Williams was born in Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex, the only son of a civil servant. He was educated at Chigwell School and read Greats (Classics) at Balliol College, Oxford. After graduating in 1951 with the rare distinction of a congratulatory first-class honours degree, the highest award at this level in the British university system, he spent his year-long national service in the Royal Air Force (RAF), flying Spitfires in Canada. He met his future wife, Shirley Brittain-Catlin, the daughter of political scientist and philosopher George ...

See also:

Bernard Williams, Bernard Williams - His life, Bernard Williams - His moral philosophy, Bernard Williams - Critique of utilitarianism, Bernard Williams - Critique of Kantianism, Bernard Williams - Reasons for action, Bernard Williams - Williams' philosophical legacy, Bernard Williams - Books and papers by Bernard Williams

Read more here: » Bernard Williams: Encyclopedia II - Bernard Williams - His life

Thomas Nagel identified four different kinds of moral luck in his essay. The moral luck most relevant in the above example is resultant moral luck. Moral luck - Resultant moral luck. Resultant moral luck has to do with consequences of actions and situations. In the above example, both drivers were affected by resultant moral luck in that a particular set of circumstances turned out in two different ways – in one situation, a child appeared on the road, and in the other, did not. < ...

See also:

Moral luck, Moral luck - Responsibility and voluntarism, Moral luck - The problem of moral luck, Moral luck - Four types of moral luck, Moral luck - Resultant moral luck, Moral luck - Circumstantial moral luck, Moral luck - Constitutive moral luck, Moral luck - Causal moral luck, Moral luck - Two extremes, Moral luck - Alternatives, Moral luck - Conclusion

Read more here: » Moral luck: Encyclopedia II - Moral luck - Four types of moral luck

The phrase "cogito ergo sum" is not used in Descartes' most important work, the Meditations on First Philosophy, but the term "the cogito" is (often confusingly) used to refer to it. Descartes felt that this phrase, which he had used in his earlier Discourse, had been misleading in its implication that he was appealing to an inference, so he changed it to "I am, I exist" (also often called "the first certain ...

See also:

Cogito ergo sum, Cogito ergo sum - Introduction, Cogito ergo sum - Criticisms of the cogito, Cogito ergo sum - Williams's argument

Read more here: » Cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Cogito ergo sum - Introduction

Alasdair MacIntyre (born 1929) is a philosopher known most for his contributions to moral philosophy. He is currently a Senior Research Professor of Philosophy at The University of Notre Dame, Indiana. Academic philosophers, students and non-academic observers, who have made MacIntyre one of the most widely read contemporary philosophers, absorb his work primarily because he excels at presenting complicated and historically controversial philosophical challenges in simple to understand narratives where adversaries are compared by thei ...

Including:

• Alasdair MacIntyre - Selected works
• Alasdair MacIntyre - External link

Read more here: » Alasdair MacIntyre: Encyclopedia - Alasdair MacIntyre

1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). 1929 - Events. 1929 - January. January 2 - Canada and the United States agree on a plan to preserve Niagara Falls. January 9 - The Seeing Eye is established with the mission to train dogs to assist the blind (Nashville, Tennessee). January 10 - Tintin, a comic book character created by Hergé, makes his debut. He went on to be publishe ...

Including:

• 1929 - Events
• 1929 - January
• 1929 - February
• 1929 - March
• 1929 - May
• 1929 - June
• 1929 - July
• 1929 - August
• 1929 - September
• 1929 - October
• 1929 - November
• 1929 - December
• 1929 - Unknown dates
• 1929 - Births
• 1929 - January-March
• 1929 - April-June
• 1929 - July-September
• 1929 - October-December
• 1929 - Deaths
• 1929 - Nobel Prizes

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Broadly speaking, we tend to correlate, at least intuitively, responsibility and voluntary action. We assign the most blame to persons for their actions and the consequences they entail when we have good cause to believe that 1) the action was performed voluntarily and without outside coercion, and 2) the agent understood the full range of the consequences of his decisions and actions, as could have reasonably been foreseen ...

See also:

Moral luck, Moral luck - Responsibility and voluntarism, Moral luck - The problem of moral luck, Moral luck - Four types of moral luck, Moral luck - Resultant moral luck, Moral luck - Circumstantial moral luck, Moral luck - Constitutive moral luck, Moral luck - Causal moral luck, Moral luck - Two extremes, Moral luck - Alternatives, Moral luck - Conclusion

Read more here: » Moral luck: Encyclopedia II - Moral luck - Responsibility and voluntarism

René Descartes' Latin statement "cogito, ergo sum" (traditionally translated as "I think, therefore I am", but more accurately as "I am thinking, therefore I exist") is possibly the single best-known philosophical statement. "Cogito ergo sum" is a translation of Descartes' original French statement: "Je pense, donc je suis", which occurs in his Discourse on Method. Although the idea expressed by "cogito ergo sum" is most commonly associated with Descartes, it was present in many of his predecessors, especially Augustine of Hippo in De Civitate Dei (books XI, 26), who offers th ...

Including:

• Cogito ergo sum - Introduction
• Cogito ergo sum - Criticisms of the cogito
• Cogito ergo sum - Williams's argument

Read more here: » Cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia - Cogito ergo sum

All Souls College (in full: The College of All Souls of the Faithful Departed, of Oxford) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. All Souls is an oddity among Oxford colleges in that it has no students. Its members automatically become Fellows, i.e., full members of the College's governing body. Every year, the top finalists of the University are invited to sit the examination for fellowship of the College. About two are elected to fellowship each year. Fellowship of A ...

Including:

• All Souls College Oxford - History
• All Souls College Oxford - Customs
• All Souls College Oxford - Fellows
• All Souls College Oxford - Those who tried and were disappointed

Read more here: » All Souls College Oxford: Encyclopedia - All Souls College Oxford

Aristotle believed that ethical knowledge is not certain knowledge (like metaphysics and epistemology) but is general knowledge. Also, as it is not a theoretical discipline, he thought a person had to study in order to become "good." Thus, if a person was to become virtuous, they could not simply study what virtue is, they had to actually do virtuous activity. We are not studying in order to know what virtue is, but to become good, for otherwise there would be no profit in it. (NE 2.2) Including:

• Aristotelian ethics - Three Ethical Treatises
• Aristotelian ethics - Nicomachean ethics
• Aristotelian ethics - Influences of earlier Greek ethical systems
• Aristotelian ethics - Influence on later thinkers
• Aristotelian ethics - Criticisms

Read more here: » Aristotelian ethics: Encyclopedia - Aristotelian ethics

If we accept the notion of equating moral responsibility with voluntary action, however, moral luck becomes a problem. This problem is perhaps best illustrated by an example that many moral luck philosophers employ – that of a traffic accident. Suppose there are two truck drivers, Driver A, and Driver B. They are exactly alike in every single way, drive the same exact car, have the same driving schedule, have the same exact reaction time, and so forth. Let’s say that Driver A is driving down a road, following all legal driving req ...

See also:

Moral luck, Moral luck - Responsibility and voluntarism, Moral luck - The problem of moral luck, Moral luck - Four types of moral luck, Moral luck - Resultant moral luck, Moral luck - Circumstantial moral luck, Moral luck - Constitutive moral luck, Moral luck - Causal moral luck, Moral luck - Two extremes, Moral luck - Alternatives, Moral luck - Conclusion

Read more here: » Moral luck: Encyclopedia II - Moral luck - The problem of moral luck

Some philosophers, such as Susan Wolf, have tried to come up with “happy mediums” that strike a balance between rejecting moral luck outright and accepting it wholesale. Wolf introduced the notions of rationalist and irrationalist positions as part of such a reconciliation. The rationalist position, stated simply, is that equal fault deserves equal blame. Let us say that we have two drivers, both of whom failed to check their brakes before driving, and one of them runs over a pedestrian as a consequence while the other does not. T ...

See also:

Moral luck, Moral luck - Responsibility and voluntarism, Moral luck - The problem of moral luck, Moral luck - Four types of moral luck, Moral luck - Resultant moral luck, Moral luck - Circumstantial moral luck, Moral luck - Constitutive moral luck, Moral luck - Causal moral luck, Moral luck - Two extremes, Moral luck - Alternatives, Moral luck - Conclusion

Read more here: » Moral luck: Encyclopedia II - Moral luck - Alternatives

Moral luck entails two extreme outcomes, both of which seem intuitively unacceptable. If, one hand, we accept moral luck as a real phenomenon and accept it as a valid restriction on personal responsibility (and, consequently, the assignation of moral blame or praise), it is difficult to identify a situation where moral luck does not affect an event or an individual. Many, if not all, of the moral judgments that we engage in daily seem to become problematic, since any single action can be defended as having been affected by moral luck. ...

See also:

Moral luck, Moral luck - Responsibility and voluntarism, Moral luck - The problem of moral luck, Moral luck - Four types of moral luck, Moral luck - Resultant moral luck, Moral luck - Circumstantial moral luck, Moral luck - Constitutive moral luck, Moral luck - Causal moral luck, Moral luck - Two extremes, Moral luck - Alternatives, Moral luck - Conclusion

Read more here: » Moral luck: Encyclopedia II - Moral luck - Two extremes

2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Freshwater European Disability Year Blog Year 2003 - Events. 2003 - January. January 1 - Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. January 1 - Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in Switzerland. January 3 - The Ohio State Un ...

Including:

• 2003 - Events
• 2003 - January
• 2003 - February
• 2003 - March
• 2003 - April
• 2003 - May
• 2003 - June
• 2003 - July
• 2003 - August
• 2003 - September
• 2003 - October
• 2003 - November
• 2003 - December
• 2003 - Births
• 2003 - Deaths
• 2003 - January
• 2003 - February
• 2003 - March
• 2003 - April
• 2003 - May
• 2003 - June
• 2003 - July
• 2003 - August
• 2003 - September
• 2003 - October
• 2003 - November
• 2003 - December
• 2003 - Nobel Prizes
• 2003 - 2003 in Fiction

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List of philosophy anniversaries - 1. 1614: John Wilkins born. 1815: Charles Bernard Renouvier born. 1921: Ismail al-Faruqi born. List of philosophy anniversaries - 3. 106 BC: Cicero born. List of philosophy anniversaries - 4. 1786: Moses Mendelssohn dies. 1941: ...

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List of philosophy anniversaries, List of philosophy anniversaries - January, List of philosophy anniversaries - 1, List of philosophy anniversaries - 3, List of philosophy anniversaries - 4, List of philosophy anniversaries - 5, List of philosophy anniversaries - 6, List of philosophy anniversaries - 8, List of philosophy anniversaries - 9, List of philosophy anniversaries - 10, List of philosophy anniversaries - 11, List of philosophy anniversaries - 12, List of philosophy anniversaries - 13, List of philosophy anniversaries - 14, List of philosophy anniversaries - 16, List of philosophy anniversaries - 18, List of philosophy anniversaries - 19, List of philosophy anniversaries - 22, List of philosophy anniversaries - 23, List of philosophy anniversaries - 24, List of philosophy anniversaries - 25, List of philosophy anniversaries - 27, List of philosophy anniversaries - 29, List of philosophy anniversaries - 30, List of philosophy anniversaries - February, List of philosophy anniversaries - 1, List of philosophy anniversaries - 2, List of philosophy anniversaries - 3, List of philosophy anniversaries - 4, List of philosophy anniversaries - 8, List of philosophy anniversaries - 10, List of philosophy anniversaries - 11, List of philosophy anniversaries - 12, List of philosophy anniversaries - 14, List of philosophy anniversaries - 15, List of philosophy anniversaries - 16, List of philosophy anniversaries - 17, List of philosophy anniversaries - 18, List of philosophy anniversaries - 19, List of philosophy anniversaries - 20, List of philosophy anniversaries - 21, List of philosophy anniversaries - 22, List of philosophy anniversaries - 23, List of philosophy anniversaries - 26, List of philosophy anniversaries - 27, List of philosophy anniversaries - 28, List of philosophy anniversaries - March, List of philosophy anniversaries - 1, List of philosophy anniversaries - 2, List of philosophy anniversaries - 3, List of philosophy anniversaries - 4, List of philosophy anniversaries - 6, List of philosophy anniversaries - 7, List of philosophy anniversaries - 9, List of philosophy anniversaries - 10, List of philosophy anniversaries - 11, List of philosophy anniversaries - 12, List of philosophy anniversaries - 13, List of philosophy anniversaries - 14, List of philosophy anniversaries - 17, List of philosophy anniversaries - 18, List of philosophy anniversaries - 19, List of philosophy anniversaries - 20, List of philosophy anniversaries - 21, List of philosophy anniversaries - 22, List of philosophy anniversaries - 23, List of philosophy anniversaries - 25, List of philosophy anniversaries - 26, List of philosophy anniversaries - 27, List of philosophy anniversaries - 28, List of philosophy anniversaries - 29, List of philosophy anniversaries - 30, List of philosophy anniversaries - 31, List of philosophy anniversaries - April, List of philosophy anniversaries - 3, List of philosophy anniversaries - 4, List of philosophy anniversaries - 5, List of philosophy anniversaries - 6, List of philosophy anniversaries - 7, List of philosophy anniversaries - 8, List of philosophy anniversaries - 9, List of philosophy anniversaries - 10, List of philosophy anniversaries - 12, List of philosophy anniversaries - 13, List of philosophy anniversaries - 14, List of philosophy anniversaries - 15, List of philosophy anniversaries - 17, List of philosophy anniversaries - 18, List of philosophy anniversaries - 19, List of philosophy anniversaries - 20, List of philosophy anniversaries - 21, List of philosophy anniversaries - 22, List of philosophy anniversaries - 25, List of philosophy anniversaries - 26, List of philosophy anniversaries - 27, List of philosophy anniversaries - 28, List of philosophy anniversaries - 30, List of philosophy anniversaries - May, List of philosophy anniversaries - 1, List of philosophy anniversaries - 3, List of philosophy anniversaries - 4, List of philosophy anniversaries - 5, List of philosophy anniversaries - 6, List of philosophy anniversaries - 7, List of philosophy anniversaries - 8, List of philosophy anniversaries - 9, List of philosophy anniversaries - 10, List of philosophy anniversaries - 11, List of philosophy anniversaries - 12, List of philosophy anniversaries - 16, List of philosophy anniversaries - 17, List of philosophy anniversaries - 18, List of philosophy anniversaries - 19, List of philosophy anniversaries - 20, List of philosophy anniversaries - 21, List of philosophy anniversaries - 23, List of philosophy anniversaries - 24, List of philosophy anniversaries - 25, List of philosophy anniversaries - 26, List of philosophy anniversaries - 27, List of philosophy anniversaries - 28, List of philosophy anniversaries - 29, List of philosophy anniversaries - 30, List of philosophy anniversaries - 31, List of philosophy anniversaries - June, List of philosophy anniversaries - 1, List of philosophy anniversaries - 2, List of philosophy anniversaries - 4, List of philosophy anniversaries - 5, List of philosophy anniversaries - 6, List of philosophy anniversaries - 8, List of philosophy anniversaries - 10, List of philosophy anniversaries - 11, List of philosophy anniversaries - 13, List of philosophy anniversaries - 14, List of philosophy anniversaries - 16, List of philosophy anniversaries - 17, List of philosophy anniversaries - 18, List of philosophy anniversaries - 19, List of philosophy anniversaries - 20, List of philosophy anniversaries - 21, List of philosophy anniversaries - 22, List of philosophy anniversaries - 23, List of philosophy anniversaries - 24, List of philosophy anniversaries - 25, List of philosophy anniversaries - 26, List of philosophy anniversaries - 27, List of philosophy anniversaries - 28, List of philosophy anniversaries - 29, List of philosophy anniversaries - July, List of philosophy anniversaries - 1, List of philosophy anniversaries - 2, List of philosophy anniversaries - 3, List of philosophy anniversaries - 4, List of philosophy anniversaries - 5, List of philosophy anniversaries - 6, List of philosophy anniversaries - 7, List of philosophy anniversaries - 8, List of philosophy anniversaries - 9, List of philosophy anniversaries - 11, List of philosophy anniversaries - 12, List of philosophy anniversaries - 13, List of philosophy anniversaries - 14, List of philosophy anniversaries - 15, List of philosophy anniversaries - 17, List of philosophy anniversaries - 18, List of philosophy anniversaries - 20, List of philosophy anniversaries - 21, List of philosophy anniversaries - 23, List of philosophy anniversaries - 24, List of philosophy anniversaries - 25, List of philosophy anniversaries - 26, List of philosophy anniversaries - 27, List of philosophy anniversaries - 28, List of philosophy anniversaries - 29, List of philosophy anniversaries - 31, List of philosophy anniversaries - August, List of philosophy anniversaries - 1, List of philosophy anniversaries - 3, List of philosophy anniversaries - 4, List of philosophy anniversaries - 5, List of philosophy anniversaries - 6, List of philosophy anniversaries - 7, List of philosophy anniversaries - 8, List of philosophy anniversaries - 10, List of philosophy anniversaries - 12, List of philosophy anniversaries - 15, List of philosophy anniversaries - 18, List of philosophy anniversaries - 19, List of philosophy anniversaries - 20, List of philosophy anniversaries - 21, List of philosophy anniversaries - 23, List of philosophy anniversaries - 24, List of philosophy anniversaries - 25, List of philosophy anniversaries - 26, List of philosophy anniversaries - 27, List of philosophy anniversaries - 28, List of philosophy anniversaries - 29, List of philosophy anniversaries - 30, List of philosophy anniversaries - September, List of philosophy anniversaries - 1, List of philosophy anniversaries - 2, List of philosophy anniversaries - 3, List of philosophy anniversaries - 4, List of philosophy anniversaries - 5, List of philosophy anniversaries - 6, List of philosophy anniversaries - 7, List of philosophy anniversaries - 8, List of philosophy anniversaries - 9, List of philosophy anniversaries - 10, List of philosophy anniversaries - 11, List of philosophy anniversaries - 13, List of philosophy anniversaries - 14, List of philosophy anniversaries - 15, List of philosophy anniversaries - 16, List of philosophy anniversaries - 17, List of philosophy anniversaries - 18, List of philosophy anniversaries - 19, List of philosophy anniversaries - 20, List of philosophy anniversaries - 21, List of philosophy anniversaries - 22, List of philosophy anniversaries - 25, List of philosophy anniversaries - 26, List of philosophy anniversaries - 27, List of philosophy anniversaries - 28, List of philosophy anniversaries - 29, List of philosophy anniversaries - 30, List of philosophy anniversaries - October, List of philosophy anniversaries - 2, List of philosophy anniversaries - 4, List of philosophy anniversaries - 5, List of philosophy anniversaries - 6, List of philosophy anniversaries - 7, List of philosophy anniversaries - 8, List of philosophy anniversaries - 10, List of philosophy anniversaries - 11, List of philosophy anniversaries - 12, List of philosophy anniversaries - 13, List of philosophy anniversaries - 14, List of philosophy anniversaries - 15, List of philosophy anniversaries - 16, List of philosophy anniversaries - 17, List of philosophy anniversaries - 18, List of philosophy anniversaries - 20, List of philosophy anniversaries - 21, List of philosophy anniversaries - 22, List of philosophy anniversaries - 23, List of philosophy anniversaries - 24, List of philosophy anniversaries - 25, List of philosophy anniversaries - 26, List of philosophy anniversaries - 27, List of philosophy anniversaries - 28, List of philosophy anniversaries - 29, List of philosophy anniversaries - 30, List of philosophy anniversaries - 31, List of philosophy anniversaries - November, List of philosophy anniversaries - 2, List of philosophy anniversaries - 3, List of philosophy anniversaries - 4, List of philosophy anniversaries - 5, List of philosophy anniversaries - 7, List of philosophy anniversaries - 8, List of philosophy anniversaries - 9, List of philosophy anniversaries - 10, List of philosophy anniversaries - 11, List of philosophy anniversaries - 12, List of philosophy anniversaries - 13, List of philosophy anniversaries - 14, List of philosophy anniversaries - 15, List of philosophy anniversaries - 16, List of philosophy anniversaries - 19, List of philosophy anniversaries - 20, List of philosophy anniversaries - 21, List of philosophy anniversaries - 22, List of philosophy anniversaries - 24, List of philosophy anniversaries - 25, List of philosophy anniversaries - 27, List of philosophy anniversaries - 28, List of philosophy anniversaries - 29, List of philosophy anniversaries - December, List of philosophy anniversaries - 2, List of philosophy anniversaries - 4, List of philosophy anniversaries - 5, List of philosophy anniversaries - 6, List of philosophy anniversaries - 7, List of philosophy anniversaries - 8, List of philosophy anniversaries - 9, List of philosophy anniversaries - 10, List of philosophy anniversaries - 11, List of philosophy anniversaries - 12, List of philosophy anniversaries - 13, List of philosophy anniversaries - 14, List of philosophy anniversaries - 15, List of philosophy anniversaries - 16, List of philosophy anniversaries - 17, List of philosophy anniversaries - 18, List of philosophy anniversaries - 19, List of philosophy anniversaries - 20, List of philosophy anniversaries - 21, List of philosophy anniversaries - 22, List of philosophy anniversaries - 23, List of philosophy anniversaries - 24, List of philosophy anniversaries - 25, List of philosophy anniversaries - 26, List of philosophy anniversaries - 27, List of philosophy anniversaries - 28, List of philosophy anniversaries - 30, List of philosophy anniversaries - 31

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The football team plays an eight-game conference schedule, headlined by annual SEC Eastern division showdowns against Tennessee and Georgia, the latter being held in Jacksonville, Florida every year and dubbed "The World's Largest Outdoor Cocktail Party." The permanent SEC West team the Gators face every season is Louisiana State. In addition, the team has a yearly out-of-conference meeting with Florida State. The Gators had their first taste of long-term success in the mid-1960s, when Ray Graves set the team record for wins at Florid ...

See also:

Florida Gators, Florida Gators - Football, Florida Gators - Men's Basketball, Florida Gators - Women's Basketball, Florida Gators - Baseball, Florida Gators - Soccer, Florida Gators - Volleyball, Florida Gators - Women's Tennis, Florida Gators - Mascots, Florida Gators - All-Sports Rankings, Florida Gators - NACDA Directors’ Cup, Florida Gators - SEC All-Sports Trophy, Florida Gators - Prominent current and former athletes

Read more here: » Florida Gators: Encyclopedia II - Florida Gators - Football

In a series of books, especially The Language of Morals, Freedom and Reason, and Moral Thinking, Hare gave shape to a theory that he called universal prescriptivism. According to this, moral terms such as 'good', 'ought' and 'right' have two logical or semantic properties: universalizability and prescriptivity. By the former, he meant that moral judgments must identify the situation they describe according to a finite set of universal terms, excluding proper names, but not definite descriptions. By the latter, he meant m ...

See also:

R. M. Hare, R. M. Hare - Biography, R. M. Hare - Influences, R. M. Hare - Universal prescriptivism, R. M. Hare - Example, R. M. Hare - Importance of specificity, R. M. Hare - Relativism, R. M. Hare - Hare in applied ethics

Read more here: » R. M. Hare: Encyclopedia II - R. M. Hare - Universal prescriptivism

Note O: - For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy, see his/her entry in The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press; 1995. ISBN 0198661320 Note R: - For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy, see his/her entry in the Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge; 2000. ISBN 0415223644 ...

See also:

List of philosophers, List of philosophers - A, List of philosophers - B, List of philosophers - C, List of philosophers - D, List of philosophers - E, List of philosophers - F, List of philosophers - G, List of philosophers - H, List of philosophers - I, List of philosophers - J, List of philosophers - K, List of philosophers - L, List of philosophers - M, List of philosophers - N, List of philosophers - O, List of philosophers - P, List of philosophers - Q, List of philosophers - R, List of philosophers - S, List of philosophers - T, List of philosophers - U, List of philosophers - V, List of philosophers - W, List of philosophers - X, List of philosophers - Y, List of philosophers - Z, List of philosophers - Notes, List of philosophers - General philosophy lists, List of philosophers - General philosophy topics, List of philosophers - General online philosophy resources

Read more here: » List of philosophers: Encyclopedia II - List of philosophers - Notes

Political philosophy - The classical period. Political philosophy most broadly concerns the nature and forms of power; more specifically, it involves the principles for proper governance. As an academic discipline, Western political philosophy has its origins in ancient Greek society, when city-states were experimenting with various forms of political organization including monarchy, tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy, and democracy. The first classic work of political philosophy is Plato's The Republic, whic ...

See also:

Political philosophy, Political philosophy - History of political philosophy, Political philosophy - The classical period, Political philosophy - Islamic period, Political philosophy - Medieval period, Political philosophy - The Enlightenment, Political philosophy - Industrialization and the early modern age, Political philosophy - Contemporary political philosophy, Political philosophy - Influential political philosophers

Read more here: » Political philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Political philosophy - History of political philosophy

The phrase "cogito ergo sum" is not used in Descartes' most important work, the Meditations on First Philosophy, but the term "the cogito" is (often confusingly) used to refer to it. Descartes felt that this phrase, which he had used in his earlier Discourse, had been misleading in its implication that he was appealing to an inference, so he changed it to "I am, I exist" (also often called "the first certain ...

See also:

Cogito ergo sum, Cogito ergo sum - Introduction, Cogito ergo sum - Common errors, Cogito ergo sum - Criticisms of the cogito, Cogito ergo sum - Williams's argument

Read more here: » Cogito ergo sum: Encyclopedia II - Cogito ergo sum - Introduction

2003 - January. January 1 - Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. January 1 - Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in Switzerland. January 3 - The Ohio State University defeats the University of Miami in double-overtime in the Fiesta Bowl, 31-24, for the national Bowl Championship Series (BCS) title. The game is considered to be among the best in recent years. January 8 - US Airways flight 5481 crashes at Charlotte-Douglas Internation ...

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2003, 2003 - Events, 2003 - January, 2003 - February, 2003 - March, 2003 - April, 2003 - May, 2003 - June, 2003 - July, 2003 - August, 2003 - September, 2003 - October, 2003 - November, 2003 - December, 2003 - Births, 2003 - Deaths, 2003 - January, 2003 - February, 2003 - March, 2003 - April, 2003 - May, 2003 - June, 2003 - July, 2003 - August, 2003 - September, 2003 - October, 2003 - November, 2003 - December, 2003 - Nobel Prizes, 2003 - 2003 in Fiction

Read more here: » 2003: Encyclopedia II - 2003 - Events