Encyclopedia - Berber Languages: Encyclopedia - Berber Languages
The Berber languages (or Tamazight) are a group of closely related languages mainly spoken in Morocco and Algeria. A very sparse populati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Berber Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Berber Languages - Population
The exact population of Berber speakers is hard to ascertain, since most Maghreb countries do not record language data in their censuses....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Berber: Encyclopedia - Berber
Algeria: 7,500,000 Tunisia:    200,000 Libya:    250,000+ Mauretania:    80,000 Egypt:    10,000...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Berber: Encyclopedia Ii - Berber - History
The Berbers have lived in North Africa between western Egypt and the Atlantic Ocean for as far back as records of the area go. References...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia - Arabic Alphabet
History · Adaptations Phonology · Transliteration Diacritics · Writing of the hamza Numerals · Numeration Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Writing System: Encyclopedia - Writing System
A writing system, also called a script, is a type of symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in language. Wr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Egypt: Encyclopedia - Culture Of Egypt
Life in Egypt The Culture of Egypt has five thousand years of recorded history. Ancient Egypt was among the earliest civilizations. For m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Berber: Encyclopedia Ii - Berber - Origin
There is no complete certitude about the origin of the Berbers; however, various disciplines shed light on the matter. Berber - Genetic ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France: Encyclopedia - France
1 See Languages section for regional languages 2 Whole territory of the French Republic, including all the overseas departments and terri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Afro-asiatic Languages: Encyclopedia - Afro-asiatic Languages
The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a language family of about 240 languages and 285 million people widespread throughout North Africa,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Berber: Encyclopedia Ii - Berber - The Arabization Of Northwest Africa
Before the 9th century, most of Northwest Africa was a Berber-speaking area. The process of Arabization only became a major factor with t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Berber: Encyclopedia Ii - Berber - Famous Berbers
Berber - In ancient times. Shoshenq I, (Egyptian Pharaoh of Libyan origin) Masinissa, King of Numidia, North Africa, present day Alger...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Berber: Encyclopedia Ii - Berber - Religions And Beliefs
Berbers are predominantly Sunni Muslim, most belonging to the Maliki madhhab, while the Mozabites, Djerbans, and Nafusis of the northern ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Berber: Encyclopedia Ii - Berber - Phenotype And Genotype By Region
The appearance and the genetic make-up of Berbers is best examined together with that of their fellow Arabic-speaking inhabitants of Nort...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iberian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Iberian Language - Geographic Distribution
The Iberian language spread along the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. In the north, the Iberian language reached the south ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Writing System: Encyclopedia Ii - Writing System - Types Of Writing System
The oldest-known forms of writing were primarily logographic in nature, based on pictographic and ideographic elements. Most writing syst...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Syllable: Encyclopedia Ii - Syllable - Syllable Structure
The general structure of a syllable consists of the following segments: Onset (obligatory in some languages, optional in others) Rime N...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Languages Of Egypt: Encyclopedia Ii - Languages Of Egypt - Minority Languages
to be added Languages of Egypt - Armenian Language. Languages of Egypt - Berber Languages. The Berber languages are represented by Si...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ergative-absolutive Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Ergative-absolutive Language - Realization Of Ergativity
Ergativity can be found in both in morphology and syntactic behavior. Ergative-absolutive language - Morphological ergativity. If the l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France: Encyclopedia Ii - France - Demographics
Since prehistoric times, France has been a crossroads of trade, migrations, and invasions. Four basic European ethnic stocks - Celtic (Ga...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Egypt: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Egypt - Science
Egypt's cultural contributions have included great works of science dating from antiquity to modern times. Culture of Egypt - Ptolemy. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Languages Of Muslim Countries: Encyclopedia Ii - Languages Of Muslim Countries - Variations In Arabic
The Arabic language has many different 'branches'. Whether these are to be considered mere dialects or separate languages is a question o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Afro-asiatic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Afro-asiatic Languages - Classification History
Medieval scholars sometimes linked two or more branches of Afro-Asiatic together; already in the 9th century, the Hebrew grammarian Judah...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Alphabet - Presentation Of The Alphabet
The following table provides all of the Unicode characters for Arabic, and none of the supplementary letters used for other languages. Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Maghreb: Encyclopedia Ii - Maghreb - History
Originally, the Maghreb was inhabited by "white" Cro-Magnoids (Iberomaurusians) in the north and by "black" peoples in the Sahara. Later,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Languages Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Languages Of France - Statistics
At the 1999 census, INSEE sampled 380,000 adult people all across Metropolitan France, and asked them questions about their family situat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Algeria-related Topics: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Algeria-related Topics - List Of Unedited Articles
Rivers and lakes: Chott Melrhir, Mazafran, Oued El Harrach, Chiffa, Isser, Sebaou, Daas, Soummam, El Malah, El Hammam, Mekkera, Tafna, Ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moroccan Arabic: Encyclopedia Ii - Moroccan Arabic - Vocabulary
Moroccan Arabic is grammatically simpler, and has a less voluminous vocabulary than Classical Arabic. It has also integrated many Berber,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Languages Of Algeria: Encyclopedia Ii - Languages Of Algeria - Arabic
According to the census of 1966, Arabic is the language of 81% of Algeria's population; in addition to this, non-native speakers learn Ar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Alphabet - Structure Of The Arabic Alphabet
The Arabic alphabet is written from right to left and is composed of 28 basic letters. Adaptations of the script for other languages such...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Writing System: Encyclopedia Ii - Writing System - General Properties
Writing systems are distinguished from other possible symbolic communication systems in that one must usually understand something of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Writing System: Encyclopedia Ii - Writing System - Basic Terminology
The study of writing systems has developed along partially independent lines in the examination of individual scripts, and as such the te...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Writing System: Encyclopedia Ii - Writing System - History Of Writing Systems
Before there was writing, there was proto-writing. However few surviving examples exist, with some authorities questioning the inscripti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Writing System: Encyclopedia Ii - Writing System - Directionality
Different scripts are written in different directions. The early alphabet could be written in any direction: either horizontal (left-to-r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France: Encyclopedia Ii - France - Culture
France - Marianne. Main articles: Marianne, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]] M ... See also:France, France - Geography, France ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France: Encyclopedia Ii - France - Economy
France's economy combines extensive private enterprise (nearly 2.5 million companies registered) with substantial (though declining) gove...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France: Encyclopedia Ii - France - Government And Politics
Main articles: Government of France and Politics of France The constitution of the Fifth Republic was approved by referendum on September...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France: Encyclopedia Ii - France - Culture
France - Marianne. Main article: Marianne Marianne is a symbol of the French Republic. She is an allegorical figure of liberty and th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Languages Of Algeria: Encyclopedia Ii - Languages Of Algeria - Berber
The Berber languages (or Berber language) are spoken in many parts of Algeria, but mainly in Kabylie and around Batna; according to the 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Languages Of Algeria: Encyclopedia Ii - Languages Of Algeria - Sub-saharan African Languages
The Korandje language of the Saharan oasis of Tabelbala is a heavily Berber-influenced variety of Songhay, a language more widely spoken ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Languages Of Algeria: Encyclopedia Ii - Languages Of Algeria - Romance Languages
French is a part of the standard school curriculum, and is widely understood; estimates indicate that 20% of the population can read and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France: Encyclopedia Ii - France - Geography
While the main territory of France (metropolitan France; French: la Métropole, or France métropolitaine) is located in Western Europe, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France: Encyclopedia Ii - France - Economy
France's economy combines extensive private enterprise (nearly 2.5 million companies registered) with substantial (though declining) gove...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ergative-absolutive Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Ergative-absolutive Language - Traces Of Ergativity In English
English does show a trace of something that could be regarded as ergativity. With an intransitive verb, adding the suffix -ee to the verb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ergative-absolutive Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Ergative-absolutive Language - Distribution Of Ergative Languages
Prototypical ergative languages are, for the most part, restricted to specific regions of world: the Caucasus, parts of North America and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France: Encyclopedia Ii - France - Geography
While the main territory of France (metropolitan France; French: la Métropole, or France métropolitaine) is located in Western Europe, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France: Encyclopedia Ii - France - Government And Politics
Image:A17.jpg Main articles: Government of France, and Politics of France, and [[]], and [[]]   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France: Encyclopedia Ii - France - Military
The French armed forces are divided into four branches: Army (Armée de Terre) Navy (Marine Nationale) Air Force (Armée de l'Air) Genda...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ergative-absolutive Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Ergative-absolutive Language - Ergative Vs. Accusative Languages
The distinguishing feature of an ergative language is that it maintains an equivalence between the object of a transitive verb and the su...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Syllable: Encyclopedia Ii - Syllable - Syllables And Phonotactic Constraints
Phonotactic rules determine which sounds are allowed or disallowed in each part of the syllable. English allows very complicated syllable...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Egypt: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Egypt - Music And Dance
Egyptian music is a rich mixture of indigenous, Arabic, African and Western influences. As early as 4000 BC, ancient Egyptians were playi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Egypt: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Egypt - Visual Art
Culture of Egypt - Egyptian art in antiquity. The Egyptians were one of the first major civilizations to codify design elements in art....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France: Encyclopedia Ii - France - Geography
While the main territory of France (metropolitan France; French: la Métropole, or France métropolitaine) is located in Western Europe, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France: Encyclopedia Ii - France - History
The borders of modern France are roughly the same as those of ancient Gaul, which was inhabited by Celtic Gauls. Gaul was conquered by th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France: Encyclopedia Ii - France - Military
The French armed forces are divided into four branches: Army (Armée de Terre) Navy (Marine Nationale) Air Force (Armée de l'Air) Genda...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France: Encyclopedia Ii - France - Government And Politics
The constitution of the Fifth Republic was approved by referendum on September 28, 1958. It greatly strengthened the authority of the exe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Egypt: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Egypt - Religion
Ancient Egyptian religion was a polytheistic system that saw the world as in conflict between forces of order and chaos. The Pharaoh, rep...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Egypt: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Egypt - Literature
Ancient Egyptian literature dates back to the Old Kingdom, in the third millennium BC. Religious literature is best known for its hymns t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Alphabet - Numerals
There are two kinds of numerals used in Arabic writing; standard numerals and "East Arab" numerals, used in Iran, Pakistan and India. In ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Afro-asiatic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Afro-asiatic Languages - Common Features And Cognates
Common features of the Afro-Asiatic languages include: a two-gender system in the singular, with the feminine marked by the /t/ sound, V...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Alphabet - History
The Arabic alphabet can be traced back to the Nabatean alphabet used to write the Nabataean dialect of Aramaic, itself descended from Pho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Alphabet - Arabic Alphabets Of Other Languages
Arabic script has been adopted for use in a wide variety of languages other than Arabic, including Persian, Kurdish, Malay and Urdu. Such...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Egypt: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Egypt - Language
Main Article: Languages of Egypt The Ancient Egyptian language, which formed a separate branch among the family of Afro-Asiatic languages...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Alphabet - Computers And The Arabic Alphabet
The Arabic alphabet can be encoded using several character sets, including ISO-8859-6 and Unicode, in the latter thanks to the "Arabic se...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moroccan Arabic: Encyclopedia Ii - Moroccan Arabic - Artistic Expression
There exists some poetry written in Moroccan Arabic like the Malhun. In the troubled and autocratic Morocco of the 70s with no freedom of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France: Encyclopedia Ii - France - Administrative Divisions
France has 26 administrative régions: 21 metropolitan régions, the territorial collectivity of Corse (Corsica) (commonly referred to as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moroccan Arabic: Encyclopedia Ii - Moroccan Arabic - Overview
According to linguistics classification, Moroccan Arabic is considered a dialect because it is not a literary language and because it lac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Syllable: Encyclopedia Ii - Syllable - Syllable-less Languages
The notion of syllable is challenged by languages that allow long strings of consonants without any intervening vowel or sonorant. Langua...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moroccan Arabic: Encyclopedia Ii - Moroccan Arabic - Integration With Other Languages
Moroccan Arabic has a distinct pronunciation and is nearly unintelligible to other Arabic speakers, but is generally mutually intelligibl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moroccan Arabic: Encyclopedia Ii - Moroccan Arabic - Pronunciation
Moroccan Arabic has a distinct pronunciation and is nearly unintelligible to other Arabic speakers apart, to a certain degree, from those...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moroccan Arabic: Encyclopedia Ii - Moroccan Arabic - Diglossia And Social Prestige
While being a natural localisation of Classical Arabic due to geographic and historical reasons, as French evolved from Vulgar Latin, Mor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moroccan Arabic: Encyclopedia Ii - Moroccan Arabic - Evolution
In general, Moroccan Arabic is one of the most innovative (in the technical sense of "least conservative") of all Arabic dialects. Nowada...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France: Encyclopedia Ii - France - Economy
France's economy combines extensive private enterprise (nearly 2.5 million companies registered) with substantial (though declining) gove...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Syllable: Encyclopedia Ii - Syllable - Syllables And Stress
Syllable structure often interacts with stress. In Latin, for example, stress is regularly determined by syllable weight, a syllable coun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France: Encyclopedia Ii - France - Terminology
France - Origin of the country's name. The name France comes from Medieval Latin Francia, which literally means "land of the Franks, Fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - France: Encyclopedia Ii - France - Culture
France - Marianne. Marianne is a symbol of the French Republic. She is an allegorical figure of liberty and the Republic and first appe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Syllable: Encyclopedia Ii - Syllable - Syllables And Suprasegmentals
The domain of suprasegmental features is the syllable and not a specific sound, that is to say, they affect all the segments of a syllabl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Languages Of Egypt: Encyclopedia Ii - Languages Of Egypt - Ancient Egyptian Languages
The Ancient Egyptian language, which formed a separate branch among the family of Afro-Asiatic languages, was among the first written lan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Languages Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Languages Of France - List Of Languages
The languages of metropolitan France include: Language isolate: Basque Celtic language Breton Germanic languages: Alsatian (Elsä...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Languages Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Languages Of France - Government Outlook
The official language of the French Republic is French (art. 2 of the French Constitution), and the French government is, by law, compell...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Berber Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Berber Languages - Subclassification
Subclassification of the Berber languages is made difficult by their mutual closeness; Maarten Kossmann (1999) describes it as two dialec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Berber Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Berber Languages - Nomenclature
The term "Berber" is disliked by many modern Berbers, because it comes from the ancient Greek barbaros, "barbarian". Nonetheless, it is u...   » Read the article