiopia Kalambo Falls Laetoli, Tanzania (Pliocene) Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, lower Palaeolithic, Oldowan Omo, Ethiopia List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Iron Age. Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Carthage, Tunisia (Phoenician) Cyrene, Libya List of archaeological sites sorted by contin ...

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List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Europe, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Palaeolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Mesolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Neolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Bronze Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Iron Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Roman/Greek Period, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Early Medieval, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Medieval, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Asia, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Palaeolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Mesolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Neolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Bronze Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Iron Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Greek and Roman Period, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Early Medieval, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Medieval, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Africa, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Palaeolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Iron Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Greek and Roman Period, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Americas, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Neolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Australia and Oceania, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Palaeolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Classical Period

Read more here: » List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age: Encyclopedia II - List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Africa

List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Neolithic. Aztec Ruins National Monument, New Mexico, USA Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico, USA Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, New Mexico, USA Meadowcroft Rock Shelter, Pennsylvania, USA Pecos National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA Petroglyph National Monument, New Mexico, USA Snaketown, Arizona, USA Caho ...

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List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Europe, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Palaeolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Mesolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Neolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Bronze Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Iron Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Roman/Greek Period, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Early Medieval, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Medieval, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Asia, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Palaeolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Mesolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Neolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Bronze Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Iron Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Greek and Roman Period, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Early Medieval, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Medieval, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Africa, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Palaeolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Iron Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Greek and Roman Period, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Americas, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Neolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Australia and Oceania, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Palaeolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Classical Period

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Alesia proved to be the end of generalized and organized resistance to the Roman invasion of Gaul. The country was then subdued, becoming a Roman province and was eventually subdivided into several smaller administrative divisions. Not until the third century would another independence movement occur (see Gallic Empire). The garrison of Alesia was taken prisoner as well as the survivors of the relief army. They were either sold into slavery or given as booty to Caesar's legionaries, except for the members of the Aedui and Averni tribes, which were released and pardoned to secure t ...

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Battle of Alesia, Battle of Alesia - Prelude, Battle of Alesia - Siege and battle, Battle of Alesia - Aftermath, Battle of Alesia - Issues in historical reconstruction of the events

Read more here: » Battle of Alesia: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Alesia - Aftermath

Main article: Old Swiss Confederacy. In 1291, the cantons of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden conspired against the Habsburgs. Their union is recorded in the Federal Charter, a document probably written after the fact, in the 14th century. At the battles of Morgarten in 1315 and Sempach 1386, the Swiss defeated the Habsburg army and secured a de facto independence. By 1353, the three original cantons had been joined by the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the city states of Lucerne, Zürich and Berne, forming the "Old Federation ...

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History of Switzerland, History of Switzerland - Early history, History of Switzerland - Old Confederacy 1291–1523, History of Switzerland - Reformation 1523–1648, History of Switzerland - Ancien Régime 1648–1798, History of Switzerland - Napoleonic Era 1798–1848, History of Switzerland - Switzerland as a federal state 1848–1914, History of Switzerland - World Wars 1914–1945, History of Switzerland - After 1945, History of Switzerland - English Literature

Read more here: » History of Switzerland: Encyclopedia II - History of Switzerland - Old Confederacy 1291–1523

List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Palaeolithic. Berekhat Ram, Israel Zhoukoudian, China List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Mesolithic. Abu Hureyra, Syria List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Neolithic. Atlit Yam, Israel Çatalhöyük, Turkey Göbekli Tepe, Turkey J ...

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List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Europe, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Palaeolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Mesolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Neolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Bronze Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Iron Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Roman/Greek Period, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Early Medieval, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Medieval, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Asia, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Palaeolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Mesolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Neolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Bronze Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Iron Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Greek and Roman Period, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Early Medieval, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Medieval, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Africa, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Palaeolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Iron Age, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Greek and Roman Period, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Americas, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Neolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Australia and Oceania, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Palaeolithic, List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Classical Period

Read more here: » List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age: Encyclopedia II - List of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age - Asia