The Arabic alphabet can be encoded using several character sets, including ISO-8859-6 and Unicode, in the latter thanks to the "Arabic segment", entries U+0600 to U+06FF. However, neither of these sets indicate the form each character should take in context. It is left to the rendering engine to select the proper glyph to display for each character. When one wants to encode a particular written form of a character, there are extra code points provided in Unicode which can be used to express the exact written form desired. The Arabi ...

See also:

Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order, Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Primary letters, Arabic alphabet - Hamza, Arabic alphabet - Diacritics, Arabic alphabet - Numerals, Arabic alphabet - History, Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages, Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout

Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet

There exists some poetry written in Moroccan Arabic like the Malhun. In the troubled and autocratic Morocco of the 70s with no freedom of speech, The legendary Nass El Ghiwane band wrote beautiful and allusive lyrics in Moroccan Arabic which were very appealing to the youth even in other Maghreb countries. Another interesting movement is the development of an original rap music scene which explores new and innovative usages of the language. Generraly, Moroccan Ar ...

See also:

Moroccan Arabic, Moroccan Arabic - Overview, Moroccan Arabic - Integration with other languages, Moroccan Arabic - Pronunciation, Moroccan Arabic - Vocabulary, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from Berber, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from French, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from Spanish, Moroccan Arabic - Grammar, Moroccan Arabic - Evolution, Moroccan Arabic - Diglossia and social prestige, Moroccan Arabic - Artistic expression

Read more here: » Moroccan Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Moroccan Arabic - Artistic expression

France has 26 administrative régions: 21 metropolitan régions, the territorial collectivity of Corse (Corsica) (commonly referred to as a région), and four overseas régions. The régions are subdivided into 100 départements. The departments are numbered (mainly alphabetically) and this number is used in postal codes and vehicle number plates. The departments are subdivided into 342 arrondissements and 4,035 cantons which serve only administrative and electoral purposes, and 36,682 comm ...

See also:

France, France - Geography, France - History, France - Government and politics, France - Military, France - Administrative divisions, France - Economy, France - Demographics, France - Population, France - Languages, France - Cities, France - Culture, France - Marianne, France - Religion, France - Terminology, France - Origin of the country's name, France - Meanings of the name France, France - Miscellaneous topics, France - International rankings, France - Notes and references

Read more here: » France: Encyclopedia II - France - Administrative divisions

According to linguistics classification, Moroccan Arabic is considered a dialect because it is not a literary language and because it lacks prestige among its speakers compared to Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic. Its vocabulary and pronounciation are substantially different from Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic as it has been influenced by Berber, French and Spanish. Its grammar is also simpl ...

See also:

Moroccan Arabic, Moroccan Arabic - Overview, Moroccan Arabic - Integration with other languages, Moroccan Arabic - Pronunciation, Moroccan Arabic - Vocabulary, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from Berber, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from French, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from Spanish, Moroccan Arabic - Grammar, Moroccan Arabic - Evolution, Moroccan Arabic - Diglossia and social prestige, Moroccan Arabic - Artistic expression

Read more here: » Moroccan Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Moroccan Arabic - Overview

The notion of syllable is challenged by languages that allow long strings of consonants without any intervening vowel or sonorant. Languages of the Northwest coast of North America, including Salishan and Wakashan languages, are famous for this. For instance, these Nuxálk (Bella Coola) words contains only obstruents: [ɬχʷtɬʦxʷ] 'you spat on me' [ʦ’ktskʷʦ’] 'he arrived' See also:

Syllable, Syllable - Syllable structure, Syllable - Syllables and suprasegmentals, Syllable - Syllables and phonotactic constraints, Syllable - Syllabification, Syllable - Syllables and stress, Syllable - Syllables and vowel tenseness, Syllable - Syllable-less languages, Syllable - References and recommended reading

Read more here: » Syllable: Encyclopedia II - Syllable - Syllable-less languages

Moroccan Arabic has a distinct pronunciation and is nearly unintelligible to other Arabic speakers, but is generally mutually intelligible with other Maghrebi dialects which compose the Maghreb Arabic, together they form a dialect continuum. It is grammatically simpler, and has a less voluminous vocabulary than Classical Arabic. It has also integrated many Berber, French and Spanish words. Other Moroccans speak Berber languages such as Tashelhit and Tarifit. There is no clear cut division between Moroccan Arabic and Modern Standard Ar ...

See also:

Moroccan Arabic, Moroccan Arabic - Overview, Moroccan Arabic - Integration with other languages, Moroccan Arabic - Pronunciation, Moroccan Arabic - Vocabulary, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from Berber, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from French, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from Spanish, Moroccan Arabic - Grammar, Moroccan Arabic - Evolution, Moroccan Arabic - Diglossia and social prestige, Moroccan Arabic - Artistic expression

Read more here: » Moroccan Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Moroccan Arabic - Integration with other languages

Moroccan Arabic has a distinct pronunciation and is nearly unintelligible to other Arabic speakers apart, to a certain degree, from those from other Maghreb countries One of the most notable features of Moroccan Arabic is the collapse of short vowels. Short /a/ and /i/ are deleted entirely in most positions, and short /u/ is either deleted or maintained only as rounding on an adjacent labial consonant. This can result in long strings of consonants (a feature shared with Berber and almost certainly derived from it). These clusters are never simplified; instead, consonants occurring between other consonants tend ...

See also:

Moroccan Arabic, Moroccan Arabic - Overview, Moroccan Arabic - Integration with other languages, Moroccan Arabic - Pronunciation, Moroccan Arabic - Vocabulary, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from Berber, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from French, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from Spanish, Moroccan Arabic - Grammar, Moroccan Arabic - Evolution, Moroccan Arabic - Diglossia and social prestige, Moroccan Arabic - Artistic expression

Read more here: » Moroccan Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Moroccan Arabic - Pronunciation

While being a natural localisation of Classical Arabic due to geographic and historical reasons, as French evolved from Vulgar Latin, Moroccan Arabic is considered as a language of low prestige and suffers from the fact that Arabic is the language of the Quran which serves as a reference. While being the mother tongue of nearly twenty million people in Morocco it is rarely written, and this situatio ...

See also:

Moroccan Arabic, Moroccan Arabic - Overview, Moroccan Arabic - Integration with other languages, Moroccan Arabic - Pronunciation, Moroccan Arabic - Vocabulary, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from Berber, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from French, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from Spanish, Moroccan Arabic - Grammar, Moroccan Arabic - Evolution, Moroccan Arabic - Diglossia and social prestige, Moroccan Arabic - Artistic expression

Read more here: » Moroccan Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Moroccan Arabic - Diglossia and social prestige

In general, Moroccan Arabic is one of the most innovative (in the technical sense of "least conservative") of all Arabic dialects. Nowadays Moroccan Arabic continues to integrate new French words, mainly in Technology, however, in recent years constant exposure to revived Classical forms on television and in print media and a certain desire among many Moroccans for a revitalization of their Arab and Islamic identities has inspired many Moroccans to integrate words from Standard Arabic, replacing their French or Spanish counterparts or even s ...

See also:

Moroccan Arabic, Moroccan Arabic - Overview, Moroccan Arabic - Integration with other languages, Moroccan Arabic - Pronunciation, Moroccan Arabic - Vocabulary, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from Berber, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from French, Moroccan Arabic - Some words borrowed from Spanish, Moroccan Arabic - Grammar, Moroccan Arabic - Evolution, Moroccan Arabic - Diglossia and social prestige, Moroccan Arabic - Artistic expression

Read more here: » Moroccan Arabic: Encyclopedia II - Moroccan Arabic - Evolution

France's economy combines extensive private enterprise (nearly 2.5 million companies registered) with substantial (though declining) government intervention (see dirigisme). The government retains considerable influence over key segments of infrastructure sectors, with majority ownership of railway, electricity, aircraft, and telecommunication firms. It has been gradually relaxing its control over these sectors since the early 1990s. The government is slowly selling off holdings in France Télécom, Air France, as well as the insurance ...

See also:

France, France - Geography, France - History, France - Government and politics, France - Military, France - Administrative divisions, France - Economy, France - Demographics, France - Population, France - Languages, France - Cities, France - Culture, France - Marianne, France - Religion, France - Terminology, France - Origin of the country's name, France - Meanings of the name France, France - Miscellaneous topics, France - International rankings, France - Notes and references

Read more here: » France: Encyclopedia II - France - Economy

Syllable structure often interacts with stress. In Latin, for example, stress is regularly determined by syllable weight, a syllable counting as heavy if has at least one of the following: a long vowel in its nucleus a diphthong in its nucleus one or more coda(e) In each case the syllable is considered to have two moras. ...

See also:

Syllable, Syllable - Syllable structure, Syllable - Syllables and suprasegmentals, Syllable - Syllables and phonotactic constraints, Syllable - Syllabification, Syllable - Syllables and stress, Syllable - Syllables and vowel tenseness, Syllable - Syllable-less languages, Syllable - References and recommended reading

Read more here: » Syllable: Encyclopedia II - Syllable - Syllables and stress

France - Origin of the country's name. The name France comes from Medieval Latin Francia, which literally means "land of the Franks, Frankland". Originally it applied to the whole Frankish Empire, extending from southern France to eastern Germany. At the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the Frankish Empire was divided in three parts, and eventually only two: Francia Occidentalis (i.e. "Western Frankland") and Francia Orientalis (i.e. "Eastern Frankland"). The rulers of Francia Orientalis, who ...

See also:

France, France - Geography, France - History, France - Government and politics, France - Military, France - Administrative divisions, France - Economy, France - Demographics, France - Population, France - Languages, France - Cities, France - Culture, France - Marianne, France - Religion, France - Terminology, France - Origin of the country's name, France - Meanings of the name France, France - Miscellaneous topics, France - International rankings, France - Notes and references

Read more here: » France: Encyclopedia II - France - Terminology

France - Marianne. Marianne is a symbol of the French Republic. She is an allegorical figure of liberty and the Republic and first appeared at the time of the French Revolution. The earliest representations of Marianne are of a woman wearing a Phrygian cap. The origins of the name Marianne are unknown, but Marie-Anne was a very common first name in the 18th century. Anti-revolutionaries of the time derisively called her La République. It is believed that revolutionaries from the South of France adopted th ...

See also:

France, France - Geography, France - History, France - Government and politics, France - Military, France - Administrative divisions, France - Economy, France - Demographics, France - Population, France - Languages, France - Cities, France - Culture, France - Marianne, France - Religion, France - Terminology, France - Origin of the country's name, France - Meanings of the name France, France - Miscellaneous topics, France - International rankings, France - Notes and references

Read more here: » France: Encyclopedia II - France - Culture

The domain of suprasegmental features is the syllable and not a specific sound, that is to say, they affect all the segments of a syllable: Stress Tone Sometimes syllable length is also counted as a suprasegmental feature; for example, in most Germanic languages, long vowels may only exist with short consonants and vice versa. However, syllables can be analyzed as compositions of long and short phonemes, as in Finnish and Japanese, wh ...

See also:

Syllable, Syllable - Syllable structure, Syllable - Syllables and suprasegmentals, Syllable - Syllables and phonotactic constraints, Syllable - Syllabification, Syllable - Syllables and stress, Syllable - Syllables and vowel tenseness, Syllable - Syllable-less languages, Syllable - References and recommended reading

Read more here: » Syllable: Encyclopedia II - Syllable - Syllables and suprasegmentals

The Ancient Egyptian language, which formed a separate branch among the family of Afro-Asiatic languages, was among the first written languages, and is known from hieroglyphic inscriptions preserved on monuments and sheets of papyrus. The Coptic language, the only extant descendant of Egyptian, is today the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. The "Koiné" dialect of the Greek language was important in Hellenistic Alexandria, and was used in the philosophy and scienc ...

See also:

Languages of Egypt, Languages of Egypt - Official Language, Languages of Egypt - Ancient Egyptian Languages, Languages of Egypt - Arabic Language, Languages of Egypt - Minority Languages, Languages of Egypt - Armenian Language, Languages of Egypt - Berber Languages, Languages of Egypt - Coptic Language, Languages of Egypt - Greek Languages, Languages of Egypt - Nubian Languages, Languages of Egypt - Other languages, Languages of Egypt - See Also

Read more here: » Languages of Egypt: Encyclopedia II - Languages of Egypt - Ancient Egyptian Languages

The languages of metropolitan France include: Language isolate: Basque Celtic language Breton Germanic languages: Alsatian (Elsässerdeutsch) Frankish, the Lorraine dialect West Flemish Romance languages: Catalan Corsican (Corsu) Franco-Provençal Oc language family (also Occitan): Alpine Provençal Auvergnat Gascon Ariegese (Ariégeois) See also:

Languages of France, Languages of France - Government outlook, Languages of France - List of languages, Languages of France - Statistics, Languages of France - Important notes to understand the table

Read more here: » Languages of France: Encyclopedia II - Languages of France - List of languages

The official language of the French Republic is French (art. 2 of the French Constitution), and the French government is, by law, compelled to communicate primarily in French. The government, furthermore, mandates that commercial advertising should be available in French (though it can also be featured in other languages); see Toubon Law. The French government, however, does not mandate the usage of French in non-comme ...

See also:

Languages of France, Languages of France - Government outlook, Languages of France - List of languages, Languages of France - Statistics, Languages of France - Important notes to understand the table

Read more here: » Languages of France: Encyclopedia II - Languages of France - Government outlook

Subclassification of the Berber languages is made difficult by their mutual closeness; Maarten Kossmann (1999) describes it as two dialect continua, Northern Berber and Tuareg, and a few peripheral languages, spoken in isolated pockets largely surrounded by Arabic, that fall outside these continua, namely Zenaga and the Libyan and Egyptian varieties. Within Northern Berber, however, he recognizes a break in the continuum between Zenati languages and their non-Zenati neighbors; and in the east, he recognizes a division between Ghadames and Aw ...

See also:

Berber languages, Berber languages - Nomenclature, Berber languages - Origin, Berber languages - Population, Berber languages - Grammar, Berber languages - Subclassification

Read more here: » Berber languages: Encyclopedia II - Berber languages - Subclassification

The term "Berber" is disliked by many modern Berbers, because it comes from the ancient Greek barbaros, "barbarian". Nonetheless, it is used in Western languages by many Berber writers, such as the Kabyle Professor Salem Chaker of INALCO in Paris, Werner Vycichl, and Maarten Kossmann and Harry Stroomer of Leiden University. The term Tamazight is often substituted, particularly to refer to Northern Berber languages; in Western languages, this term can also (somewhat misleadingly) be used specifically to refer to the langu ...

See also:

Berber languages, Berber languages - Nomenclature, Berber languages - Origin, Berber languages - Population, Berber languages - Grammar, Berber languages - Subclassification

Read more here: » Berber languages: Encyclopedia II - Berber languages - Nomenclature