Berdyansk

The Sea of Azov (Russian: Азовское море, Azovskoye more; Ukrainian: Азовське море, Azovs'ke more) is a northern section of the Black Sea, linked to the larger body through the Kerch Strait. It is bounded on the north by Ukraine, on the east by Russia and on the west by the Crimean peninsula. The Black Sea deluge theory dates the genesis of the Sea of Azov to 5600 BC, and there are traces of Neolithic settlement in the area now covered by it. In antiquity, it was known as the M ...

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• Sea of Azov - External link

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Mariupol' - Architecture. Old Mariupol (the area is limited in the south to coast of sea of Azov, in the east - Kalmius river, in the north -Shevchenko Blvd., in the West – Metallurgov Av.) built up mainly few-storey houses, has kept the pre-revolutionary architecture. Only the Artyom Str. and Lenin Av. after Great Patriotic War are built up by modern buildings, for example, 2 houses with a spike, a building of Dramatic theatre, DOSAAF (abbr. from “Volunteer society of assistance of army, aircraft and to fleet”), the Children's World (a modern building of ban ...

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Mariupol', Mariupol' - History, Mariupol' - City image, Mariupol' - Architecture, Mariupol' - Important streets, Mariupol' - Parks, Mariupol' - Monuments, Mariupol' - Public holidays, Mariupol' - Hotels, Mariupol' - Casinos & night-clubs, Mariupol' - Emblem, Mariupol' - Mariupol government & politics, Mariupol' - Boroughs and neighborhoods, Mariupol' - Geography and climate, Mariupol' - Geography, Mariupol' - Climate, Mariupol' - Demographics, Mariupol' - Population, Mariupol' - Ethnic structure, Mariupol' - Language structure, Mariupol' - Employment, Mariupol' - Finances, Mariupol' - Economy, Mariupol' - Industry, Mariupol' - Building, Mariupol' - Transportation, Mariupol' - Ecology, Mariupol' - Culture of Mariupol, Mariupol' - Cultural institutions, Mariupol' - Art & literature, Mariupol' - Social associations, Mariupol' - Religious communities, Mariupol' - Media and entertainment, Mariupol' - Tourism and recreation, Mariupol' - Professional sports, Mariupol' - Social services, Mariupol' - Health Service, Mariupol' - Education, Mariupol' - Famous Mariupolers

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Born Vladimir Aaronovich Havkin (Russian language: Владимир Ааронович Хавкин), the fourth of five children in a family of a Jewish schoolmaster in Odessa, Russian Empire, he received his education in Odessa, Berdyansk and St. Petersburg. For a short time, young Haffkine was a member of Narodnaya Volya, but after the group turned to terrorism against public officials, he broke up with the revolutionary movement. During the pogroms in Odessa of 1880s, he participated in Jewish self-defen ...

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Waldemar Haffkine, Waldemar Haffkine - Early years, Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-Cholera vaccine, Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-Plague vaccine, Waldemar Haffkine - Connection with Zionism, Waldemar Haffkine - Little Dreyfus affair, Waldemar Haffkine - Late years

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Mariupol' - Health Service. Mariupol' - Education. ...

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Mariupol', Mariupol' - History, Mariupol' - City image, Mariupol' - Architecture, Mariupol' - Important streets, Mariupol' - Parks, Mariupol' - Monuments, Mariupol' - Public holidays, Mariupol' - Hotels, Mariupol' - Casinos & night-clubs, Mariupol' - Emblem, Mariupol' - Mariupol government & politics, Mariupol' - Boroughs and neighborhoods, Mariupol' - Geography and climate, Mariupol' - Geography, Mariupol' - Climate, Mariupol' - Demographics, Mariupol' - Population, Mariupol' - Ethnic structure, Mariupol' - Language structure, Mariupol' - Employment, Mariupol' - Finances, Mariupol' - Economy, Mariupol' - Industry, Mariupol' - Building, Mariupol' - Transportation, Mariupol' - Ecology, Mariupol' - Culture of Mariupol, Mariupol' - Cultural institutions, Mariupol' - Art & literature, Mariupol' - Social associations, Mariupol' - Religious communities, Mariupol' - Media and entertainment, Mariupol' - Tourism and recreation, Mariupol' - Professional sports, Mariupol' - Social services, Mariupol' - Health Service, Mariupol' - Education, Mariupol' - Famous Mariupolers

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In October 1896, an epidemic of bubonic plague struck Bombay and the government asked Haffkine to help. He embarked upon the development of a vaccine in a makeshift laboratory in a corridor of Grant Medical College. In three months of persistent work (one of his assistants got nervous breakdown, two others quit), a form for human trials was ready and on January 10, 1897 Haffkine tested it on himself. After these results were announced to the authorities, volunteers at the Byculla jail were inoculated and survived the ...

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Waldemar Haffkine, Waldemar Haffkine - Early years, Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-Cholera vaccine, Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-Plague vaccine, Waldemar Haffkine - Connection with Zionism, Waldemar Haffkine - Little Dreyfus affair, Waldemar Haffkine - Late years

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In 1902, nineteen Punjabi villagers (inoculated from the same bottle of vaccine) died of tetanus. An inquiry commission indicted Haffkine, and he was relieved of his position and returned to England. The report was unofficially known as "Little Dreyfus affair", as a reminder of Haffkine's Jewish background and religion. The Lister Institute reinvestigated the claim and overruled the verdict: it was discovered that a ...

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Waldemar Haffkine, Waldemar Haffkine - Early years, Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-Cholera vaccine, Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-Plague vaccine, Waldemar Haffkine - Connection with Zionism, Waldemar Haffkine - Little Dreyfus affair, Waldemar Haffkine - Late years

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Mariupol' - Cultural institutions. Mariupol' - Art & literature. Mariupol' - Social associations. Mariupol' - Religious communities. Mariupol' - Media and entertainment. Mariupol' - Tourism and recreation. Mariupol' - Professional sports. The city's steel industry sponsor the FC Metalurg Mariupol' soccer club, currently playing in the highest ...

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Mariupol', Mariupol' - History, Mariupol' - City image, Mariupol' - Architecture, Mariupol' - Important streets, Mariupol' - Parks, Mariupol' - Monuments, Mariupol' - Public holidays, Mariupol' - Hotels, Mariupol' - Casinos & night-clubs, Mariupol' - Emblem, Mariupol' - Mariupol government & politics, Mariupol' - Boroughs and neighborhoods, Mariupol' - Geography and climate, Mariupol' - Geography, Mariupol' - Climate, Mariupol' - Demographics, Mariupol' - Population, Mariupol' - Ethnic structure, Mariupol' - Language structure, Mariupol' - Employment, Mariupol' - Finances, Mariupol' - Economy, Mariupol' - Industry, Mariupol' - Building, Mariupol' - Transportation, Mariupol' - Ecology, Mariupol' - Culture of Mariupol, Mariupol' - Cultural institutions, Mariupol' - Art & literature, Mariupol' - Social associations, Mariupol' - Religious communities, Mariupol' - Media and entertainment, Mariupol' - Tourism and recreation, Mariupol' - Professional sports, Mariupol' - Social services, Mariupol' - Health Service, Mariupol' - Education, Mariupol' - Famous Mariupolers

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At the time, one of the five great cholera pandemics of the 19th century ravaged Asia and Europe. Even though Robert Koch discovered Vibrio cholerae in 1883, the medical science at that time did not consider it a sole cause of the disease. This view was supported by experiments by several biologists, notably Jaime Ferran in Spain. Haffkine focused his research on developing cholera vaccine and produced an attenuated form of the bacterium. On July 18, 1892, Haffkine performed the first human test on himself and reported his find ...

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Waldemar Haffkine, Waldemar Haffkine - Early years, Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-Cholera vaccine, Waldemar Haffkine - Anti-Plague vaccine, Waldemar Haffkine - Connection with Zionism, Waldemar Haffkine - Little Dreyfus affair, Waldemar Haffkine - Late years

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Mariupol' - Industry. Mariupol is home to major steel mills (including some globally-important) and chemical plants, also an important seaport and a railroad junction. Notable shipyards, fish canneries, metallurgy-related education and science institutions also present. In Mariupol 56 industrial enterprises of various patterns of ownership operate. The industry of city diversified with prevalence of the heavy industry. The total amount of industrial production of city for 8 months 2005 (January - August) h ...

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Mariupol', Mariupol' - History, Mariupol' - City image, Mariupol' - Architecture, Mariupol' - Important streets, Mariupol' - Parks, Mariupol' - Monuments, Mariupol' - Public holidays, Mariupol' - Hotels, Mariupol' - Casinos & night-clubs, Mariupol' - Emblem, Mariupol' - Mariupol government & politics, Mariupol' - Boroughs and neighborhoods, Mariupol' - Geography and climate, Mariupol' - Geography, Mariupol' - Climate, Mariupol' - Demographics, Mariupol' - Population, Mariupol' - Ethnic structure, Mariupol' - Language structure, Mariupol' - Employment, Mariupol' - Finances, Mariupol' - Economy, Mariupol' - Industry, Mariupol' - Building, Mariupol' - Transportation, Mariupol' - Ecology, Mariupol' - Culture of Mariupol, Mariupol' - Cultural institutions, Mariupol' - Art & literature, Mariupol' - Social associations, Mariupol' - Religious communities, Mariupol' - Media and entertainment, Mariupol' - Tourism and recreation, Mariupol' - Professional sports, Mariupol' - Social services, Mariupol' - Health Service, Mariupol' - Education, Mariupol' - Famous Mariupolers

Read more here: » Mariupol': Encyclopedia II - Mariupol' - Economy

Mariupol is divided into 4 areas or 'boroughs'. These are Zhovtnevy (/ʒʌvt'nʲɛvɪj/ ukrainian) or Oktyabrsky (/ʌk'tʲabrʲskij/ russian) (after Great October ("Zhovten") revolution, 1917) Primorsky (/pri'mɔrskʲij/) Ordzhonikidzevsky (/ʌrdʒɛnʲi'kʲidzɛvskʲij/ after Ordzhonikidze Sergo, t ...

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Mariupol', Mariupol' - History, Mariupol' - City image, Mariupol' - Architecture, Mariupol' - Important streets, Mariupol' - Parks, Mariupol' - Monuments, Mariupol' - Public holidays, Mariupol' - Hotels, Mariupol' - Casinos & night-clubs, Mariupol' - Emblem, Mariupol' - Mariupol government & politics, Mariupol' - Boroughs and neighborhoods, Mariupol' - Geography and climate, Mariupol' - Geography, Mariupol' - Climate, Mariupol' - Demographics, Mariupol' - Population, Mariupol' - Ethnic structure, Mariupol' - Language structure, Mariupol' - Employment, Mariupol' - Finances, Mariupol' - Economy, Mariupol' - Industry, Mariupol' - Building, Mariupol' - Transportation, Mariupol' - Ecology, Mariupol' - Culture of Mariupol, Mariupol' - Cultural institutions, Mariupol' - Art & literature, Mariupol' - Social associations, Mariupol' - Religious communities, Mariupol' - Media and entertainment, Mariupol' - Tourism and recreation, Mariupol' - Professional sports, Mariupol' - Social services, Mariupol' - Health Service, Mariupol' - Education, Mariupol' - Famous Mariupolers

Read more here: » Mariupol': Encyclopedia II - Mariupol' - Boroughs and neighborhoods

Mayor of city (chairman, "head", cities and chairman of executive committee of city council) - Khotlubey Yury Yuryevich. Mariupol in Supreme Soviet (Rada) of Ukraine is represented by 3 People's Deputies: Boyko V.S. - the chapter(head) of board the Ilyich Mariupol metallurgical combine, the hero of Ukraine. Matvienkov S.A. - the representative Ilyich Mariupol metallurgical combine Koloniari A.P. - the representative of Metallurgical combine " ...

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Mariupol', Mariupol' - History, Mariupol' - City image, Mariupol' - Architecture, Mariupol' - Important streets, Mariupol' - Parks, Mariupol' - Monuments, Mariupol' - Public holidays, Mariupol' - Hotels, Mariupol' - Casinos & night-clubs, Mariupol' - Emblem, Mariupol' - Mariupol government & politics, Mariupol' - Boroughs and neighborhoods, Mariupol' - Geography and climate, Mariupol' - Geography, Mariupol' - Climate, Mariupol' - Demographics, Mariupol' - Population, Mariupol' - Ethnic structure, Mariupol' - Language structure, Mariupol' - Employment, Mariupol' - Finances, Mariupol' - Economy, Mariupol' - Industry, Mariupol' - Building, Mariupol' - Transportation, Mariupol' - Ecology, Mariupol' - Culture of Mariupol, Mariupol' - Cultural institutions, Mariupol' - Art & literature, Mariupol' - Social associations, Mariupol' - Religious communities, Mariupol' - Media and entertainment, Mariupol' - Tourism and recreation, Mariupol' - Professional sports, Mariupol' - Social services, Mariupol' - Health Service, Mariupol' - Education, Mariupol' - Famous Mariupolers

Read more here: » Mariupol': Encyclopedia II - Mariupol' - Mariupol government & politics

Mariupol' - Geography. Mariupol is in the south of Donetsk area, on coast of sea of Azov, in a mouth of the river Kalmius. The city occupies the area of 166,0 km ² (with suburbs, i.e. the territories subordinated to the Mariupol city council - 244,0 km ²). The area under building - 106,0 km ², the area of parks and gardens - 80,6 km ². Ground of territory of city mainly solonetzic chernozems, with a significant amount of underground subsoil waters, that frequently leads to landslips ...

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Mariupol', Mariupol' - History, Mariupol' - City image, Mariupol' - Architecture, Mariupol' - Important streets, Mariupol' - Parks, Mariupol' - Monuments, Mariupol' - Public holidays, Mariupol' - Hotels, Mariupol' - Casinos & night-clubs, Mariupol' - Emblem, Mariupol' - Mariupol government & politics, Mariupol' - Boroughs and neighborhoods, Mariupol' - Geography and climate, Mariupol' - Geography, Mariupol' - Climate, Mariupol' - Demographics, Mariupol' - Population, Mariupol' - Ethnic structure, Mariupol' - Language structure, Mariupol' - Employment, Mariupol' - Finances, Mariupol' - Economy, Mariupol' - Industry, Mariupol' - Building, Mariupol' - Transportation, Mariupol' - Ecology, Mariupol' - Culture of Mariupol, Mariupol' - Cultural institutions, Mariupol' - Art & literature, Mariupol' - Social associations, Mariupol' - Religious communities, Mariupol' - Media and entertainment, Mariupol' - Tourism and recreation, Mariupol' - Professional sports, Mariupol' - Social services, Mariupol' - Health Service, Mariupol' - Education, Mariupol' - Famous Mariupolers

Read more here: » Mariupol': Encyclopedia II - Mariupol' - Geography and climate

Mariupol' - Population. The population in 2005 has made 481,6 thousand person, with the subordinated territories (settlement Sartana, settlement Talakovka, settlement Stary Krym, village Gnutovo, village Lomakino) - 502,8 thousand person. Annual reduction of the population - 0,35 % (one of the least in region). Death rate is higher than birth rate in 2,2 times. See also:

Mariupol', Mariupol' - History, Mariupol' - City image, Mariupol' - Architecture, Mariupol' - Important streets, Mariupol' - Parks, Mariupol' - Monuments, Mariupol' - Public holidays, Mariupol' - Hotels, Mariupol' - Casinos & night-clubs, Mariupol' - Emblem, Mariupol' - Mariupol government & politics, Mariupol' - Boroughs and neighborhoods, Mariupol' - Geography and climate, Mariupol' - Geography, Mariupol' - Climate, Mariupol' - Demographics, Mariupol' - Population, Mariupol' - Ethnic structure, Mariupol' - Language structure, Mariupol' - Employment, Mariupol' - Finances, Mariupol' - Economy, Mariupol' - Industry, Mariupol' - Building, Mariupol' - Transportation, Mariupol' - Ecology, Mariupol' - Culture of Mariupol, Mariupol' - Cultural institutions, Mariupol' - Art & literature, Mariupol' - Social associations, Mariupol' - Religious communities, Mariupol' - Media and entertainment, Mariupol' - Tourism and recreation, Mariupol' - Professional sports, Mariupol' - Social services, Mariupol' - Health Service, Mariupol' - Education, Mariupol' - Famous Mariupolers

Read more here: » Mariupol': Encyclopedia II - Mariupol' - Demographics

The income of the budget of city in 2004 has made 22,769.4 thousand hryvnas, from them it is listed in the state budget of Ukraine of 83,332.0 thousand hryvnas. City - one of the largest donors of the state budget of Ukraine (after cities Kiev, Zaporozhye). The average salary on city - 1,262.04 hryvnas (250 USD) in a month - one of the biggest in the country. Average pension in city - 423.15 hryvnas. Debts of the enterprises of city under the salary were reduced for 2005 to 1.1% and make 5.1 million hryvnas. Volume of the rendered services for 9 months 2005 - 860.4 million gryvnas, volume of retail trade for ...

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Mariupol', Mariupol' - History, Mariupol' - City image, Mariupol' - Architecture, Mariupol' - Important streets, Mariupol' - Parks, Mariupol' - Monuments, Mariupol' - Public holidays, Mariupol' - Hotels, Mariupol' - Casinos & night-clubs, Mariupol' - Emblem, Mariupol' - Mariupol government & politics, Mariupol' - Boroughs and neighborhoods, Mariupol' - Geography and climate, Mariupol' - Geography, Mariupol' - Climate, Mariupol' - Demographics, Mariupol' - Population, Mariupol' - Ethnic structure, Mariupol' - Language structure, Mariupol' - Employment, Mariupol' - Finances, Mariupol' - Economy, Mariupol' - Industry, Mariupol' - Building, Mariupol' - Transportation, Mariupol' - Ecology, Mariupol' - Culture of Mariupol, Mariupol' - Cultural institutions, Mariupol' - Art & literature, Mariupol' - Social associations, Mariupol' - Religious communities, Mariupol' - Media and entertainment, Mariupol' - Tourism and recreation, Mariupol' - Professional sports, Mariupol' - Social services, Mariupol' - Health Service, Mariupol' - Education, Mariupol' - Famous Mariupolers

Read more here: » Mariupol': Encyclopedia II - Mariupol' - Finances

Due to stable work of the majority of the large enterprises, the city constantly collides with environmental problems. At the end of 70-th Zhdanov (Mariupol) by quantity of industrial emissions in an atmosphere occupied 3 place to the USSR (is after Novokuznetsk and Magnitogorsk). In 1989 by all enterprises of city it was thrown out in an atmosphere through 5,215 sources of pollution of 752.9 thousand tone of harmful substances in a year (about 98% fell at metallurgical enterprises and "Markokhim"). Even during some easing activity of the in ...

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Mariupol', Mariupol' - History, Mariupol' - City image, Mariupol' - Architecture, Mariupol' - Important streets, Mariupol' - Parks, Mariupol' - Monuments, Mariupol' - Public holidays, Mariupol' - Hotels, Mariupol' - Casinos & night-clubs, Mariupol' - Emblem, Mariupol' - Mariupol government & politics, Mariupol' - Boroughs and neighborhoods, Mariupol' - Geography and climate, Mariupol' - Geography, Mariupol' - Climate, Mariupol' - Demographics, Mariupol' - Population, Mariupol' - Ethnic structure, Mariupol' - Language structure, Mariupol' - Employment, Mariupol' - Finances, Mariupol' - Economy, Mariupol' - Industry, Mariupol' - Building, Mariupol' - Transportation, Mariupol' - Ecology, Mariupol' - Culture of Mariupol, Mariupol' - Cultural institutions, Mariupol' - Art & literature, Mariupol' - Social associations, Mariupol' - Religious communities, Mariupol' - Media and entertainment, Mariupol' - Tourism and recreation, Mariupol' - Professional sports, Mariupol' - Social services, Mariupol' - Health Service, Mariupol' - Education, Mariupol' - Famous Mariupolers

Read more here: » Mariupol': Encyclopedia II - Mariupol' - Ecology